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Belle da Costa Greene

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Belle da Costa Greene
Woman in a dark hat holding a book sits in front of a fronded plant. She is in a white collared shirt and her head is slightly cocked
Belle da Costa Greene
Born
Belle Marion Greener

(1879-11-26)November 26, 1879
Washington, D.C., US
DiedMay 10, 1950(1950-05-10) (aged 70)
New York City, US
OccupationLibrarian
Employer(s)J. P. Morgan, Princeton University
FatherRichard Theodore Greener
Belle da Costa Greene, pastel portrait by Paul César Helleu, ca. 1913.

Belle da Costa Greene (November 26, 1879 – May 10, 1950) was an American librarian who managed and developed the personal library of J. P. Morgan. After Morgan's death in 1913, Greene continued as librarian for his son, Jack Morgan, and in 1924 was named the first director of the Pierpont Morgan Library. Despite being born to Black parents, Greene spent her professional career passing for white.

Early life

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Belle da Costa Greene was born in Washington, D.C. as Belle Marion Greener. Although her birth date is sometimes noted as December 13, 1883, her biographer Heidi Ardizzone gives Greene's birth date as November 26, 1879.[1]: 32  Her mother was Genevieve Ida Fleet, a music teacher and member of a well-known African-American family in Washington, D.C.[2]: 174  Her father, Richard Theodore Greener, was the first black student and first black graduate of Harvard (class of 1870).[3] He went on to work as an attorney, professor and racial justice activist and served as dean of the Howard University School of Law.[4] After Greene took the job with Morgan, she likely never spoke to her father again and listed him as deceased on passport applications throughout the 1910s, though he lived until 1922.[5] She may have met him once in Chicago around 1913, but no written records of this meeting are known. Historians have long believed that Richard Greener had lost most of his papers in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake.[1]

Woman in feather adorned hat and fur collared coat seen in profile
Greene in 1914

After her parents' separation, the light-skinned Belle, her mother, and her siblings passed as white and changed their surname to Greene to distance themselves from their father.[6][7][8] Her mother changed her maiden name to Van Vliet in an effort to assume Dutch ancestry.[9] Belle also made a change to her name, swapping out Marion for "da Costa", and claiming a Portuguese background to explain her darker complexion.[9] The changes to her and her family's stated ancestry resulted in further fabrications, including one that led people to believe Greene had been raised in Virginia.[7][nb 1] The true nature of her background was further complicated by Greene's claim to be younger than she actually was, an action biographer Heidi Ardizzone describes as "a masquerade" in response to a youth-focused society in which "single women past a certain age were disdained".[1]: 14 

Education

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Greene began working in the administrative offices at Columbia University's Teacher College sometime in the mid-1890s, where she was introduced to philanthropist and social welfare advocate Grace Hoadley Dodge. Dodge, impressed by Greene's work and social abilities, arranged for Greene to be admitted to the Northfield Seminary for Young Ladies and funded her education there. Greene attended the seminary for three years, likely from 1896 to 1899.[5] In 1900, Greene attended Amherst College's Summer School of Library Economy, a six-week program that offered courses in the nascent library science field, including cataloging, indexing, and handwriting.[11]

Career

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Greene began working at the Princeton University Library in 1902.[2][7] It was during this time that she was trained in cataloguing and reference work and developed a knowledge of rare books.[10][7] While working at Princeton, she met Junius Spencer Morgan II, who later introduced her to his financier uncle J. P. Morgan.[2]: 174–175 [12] Greene began working as J. P. Morgan's personal librarian in 1905.[6][13]

Greene's first task as librarian was to organize, catalogue and shelve Morgan's collection.[10][7] Ada Thurston, an experienced bibliographer, contributed to the effort as Greene's personal assistant.[10] By 1908, Greene had begun representing Morgan abroad.[10][8] Trusted for her expertise–Greene was an expert in illuminated manuscripts–as well as her prowess in bargaining with dealers, Greene spent millions of dollars buying and selling rare manuscripts, books, and art for Morgan. She told Morgan, who was willing to pay any price for important works, that her goal was to make his library "pre-eminent, especially for incunabula, manuscripts, bindings, and the classics".[14] In a 1912 profile of Greene, the New York Times referred to her "force of persuasion and intelligence" and recounted her pre-auction purchase of seventeen highly sought after William Caxton books on behalf of the Morgan library.[15] She was particularly focused on making rare books accessible to the public, rather than keeping them locked away in the vaults of private collectors. She was quite successful in this; for instance, when the Morgan Library became a public institution and she was named its first director in 1924, she celebrated by mounting a series of exhibitions, one of which drew a record 170,000 people.[16] In a history of American art auctions, Greene was described as having a "a wild, gay humour" notably distinguishing her from Morgan's more serious demeanor.[17]: 274 

Morgan's biographer Jean Strouse offered an example of the relationship between Morgan and Greene: "Morgan hated paying customs duties, especially on art objects, and, like countless of other travelers before and since, evaded them whenever possible. He quickly enlisted Greene as an ally in tax evasion. One year she managed, by artfully letting the customs agents find several dutiable items of hers in her luggage, to draw their attention away from a painting, three bronzes, and a very expensive watch he had asked her to buy in London. 'When I landed at the library with all of JP's treasures ...,' she reported to a friend, 'well he & I did a war dance & laughed in great glee.'"[18]

After Morgan's death in 1913, Greene continued in her role working for his son and daughter-in-law, J. P. Morgan Jr. and Jane Norton Grew Morgan.[6][19] Morgan left her fifty thousand dollars in his will, enough capital for her to live on comfortably, though she continued to supplement her inheritance with the $10,000-a-year salary that she earned at the library, a huge sum at the time, especially for a woman.[18] In 1924, she was named director of the Pierpont Morgan Library, following the transition of Morgan's formerly personal collection to a public institution.[6][8] While working there, Greene identified works produced by the 'Spanish Forger'.[20] She retired from the position in 1948.[6][19] When she died in 1950, the New York Times referred to her as "one of the best known librarians in the country".[13]

In 1949, a year after she retired and a year before she died, the Morgan Library mounted an exhibition of over 250 of the best items that Greene had purchased. She attended while in a wheelchair.[16]

Beyond her library role, Greene took on various positions within the profession. She was one of the first women named a fellow of the Mediaeval Academy of America and was a fellow in perpetuity of the Metropolitan Museum of Art.[1]: 439  Greene also served on the editorial boards of Gazette des Beaux Art and ARTnews.[1]: 439  She was a member of the Hroswitha Club.

Personal life

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Greene never married. Her mother, Genevieve, lived with her for decades, and Greene played an active role in raising her nephew Robert Mackenzie Leveridge, who had been born in her home.[10] In 1913, J. P. Morgan left Greene $50,000 (equivalent to $1,500,000 in 2023) in his will. Asked if she was Morgan's mistress, Greene is said to have replied, "We tried!"[19] She had a lasting romantic relationship with the Renaissance Italian art expert Bernard Berenson, whom she met in 1909.[2]: 172 

Greene died of cancer on May 10, 1950, at St. Luke's Hospital in New York City.[13][10][21] Greene destroyed her personal papers before her death, but records held by others remain, including letters she wrote to Berenson.[22] Her professional correspondence is archived in the collections of The Morgan Library & Museum.[23] "Her body was ... cremated and the ashes buried in Kensico Cemetery, Valhalla, New York."[1][page needed]

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The 2021 book The Personal Librarian by Marie Benedict and Victoria Christopher Murray features a historical fiction account of Greene's personal and professional life as J. P. Morgan's librarian.[24] Another novel based on Greene's life is Belle Greene by Alexandra Lapierre.[25]

Notes

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  1. ^ See Notable American Women, 1607–1950 for an example of erroneous biographical details in print. The entry about Greene states that she was born in December 13, 1883, and raised in Alexandria, Virginia, by parents "Richard and Genevieve (Van Vliet) Greene".[10]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f Ardizzone, Heidi (2007). An Illuminated Life: Belle da Costa Greene's Journey from Prejudice to Privilege. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0393051049.
  2. ^ a b c d Cohen, Rachel (2013). Bernard Berenson: A Life in the Picture Trade. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300149425. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
  3. ^ Gibson, Katie (29 April 2016). "Painting unveiled of College's first African-American graduate". Harvard Gazette. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
  4. ^ "Richard Theodore Greener". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
  5. ^ a b Foner, Daria Rose (March 15, 2021). "New Light on Belle da Costa Greene". The Morgan Library & Museum.
  6. ^ a b c d e "Belle da Costa Greene, the Morgan's First Librarian and Director". The Morgan Library & Museum. March 13, 2014. Retrieved August 8, 2021.
  7. ^ a b c d e Kuiper, Kathleen. "Belle da Costa Greene". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved August 8, 2021.
  8. ^ a b c Del Vecchio, Olivia. "The Woman Behind the Morgan Library: Belle da Costa Greene". Fordham University: Medieval Art and the American Public. Retrieved August 8, 2021.
  9. ^ a b Wellesley, Mary (June 30, 2015). "Forged Lives". Lapham’s Quarterly. Retrieved August 8, 2021.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g Dorothy Miner; Anne Lyon Haight. "Greene, Belle da Costa". In James, Edward T.; James, Janet Wilson; Boyer, Paul Samuel (eds.). Notable American Women, 1607–1950, Volume II: G-O. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 86–87.
  11. ^ Whittemore, Katharine (March 1, 2023). "The Morgan Library Rejoiced When It Saw This Photo from the Amherst Archives". Amherst College News & Events.
  12. ^ Samuels, Ernest (1987). Bernard Berenson: The Making of a Legend. Cambridge (Mass.); London: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-674-06779-0. OCLC 470190656.
  13. ^ a b c "Belle D. Greene, Morgan Librarian; Noted Figure in Field, Holder of Post 1905–48, Is Dead". New York Times. May 12, 1950. p. 27. Retrieved September 18, 2024.
  14. ^ Del Vecchio, Olivia. "The Woman Behind the Morgan Library: Belle de Costa Greene". Medieval Art and the American Public: A Digital Narrative. Archived from the original on March 31, 2022. Retrieved October 9, 2022.
  15. ^ "Spending J.P. Morgan's Money for Rare Books". New York Times. April 7, 1912. p. 8. Retrieved September 18, 2024.
  16. ^ a b Weber, Caroline (July 22, 2007). "Long Time Passing". New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 20, 2023.
  17. ^ Towner, Wesley; Varble, Stephen (1970). The Elegant Auctioneers. New York, Hill & Wang. ISBN 978-0-8090-4171-8. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
  18. ^ a b "J. P. Morgan's Accomplice – Document – Gale Power Search". go.gale.com. Retrieved January 20, 2023.
  19. ^ a b c Scutts, Joanna (17 May 2016). "The Mysterious Woman Behind J.P. Morgan's Library". Time. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
  20. ^ Backhouse, Janet (1968). "The 'Spanish Forger'". The British Museum Quarterly. 33 (1/2): 65–71. doi:10.2307/4423017. JSTOR 4423017.
  21. ^ Dixon, E. (January 26, 2021). "Belle da Costa Greene (1883–1950)". Black Past.
  22. ^ "The Belle Greene–Bernard Berenson Letters Project". The Morgan Library & Museum. June 17, 2021. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
  23. ^ Greene, Belle da Costa (1887–1948). "The Morgan collections correspondence". Morgan Library & Museum. OCLC 270966283. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
  24. ^ "Fiction Book Review: The Personal Librarian by Marie Benedict and Victoria Christopher Murray". PublishersWeekly.com. June 2021. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
  25. ^ Translated from the French by Tina Kover. New York: Europa Editions, 2022.
Further reading
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