A. J. Ayer: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox_Philosopher | |
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region = Western Philosophy | |
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era = [[20th-century philosophy]] | |
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color = #B0C4DE | |
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image_caption = A J Ayer | |
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name = Alfred Jules Ayer | |
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birth = [[October 29]], [[1910]] | |
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death = {{death date and age |1989|06|27|1910|10|29}} | |
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school_tradition = [[Analytic philosophy|Analytic]] | |
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main_interests = [[Philosophy of language|Language]], [[Epistemology]], [[Ethics]], [[Meaning (linguistic)|Meaning]], [[Philosophy of science|Science]] | |
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influences = [[David Hume|Hume]], [[Vienna Circle]], [[Karl Popper|Popper]], [[Bertrand Russell|Russell]], [[Ludwig Wittgenstein|Wittgenstein]],<ref>{{cite news |
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| url = http://www.nytimes.com/books/00/12/24/reviews/001224.24spurlit.html |
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| title = The Wickedest Man in Oxford |
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| author = Hilary Spurling |
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| work = [[The New York Times]] |
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| date = [[2000-12-24]] |
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| accessdate = 2008-02-01 |
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}}</ref> [[Immanuel Kant|Kant]], [[Voltaire]] | |
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influenced = [[R. M. Hare]], [[Peter Strawson|Strawson]], [[Ted Honderich|Honderich]] | |
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notable_ideas = [[Logical positivism]], [[verification principle]], [[emotivist ethics]] | |
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}} |
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'''Sir Alfred Jules ("Freddie") Ayer''' ([[October 29]], [[1910]] – [[June 27]], [[1989]]), better known as '''A. J. Ayer''', was a British philosopher known for his promotion of [[logical positivism]], particularly in his books ''[[Language, Truth and Logic]]'' (1936) and ''The Problem of Knowledge'' (1956). |
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Ayer was the Grote Professor of the Philosophy of Mind and Logic at the [[University College London]] from 1946 until 1959, when he became [[Wykeham Professor]] of Logic at the [[University of Oxford]]. He was president of the [[Aristotelian Society]] from 1951 to 1952. He was knighted in 1970. |
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==Life== |
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Ayer was born into a wealthy family of continental origin. His mother was from the [[Netherlands|Dutch]]-[[Jewish]] family which later went on to found the [[Citroën]] car company in France. His father was a [[Swiss (people)|Swiss]] [[Calvinist]] who worked for the [[Rothschild family]]. He grew up in [[St John's Wood]], [[London]]. He was educated at [[Ascham St Vincent's School]] and [[Eton College|Eton]], and then won a classics scholarship to [[Christ Church, Oxford]]. He served in the British military during [[World War II]], working for the [[Special Operations Executive|SOE]]. He was a noted social mixer and womanizer, and was married four times, including to Dee Wells and Vanessa Lawson (mother of [[Nigella Lawson]]). Reputedly he liked dancing and attending the clubs in [[London]]. He was a keen supporter of Tottenham Hotspur Football Club and was a well known face in the crowd, known to other fans as 'the prof' {{Fact|date=February 2007}}. |
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He was a friend of [[Isaiah Berlin]] and [[Stuart Hampshire]]. |
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Ayer was in fact not an agnostic, a common misconception.<ref>He believed that religious language was unverifiable and as such literally nonsense. Consequently "There is no God" was for Ayer as meaningless and metaphysical an utterance as "God exists." Though Ayer could not give assent to the declaration "There is no God," he was an atheist in the sense that he withheld assent from affirmation's of God's existence. However, in "Language, Truth and Logic" he distinguishes himself from both agnostics and atheists by saying that both these stances take the statement "God exists" as a meaningful hypothesis, which Ayer himself does not. That stance of a person who believes "God" denotes no verifiable hypothesis is sometimes referred to as igtheism (defined in [[Paul Kurtz]], ''The New Skepticism: Inquiry and Reliable Knowledge'', ISBN 0-87975-766-3, page 194)</ref> and followed in the footsteps of [[Bertrand Russell]] by debating with the Jesuit scholar [[Frederick Copleston]] on the topic of religion. |
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Ayer was closely associated with the British [[secular humanism|humanist]] movement. He was an Honorary Associate of the [[Rationalist Press Association]] from 1947 until his death. In 1965, he became the first president of the Agnostics' Adoption Society and in the same year succeeded [[Julian Huxley]] as president of the [[British Humanist Association]], a post he held until 1970. In 1968 he edited ''The Humanist Outlook'', a collection of essays on the meaning of humanism. |
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He taught or lectured several times in the [[United States]], including serving as a visiting professor at [[Bard College]] in the fall of 1987. At a party that same year held by fashion designer [[Fernando Sanchez]], Ayer, then 77, confronted [[Mike Tyson]] harassing the (then little-known) model [[Naomi Campbell]]. When Ayer demanded that Tyson stop, the boxer said: "Do you know who the fuck I am? I'm the heavyweight champion of the world," to which Ayer replied: "And I am the former [[Wykeham Professor]] of Logic. We are both pre-eminent in our field. I suggest that we talk about this like rational men".<ref>Rogers (1999), page 344.</ref> Ayer and Tyson then began to talk, while Naomi Campbell slipped out. |
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Shortly before his death in 1989 he received publicity after having an unusual [[near-death experience]], which has often been misinterpreted as a move away from his lifelong and famous [[religious skepticism]]. Of the experience, Ayer first said that it "slightly weakened my conviction that my genuine death ... will be the end of me, though I continue to hope that it will be."<ref>[http://www.near-death.com/experiences/atheists01.html http://www.near-death.com/experiences/atheists01.html]</ref> However, a few days later he revised this, saying "what I should have said is that my experiences have weakened, not my belief that there is no life after death, but my inflexible attitude towards that belief". Ayer was the BBC's famous atheist front-man.<ref>[http://edge.org/3rd_culture/dennett06/dennett06_index.html http://edge.org/3rd_culture/dennett06/dennett06_index.html]</ref> Ayer wrote an article in 1988, "What I saw when I was dead."<ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1282/is_n20_v40/ai_6701958 http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1282/is_n20_v40/ai_6701958]</ref> In 2001 Dr. Jeremy George, the attending physician, told William Cash, who had written a play about Ayer, that Ayer had confided to him: "I saw a Divine Being. I'm afraid I'm going to have to revise all my books and opinions."<ref>[http://www.gonsalves.org/favorite/atheist.htm http://www.gonsalves.org/favorite/atheist.htm]</ref> |
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==Works== |
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Ayer is perhaps best known for popularising the [[verification principle]], in particular through his presentation of it in ''[[Language, Truth, and Logic]]'' (1936). The principle was at the time at the heart of the debates of the so-called [[Vienna Circle]] which Ayer visited as a young guest, and others including the leading light of the circle, Moritz Schlick were already offering their own papers on the issue <ref>[http://www.the-philosopher.co.uk/moritz.htm Unanswerable Questions<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>. Ayer's own rather convoluted formulation was that a sentence can only be meaningful if it has verifiable [[empirical]] import, otherwise it is either "analytical" if [[Tautology (logic)|tautologous]], or "metaphysical" (i.e. meaningless, or "literally senseless"). He started work on the book at the age of 23<ref>page ix, "Language, Truth and Logic", Penguin, 2001</ref> and it was published when he was 26. Ayer's philosophical ideas were deeply influenced by those of the [[Vienna Circle]] and [[David Hume]]. His clear, vibrant and polemical exposition of them makes ''[[Language, Truth and Logic]]'' essential reading on the tenets of [[logical empiricism]] -- the book is regarded as a classic of 20th century [[analytic philosophy]], and is widely read in philosophy courses around the world. In it, Ayer also proposed that the distinction between a conscious man and an unconscious machine resolves itself into a distinction between 'different types of perceptible behaviour'<ref>page 140, ''Language, Truth and Logic'', Penguin, 2001</ref>, an argument which anticipates the [[Turing test]] published in 1950 to test a machine's capability to demonstrate intelligence (consciousness). |
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Ayer wrote two books on the philosopher Bertrand Russell, ''Russell and Moore: The Analytic Heritage'' (1971) and ''Russell'' (1972). He also wrote an introductory book on the philosophy of David Hume and a short biography of [[Voltaire]]. |
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In 1972-73 Ayer gave the [[Gifford Lectures]] at [[University of St Andrews]], later published as ''The Central Questions of Philosophy''. He still believed in the viewpoint he shared with the logical positivists: that large parts of what was traditionally called "philosophy" - including the whole of [[metaphysics]], [[theology]] and [[aesthetics]] - were not matters that could be judged as being true or false and that it was thus meaningless to discuss them. Unsurprisingly, this made him unpopular with several other philosophy departments in Britain and his name is still reviled by many British professors to this day. |
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In "The Concept of a Person and Other Essays" (1963), Ayer made several striking criticisms of [[Wittgenstein]]'s private language theory. |
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Ayer's sense-data theory in ''Foundations of Empirical Knowledge'' was famously criticised by fellow Oxonian [[J. L. Austin]] in ''[[Sense and Sensibilia (Austin)|Sense and Sensibilia]]'', a landmark 1950s work of common language philosophy. Ayer responded to this in the essay "Has Austin Refuted the Sense-data Theory?", which can be found in his ''Metaphysics and Common Sense'' (1969). |
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==See also== |
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*[[A priori and a posteriori (philosophy)|A priori]] knowledge |
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==References== |
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*Rogers, Ben ''A.J. Ayer: A Life'', Grove Press, 1999, ISBN 0-8021-1673-6 ([http://www.nytimes.com/books/first/r/rogers-ayer.html Chapter one and a review by Hilary Spurling], ''[[New York Times]]'', December 24, 2000.) |
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==Notes== |
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{{reflist}} |
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==Further reading== |
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*[[Ted Honderich]], [http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~uctytho/AyerbyTH.html Ayer's Philosophy and its Greatness]. |
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*[[Anthony Quinton]], [http://www.proc.britac.ac.uk/cgi-bin/somsid.cgi?page=94p255&session=090265A&type=header Alfred Jules Ayer]. ''Proceedings of the British Academy'', '''94''' (1996), pp. 255-282. |
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*Graham Macdonald, [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ayer/ Alfred Jules Ayer], ''[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]'', May 7, 2005. |
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==Selected publications== |
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* 1936, ''[[Language, Truth, and Logic]]'', London: Gollancz. (2nd edition, 1946.) |
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* 1940, ''The Foundations of Empirical Knowledge'', London: Macmillan. |
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* 1954, ''Philosophical Essays'', London: Macmillan. (Essays on freedom, phenomenalism, basic propositions, utilitarianism, other minds, the past, ontology.) |
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* 1957, “The conception of probability as a logical relation”, in S. Korner, ed., ''Observation and Interpretation in the Philosophy of Physics'', New York, N.Y.: Dover Publications. |
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* 1956, ''The Problem of Knowledge'', London: Macmillan. |
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* 1963, ''The Concept of a Person and Other Essays'', London: Macmillan. (Essays on truth, privacy and private languages, laws of nature, the concept of a person, probability.) |
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* 1967, “Has Austin Refuted the Sense-Data Theory?” ''Synthese'' vol. XVIII, pp. 117-40. (Reprinted in Ayer 1969). |
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* 1968, ''The Origins of Pragmatism'', London: Macmillan. |
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* 1969, ''Metaphysics and Common Sense'', London: Macmillan. (Essays on knowledge, man as a subject for science, chance, philosophy and politics, existentialism, metaphysics, and a reply to Austin on sense-data theory [Ayer 1967].) |
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* 1971, ''Russell and Moore: The Analytical Heritage'', London: Macmillan. |
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* 1972a, ''Probability and Evidence'', London: Macmillan. |
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* 1972b, ''Bertrand Russell'', London: Fontana. |
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* 1973, ''The Central Questions of Philosophy'', London: Weidenfeld. |
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* 1977, ''Part of My Life'', London: Collins. |
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* 1979, “Replies”, in G. Macdonald, ed., ''Perception and Identity: Essays Presented to A. J. Ayer, With His Replies'', London: Macmillan; Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. |
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* 1980, ''Hume'', Oxford: Oxford University Press |
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* 1982, ''Philosophy in the Twentieth Century'', London: Weidenfeld. |
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* 1984, ''Freedom and Morality and Other Essays'', Oxford: Clarendon Press. |
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* 1986, ''Ludwig Wittgenstein'', London: Penguin. |
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* 1984, ''More of My Life'', London: Collins. |
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== External links == |
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{{wikiquote}} |
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*[http://www.sveinbjorn.org/ayer_philosophy_and_politics Ayer's Elizabeth Rathbone Lecture on Philosophy & Politics] |
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*[http://philosophry.com/A-J-Ayer.htm A. J. Ayer at Philosophy] |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Ayer, Alfred}} |
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[[Category:20th century philosophers]] |
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[[Category:Atheist philosophers]] |
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[[Category:Atheist thinkers and activists]] |
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[[Category:English philosophers]] |
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[[Category:British humanists]] |
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[[Category:Jewish philosophers]] |
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[[Category:English atheists]] |
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[[Category:Special Operations Executive personnel]] |
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[[Category:Analytic philosophers]] |
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[[Category:Philosophers of language]] |
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[[Category:Logical positivism]] |
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[[Category:Academics of University College London]] |
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[[Category:Vienna Circle]] |
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[[Category:1910 births]] |
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[[Category:1989 deaths]] |
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[[Category:Old Etonians]] |
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[[Category:Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford]] |
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[[Category:Fellows of Christ Church, Oxford]] |
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[[Category:Knights Bachelor]] |
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