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Battle of Lewes

Coordinates: 50°52′43″N 0°0′50″W / 50.87861°N 0.01389°W / 50.87861; -0.01389
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Not to be confused with Battle of Lewes Road.

Battle of Lewes
Part of Second Barons' War

Plan of the Battle of Lewes
Date14 May 1264
Location
Lewes, Sussex
50°52′43″N 0°0′50″W / 50.87861°N 0.01389°W / 50.87861; -0.01389
Result Baronial victory
Belligerents
Royal forces Baronial forces
Commanders and leaders
Strength
~10,000 ~5,000
Casualties and losses
2,700 Unknown
Monument to the Battle of Lewes

The Battle of Lewes was one of two main battles of the conflict known as the Second Barons' War. It took place at Lewes in Sussex, on 14 May 1264.[1] It marked the high point of the career of Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester, and made him the "uncrowned King of England". Henry III's forces left the safety of Lewes Castle and St. Pancras Priory to engage the barons in battle and were initially successful, with Henry's son Prince Edward routing part of the baronial army with a cavalry charge. However, Edward pursued his quarry off the battlefield and left Henry's men exposed. Henry was forced to launch an infantry attack up Offham Hill where he was defeated by the barons' men defending the summit. The royalists fled back to the castle and priory and the King was forced to sign the Mise of Lewes, ceding many of his powers to de Montfort.

Background

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Henry III was an unpopular monarch due to his autocratic style, displays of favouritism and refusal to negotiate with the barons. The barons eventually imposed a constitutional reform known as the Provisions of Oxford upon Henry, including provision for a thrice-yearly meeting led by Simon de Montfort to discuss matters of government. Henry sought to escape the restrictions of the provisions and applied to Louis IX of France to arbitrate in the dispute. Louis agreed with Henry and annulled the provisions. Montfort was angered by this and rebelled against the King along with other barons in the Second Barons' War.[2]

The war was not initially openly fought, each side toured the country to raise support for their army. A series of massacres of Jews in Worcester, London, Canterbury and other cities was conducted by Montfort's allies.[3]: 88–90 [4]

By May, the King's force had reached Lewes where they intended to halt to allow reinforcements to reach them.[2] The King encamped at St. Pancras Priory with a force of infantry, while his son, Prince Edward (later King Edward I), commanded the cavalry at Lewes Castle 500 yards (460 m) to the north.[5] De Montfort approached the King with the intention of negotiating a truce or, failing that, to draw him into open battle. The King rejected the negotiations, and de Montfort moved his men from Fletching to Offham Hill, a mile to the north-west of Lewes, in a night march that surprised the royalist forces.[2][5]

Deployment

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The royalist army approached twice the size of de Montfort's.[6] Henry commanded the centre, with Prince Edward, William de Valence, 1st Earl of Pembroke, and John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey, on the right; and Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall, and his son, Henry of Almain, on the left.[7][8] The barons held the higher ground overlooking Lewes and had ordered their men to wear white crosses as a distinguishing emblem.[9] De Montfort split his forces into four parts, giving his son, Henry de Montfort command of one quarter; Gilbert de Clare with John FitzJohn and William of Montchensy another; a third portion consisting of Londoners was placed under Nicholas de Segrave whilst de Montfort himself led the fourth quarter with Thomas of Pelveston.[8]

Battle

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The baronial forces commenced the battle with a surprise dawn attack on foragers sent out from the royalist forces. The King then made his move. Edward led a cavalry charge against Segrave's Londoners, placed on the left of the baronial line, that caused them to break and flee to the village of Offham. Edward pursued them for some four miles, leaving the King unsupported.[8][10] Henry was forced to launch an attack with his centre and right divisions straight up Offham Hill into the baronial line, which awaited them at the defensive. Cornwall's division faltered almost immediately, but Henry's men fought on until compelled to retreat by the arrival of de Montfort's men who had been held back as the baronial reserve.[8]

The King's men were forced down the hill and into Lewes where they engaged in a fighting retreat to the castle and priory. Edward returned with his weary cavalrymen and launched a counterattack. However, upon locating his father, Edward was persuaded that, with the town ablaze and many of the King's supporters having fled, it was time to accept de Montfort's renewed offer of negotiations.[8] The Earl of Cornwall was captured by the barons when he was unable to reach the safety of the priory and, being discovered in a windmill, was taunted with cries of "Come down, come down, thou wicked miller."[11]

Aftermath

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The King was forced to sign the so-called Mise of Lewes. Though the document has not survived, it is clear that Henry was forced to accept the Provisions of Oxford, while Prince Edward remained a hostage of the barons.[12] This put de Montfort in a position of ultimate power, which would last until Prince Edward's escape, and de Montfort's subsequent defeat and death at the Battle of Evesham in August 1265.[2] Following the battle, debts to Jews were cancelled, and the records destroyed; this had been a key war aim.[4][3]

In 1994, an archaeological survey of the cemetery of St Nicholas Hospital, in Lewes revealed the remains of bodies that were thought to be combatants from the Battle of Lewes.[13] However, in 2014, it was revealed that some of the skeletons may actually be much older, with a skeleton known as "skeleton 180" being contemporary with the Norman invasion.[14]

Location

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There remains some uncertainty over the location of the battle, with Offham Hill's eastern and lower slopes covered by modern housing. Recently, a new consensus on the location of the main engagement places it on the current location of HM Prison Lewes. Contemporary sources suggest the initial engagement took place along the approximate lines of what is now Nevill Road. The top and southern slopes remain accessible by footpaths across agricultural land, and the ruins of the priory and castle are also open to visitors.[2]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Maurice Keen (1999). Medieval Warfare: A History. OUP Oxford. p. 309. ISBN 978-0-19-164738-3.
  2. ^ a b c d e "Battle of Lewes". UK Battlefields Resource Centre. Battlefields Trust. Retrieved 10 June 2013.
  3. ^ a b Robin R. Mundill (2010), The king's Jews, London: Continuum, ISBN 9781847251862, LCCN 2010282921, OCLC 466343661, OL 24816680M
  4. ^ a b Public Domain Jacobs, Joseph (1903). "England". In Singer, Isidore; et al. (eds.). The Jewish Encyclopedia. Vol. 5. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. pp. 161–174.
  5. ^ a b Maddicott, p. 271
  6. ^ Burne, p. 146.
  7. ^ Prestwich, p. 45.
  8. ^ a b c d e "English Heritage Battlefield Report: Lewes 1264" (PDF).
  9. ^ Maddicott, p. 271.
  10. ^ Prestwich, pp. 45–66.
  11. ^ "The Decline and Fall of the Windmill". Sussex Industrial Archaeology Society. Retrieved 19 October 2008.
  12. ^ Maddicott, pp. 272–273; Prestwich, p. 46.
  13. ^ Barber, Luke; Siburn, Lucy (2010). "The medieval hospital of St Nicholas, Lewes, East Sussex" (PDF). Sussex Archaeological Collections. 148: 79–109. doi:10.5284/1085944.
  14. ^ Edwina Livesay. "Skeleton 180 Shock Dating Result". Sussex Past and Present Number 133. p. 6.

References

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  • Barber, Luke; Siburn, Lucy (2010). "The medieval hospital of St Nicholas, Lewes, East Sussex" (PDF). Sussex Archaeological Collections. 148: 79–109. doi:10.5284/1085944.
  • Brooks, Richard (2015). Lewes and Evesham 1264–65; Simon de Montford and the Barons' War. Osprey Campaign Series No. 285. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978 1-4728-1150-9.
  • Burne, A. H. (1950, reprint 2002). The Battlefields of England. London: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-139077-8.
  • Carpenter, D. A. (1996). The Reign of Henry III, London: Hambledon. ISBN 1-85285-070-1.
  • Maddicott, J. R. (1994). Simon de Montfort, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-37493-6.
  • Muriel, Wendy, ed. (2014). "Sussex Past and Present Number 133". Sussex Past & Present: The Sussex Archaeological Society Newsletter. Lewes, East Sussex: Sussex Archaeological Society. ISSN 1357-7417.
  • Prestwich, Michael (1988). Edward I, London: Methuen London. ISBN 0-413-28150-7.
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