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Stagonolepis

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Stagonolepis
Temporal range: Carnian
~221–206 Ma
Skeletal restorations of S. robertsoni
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Clade: Archosauria
Clade: Pseudosuchia
Order: †Aetosauria
Family: †Stagonolepididae
Genus: †Stagonolepis
Agassiz 1844
Species

Stagonolepis is an extinct genus of stagonolepidid aetosaur known from the Late Triassic (Carnian stage) Hassberge Formation of Germany, the Drawno Beds of Poland, and the Lossiemouth Sandstone of Scotland. Supposed fossils from North and South America have been placed into their own genera, Calyptosuchus and Aetosauroides, respectively.[1][2]

Description

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Restoration of S. robertsoni

Stagonolepis robertsoni was about 3 metres (10 ft) long. It was a quadrupedal animal covered in thick armoured scales that ran down the length of its body. A slow-moving browser, it would have used this heavy body armour to repel attacks from contemporary archosauriform carnivores. Stagonolepis had a very small head for its size; it was only 25 centimetres (10 in), accounting for less than 10% of the total body length. It had no teeth in the front of its jaws, but instead had a beak-like tip that arched upwards. This would have allowed it to uproot plants in a similar manner to a modern pig. The peg-like teeth at the back of its mouth would have been suitable for chewing tough vegetation, including horsetails, ferns, and the newly evolved cycads.[3]

A 2018 paper suggested that Stagonolepis olenkae's forelimb morphology is an adaptation for scratch-digging. According to paleontologist Dawid Dróżdż, "S. olenkae might have used its robust forelimbs to break through the compacted soil with its claws and proceed to dig in search of food in softened substrate with the shovel-like expansion at the tip of its snout."[4]

Species

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Model of S. olenkae at the Museum of Evolution Warsaw

Fossil remains of S. robertsoni have been found in Lossiemouth Sandstone of Scotland, while S. olenkae is known from deposits near Krasiejów, Poland. S. olenkae is stratigraphically younger the type species of Stagonolepis, S. robertsoni,[5] although it is questioned by some researchers and described as an example of intraspecific variety (e. g. sexual dimorphism)[6] The genus Aetosauroides from South America has been considered a junior synonym of Stagonolepis by some paleontologists. Two species of Aetosauroides were named, A. scagliai and A. subsulcatus. In 2002, Andrew B. Heckert and Spencer G. Lucas proposed that smaller specimens of both species belong to Stagonolepis robertsoni, and larger specimens to S. wellesi.[7] S. wellesi itself was originally named Calyptosuchus, a stagonolepidid from the Late Triassic Dockum Group of the United States, which was considered to be a species of Stagonolepis by Murray & Long in 1989. However, most of the sequential studies conclude that both Aetosauroides and Calyptosuchus are valid and monotypic genera, the former occurs only in South America and the latter only in the United States. Stagonolepis is restricted to the Carnian stage of Scotland and Poland.[8][1][2][9]

References

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  1. ^ a b Parker, W. G.; Stocker, M. R.; Irmis, R. B. (2008). "A new desmatosuchine aetosaur (Archosauria; Suchia) from the Upper Triassic Tecovas Formation (Dockum Group) of Texas". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 28 (2): 692–701. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28[692:ANDAAS]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 84455880.
  2. ^ a b Desojo, J.B.; Ezcurra, M.D. (2011). "A reappraisal of the taxonomic status of Aetosauroides (Archosauria, Aetosauria) specimens from the Late Triassic of South America and their proposed synonymy with Stagonolepis". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 31 (3): 596–609. Bibcode:2011JVPal..31..596D. doi:10.1080/02724634.2011.572936. S2CID 85418778.
  3. ^ Palmer, D., ed. (1999). The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. London: Marshall Editions. p. 96. ISBN 978-1-84028-152-1.
  4. ^ Dróżdż, Dawid (2018-10-02). "Osteology of a forelimb of an aetosaur Stagonolepis olenkae (Archosauria: Pseudosuchia: Aetosauria) from the Krasiejów locality in Poland and its probable adaptations for a scratch-digging behavior". PeerJ. 6: e5595. doi:10.7717/peerj.5595. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 6173166. PMID 30310738.
  5. ^ Sulej, Tomasz (2010). "The skull of an early Late Triassic aetosaur and the evolution of the stagonolepidid archosaurian reptiles". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 158 (4): 860–881. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00566.x.
  6. ^ Antczak, Mateusz (2015-05-22). "Late Triassic aetosaur (Archosauria) from Krasiejów (SW Poland): new species or an example of individual variation?". Geological Journal. 51 (5): 779–788. doi:10.1002/gj.2691. ISSN 0072-1050. S2CID 128685237.
  7. ^ Heckert, A.B.; Lucas, S.G. (2002). "South American occurrences of the Adamanian (Late Triassic: latest Carnian) index taxon Stagonolepis (Archosauria: Aetosauria) and their biochronological significance". Journal of Paleontology. 76 (5): 852–863. doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2002)076<0852:SAOOTA>2.0.CO;2. S2CID 128610620.
  8. ^ Parker, William G. (2007). "Reassessment of the Aetosaur "Desmatosuchus" chamaensis with a reanalysis of the phylogeny of the Aetosauria (Archosauria:Pseudosuchia)" (PDF). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 5: 41–68. doi:10.1017/S1477201906001994. S2CID 85826683.
  9. ^ Julia B. Desojo, Martin D. Ezcurra and Edio E. Kischlat (2012). "A new aetosaur genus (Archosauria: Pseudosuchia) from the early Late Triassic of southern Brazil" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3166: 1–33. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3166.1.1. ISSN 1175-5326.
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