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Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine

Coordinates: 41°30′18″N 81°36′16″W / 41.504914°N 81.604398°W / 41.504914; -81.604398
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Case Western Reserve University
School of Medicine
TypePrivate medical school
Established1843; 181 years ago (1843)
Parent institution
Case Western Reserve University
DeanStanton L. Gerson
Academic staff
1,206
Students11,049
Location, ,
United States
Websitecase.edu/medicine

Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine (CWRU SOM, CaseMed) is the medical school of Case Western Reserve University, a private research university in Cleveland, Ohio. It is the largest biomedical research center in Ohio.[1] CWRU SOM is primarily affiliated with University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland Clinic, and the MetroHealth System.[2]

History

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On November 1, 1843, under President George Edmond Pierce, five faculty members including Jared Potter Kirtland and John Delamater, and sixty-seven students began the first medical lectures at the Medical Department of Western Reserve College (also known as the Cleveland Medical College) in Hudson, Ohio.[3][4] Kirtland and Delamater had previously been instructors at a medical college started in 1834, the Medical Department of Willoughby University of Lake Erie, which had closed in 1843 due to faculty disagreements.[3] Other faculty from that Medical Department went on to found Willoughby Medical College of Columbus, a precursor to the Ohio State University College of Medicine.[5]

Medical Department of Western Reserve College 1843-1885 located at E. 9th and St. Clair.
Emily Blackwell – 1854 MD alumna. CaseMed graduated six of the first seven women to receive U.S. medical degrees.

Women in Medicine

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In 1852, the medical school became the second in the U.S. to graduate a woman, Nancy Talbot Clark. 1854 MD alumna, Emily Blackwell became the third woman in the US to receive a regular medical degree. Six of the first seven women in the United States to receive medical degrees from recognized allopathic medical schools graduated from Western Reserve University between 1850 and 1856, which included Marie Zakrzewska.

Flexner Report

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In 1909, Abraham Flexner surveyed and evaluated each of the 155 medical schools then extant in North America, with his results published the following year in what came to be known as the Flexner Report. The results proved shocking: most "medical schools," for example, had entrance requirements no more stringent than either high school diploma or "rudiments or the recollection of a common school education."

Cover of the Medical School catalog of 1868–69.

Only sixteen schools required at least two years of college as an entrance requirement, and of these, Johns Hopkins, Harvard, and Western Reserve were the only schools to require an undergraduate degree. Although Johns Hopkins represented his ideal, Flexner also singled out the Medical Department of Western Reserve University for its praiseworthy admission standards and facilities. Flexner referred to Western Reserve as "already one of the substantial schools in the country." In a letter to Western Reserve president Charles Franklin Thwing he said, "The Medical Department of Western Reserve University is, next to Johns Hopkins..., the best in the country."

Western Reserve curriculum

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A little over 40 years later, in 1952, the Western Reserve University School of Medicine revolutionized medical education with the "new curriculum of 1952" and more advanced stages in 1968. This was the most progressive medical curriculum in the country at that time, integrating the basic and clinical sciences.[6][7] L. O. Krampitz chaired the subcommittee which implemented the curriculum reform.[8]

Health Education Campus

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In 2019, the School of Medicine relocated to the Samson Pavilion Health Education Campus on the campus of the Cleveland Clinic, a $515 million building project, amid a multi-million dollar joint fundraising campaign between CWRU and the Cleveland Clinic.[9] The campus houses students Case Western Reserve School of Medicine (CCLCM and traditional MD programs), Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing and Case School of Dental Medicine, all of which—with the exception of CCLCM—had previously held classes on the campus of CWRU and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center.[10] The move, announced in 2013, was a major contributing factor for University Hospitals to shift its name from University Hospitals Case Medical Center to University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center in 2016, as well as renegotiate its affiliation agreement with CWRU that same year.[11]

Academics

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Prospective students have the option of three degree paths leading to a medical degree at the School of Medicine: the University Program, the College Program, or the Medical Scientist Training Program.

University Program

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The University Program is a traditional four-year Doctor of Medicine program designed to train well-rounded physicians in a curriculum called the Western Reserve2 (WR2) which is built on four cornerstones of clinical mastery, research and scholarship, leadership, and civic professionalism to prepare students for the ongoing practice of evidence-based medicine in the rapidly changing healthcare environment of the 21st century. The goal of this program is to challenge students so that they affect positive change through treating disease, promoting health, and understanding the social and behavioral context of illness. The four-year curriculum unites the disciplines of medicine and public health into a single, integrated program that trains future physicians to consider the interplay between the biology of disease and the social and behavioral context of illness, between the care of the individual patient and the health of the public, and between clinical medicine and population medicine.

Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine

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The Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (CCLCM) is an educational program within the CWRU School of Medicine administered in conjunction with Cleveland Clinic. The program is five years, including a dedicated year for research. The Cleveland Clinic established the school in 2002 with a $100 million gift from Norma and Al Lerner,[12] and CCLCM accepted its first class of students in 2004.[13] Physician researcher Eric Topol played an important role in securing the donation from the Lerner family.[14] Topol served as Provost and Chief Academic Officer at CCLCM until 2006, when his position was eliminated amid controversy regarding his criticism of Vioxx and disagreements with other Cleveland Clinic leaders, including then-CEO Toby Cosgrove.[15]

The class size each year is 32 students, and the curriculum is notable for its lack of class rank, pre-clinical or clinical grading, or end-of-course examinations.[13] In 2008, Cleveland Clinic announced that all students entering the program would receive full-tuition scholarships, representing the first medical school program in the United States not to charge students tuition.[16] The Cleveland Clinic, rather than CWRU, is responsible for all financial aspects of the school.[13] Administration of the school, including deans, administrative staff, and admissions, is separate from the School of Medicine, which provides oversight over academic affairs at CCLCM.[13]

Medical Scientist Training Program

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The Medical Scientist Training Program awards MD and PhD degrees upon graduation. Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine was the first medical school to offer the dual degree MD-PhD program to its students in 1956, nearly a decade before the National Institutes of Health developed the first Medical Scientist Training Program.[17]

In 2002, the School of Medicine became the third institution in history to receive the highest review possible from the body that grants accreditation to U.S. and Canadian medical degree programs, the Liaison Committee on Medical Education.[18]

Primary Teaching Hospitals

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In 1896, the first affiliation agreement was approved between Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland[19]

Other teaching affiliates

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Student life

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Academic Societies

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Allen Memorial Medical Library

The CWRU School of Medicine School is divided into six societies named after famous CaseMed alums. Upon matriculation, students in the University Program and MSTP are assigned to a society. Each has a Society Dean who serves as an academic and career adviser to the students.[20] The societies are:[20]

Every year, the six societies compete in "ISC Picnic" for the infamous Society Cup in a series of events (e.g. soccer, flag football, relay races etc.).

Doc Opera

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Every year, students at Case Western Reserve SOM write, direct and perform a full-length musical parody, lampooning Case Western Reserve, their professors, and themselves. It is a longstanding tradition that began in the 1980's and in recent years, the show has been a benefit for the Student Run Health Clinic.[21]

Role in Cleveland and Ohio

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CaseMed is located 15 minutes from downtown Cleveland.

During 2007, the economic impact of the School of Medicine and its affiliates on the State of Ohio equaled $5.82 billion and accounted for more than 65,000 Ohio jobs.[22] The role of Case Western Reserve University in the Cleveland economy has been reported on by The Economist magazine.[23]

Notable alumni and faculty

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1800s

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†Six of the first seven women in the United States to receive medical degrees from recognized allopathic medical schools graduated from Western Reserve University (as it was called then) between 1850 and 1856.

1900s

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2000s

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  • Li Tao (2014 MD alumnus), creator of Microbe Invader

Nobel laureates

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John Macleod, 1923 Nobel Prize winner for discovering insulin and Western Reserve University Professor of Physiology, teaching class.

Alumni

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Ferid Murad, 1998 Nobel Laureate and CaseMed MD-PhD alumnus.
Case alumni who received 2003 Nobel Prizes - Paul C. Lauterbur and Peter Agre (1st and 2nd from right) with President George Walker Bush

Faculty

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Public health

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Other

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  • 1912 - Professor Roger Perkins pioneered the process of chlorinating drinking water.[51]
  • 1915 - Henry Gerstenberger (alumnus and pediatrics professor) first simulated milk formula for infants.
  • 1927 - Immunologist Enrique Ecker discovered the cause of ptomaine food poisoning and development of an antiserum.
  • 1935 - Claude Beck (Surgery residency alumnus; 1924-1971 Professor of Cardiovascular Surgery - first such position in US)[52] -
    • Performed first surgical treatment of coronary artery disease (1935)[53]
    • Performed first defibrillation using machine he built with James Rand (1947)[54]
    • Developed concept of Beck's Triad
    • Started the first CPR teaching course for medical professionals (1950).
  • 1950s - Professor Frederick Cross developed first heart-lung machine for use in open heart surgeries.
  • 1961 - Professor Austin Weisburger performed first successful genetic alteration of human cells in a test tube.
  • 1969 - William Insull, MD describes the role of cholesterol in blood vessel disease.
  • 1975 - Discovery that human renin, an enzyme produced by the kidney, is involved in hypertension
  • 1990 - National team led by rheumatologist Roland Moskowitz discovers gene for osteoarthritis.
  • 1991 - James A. Schulak, MD, and colleagues perform first triple organ transplant in Ohio-a kidney, liver and pancreas.
  • 1997 - Team led by Professor Huntington Willard (Chair of Genetics) create world's first artificial human chromosome.
  • M. Scott Peck (1963 MD alumnus) - psychiatrist and author of The Road Less Traveled
  • 2004 - Craig Smith (1977 MD alumnus) leads the cardiac surgery team which performs President Bill Clinton's coronary artery bypass surgery.[55]
  • Richard Walsh, MD (Chair of Medicine, Case Medical Center) - Current editor of Hurst's The Heart Manual of Cardiology.[56]
  • Peter Tippett (1983 MD-PhD alumnus) - Inventor of early anti-virus software.[57][58]
  • Alfredo Palacio (Internal Medicine alumnus) - President of Ecuador (2005–2007).
  • David Jenkins- won the men's gold medal for figure skating during the 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley, California[59]
  • Renee Salasemergency medicine physician known for her work on climate change
  • Peter Pronovost - intensive care physician known for his work on patient safety

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine | Clinical Activities". Archived from the original on 2012-08-19. Retrieved 2012-11-08.
  2. ^ Newsweek (2023-03-01). "World's Best Hospitals 2023 - Top 250". Newsweek. Retrieved 2023-08-09.
  3. ^ a b "Medicine". Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. Case Western Reserve University. 11 May 2018. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  4. ^ "About - School of Medicine - School of Medicine - Case Western Reserve University". School of Medicine - School of Medicine - Case Western Reserve University.
  5. ^ Paulson, George. "Celebrating 100 Years, 1914-2014: And Weren't We Here Earlier?" (PDF). House Call. Medical Heritage Center at The Ohio State University. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  6. ^ "History". School of Medicine | School of Medicine | Case Western Reserve University. 2018-05-18. Retrieved 2022-10-19.
  7. ^ Bandaranayake, Raja C. (27 January 2022). The Integrated Medical Curriculum. CRC Press. ISBN 9780429533310.
  8. ^ Williams, Greer; Henning, Margaret (1980). Western Reserve's Experiment in Medical Education and Its Outcome. Oxford University Press. p. 120. ISBN 978-0-19-502679-5.
  9. ^ Litt, Steven (21 July 2020). "Is CWRU-Cleveland Clinic Health Education Campus end of big-box era as Clinic shifts focus?". Plain Dealer. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
  10. ^ Litt, Steven (2015-10-01). "Cleveland Clinic, CWRU break ground on $515M Health Education Campus including dental clinic in Hough". Plain Dealer. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
  11. ^ Coutre, Lydia (8 September 2016). "UH dropping 'Case' from flagship medical center name". Crain's Cleveland Business. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
  12. ^ Boulian, Tracy (26 December 2010). "The biggest gift they ever got". Plain Dealer. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
  13. ^ a b c d Fishleder, AJ; Henson, LC; Hull, AL (April 2007). "Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine: An Innovative Approach to Medical Education and the Training of Physician Investigators". Academic Medicine. 82 (4): 390–6. doi:10.1097/ACM.0b013e318033364e. PMID 17414197.
  14. ^ Robbins, Gary (15 September 2012). "Eric Topol's tough prescription for improving medicine". San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved 14 June 2020.
  15. ^ Mortland, Shannon (9 February 2006). "Topol leaving for Case". Crain's Business Cleveland. Retrieved 14 June 2020.
  16. ^ Wang, Shirley (15 May 2008). "Cleveland Clinic's Medical School To Offer Tuition-Free Education". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 14 June 2020.
  17. ^ "Medical Scientist Training Program". School of Medicine | School of Medicine | Case Western Reserve University. 2018-05-22. Retrieved 2019-10-02.
  18. ^ "Case Western Reserve University". www.case.edu. Archived from the original on 2009-10-13. Retrieved 2009-11-12.
  19. ^ "Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine | About the School". Archived from the original on 2012-02-23. Retrieved 2012-11-08.
  20. ^ a b "Academic Societies". CWRU School of Medicine. 20 February 2019. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
  21. ^ "Doc Opera 2020". School of Medicine | School of Medicine | Case Western Reserve University. 2018-10-29. Retrieved 2021-02-04.
  22. ^ "About | School of Medicine | School of Medicine | Case Western Reserve University". Casemed.case.edu. Retrieved 2019-05-21.
  23. ^ "The hopeful laundry".
  24. ^ "About - School of Medicine - School of Medicine - Case Western Reserve University". School of Medicine - School of Medicine - Case Western Reserve University.
  25. ^ "School of Medicine - Error". casemed.case.edu.
  26. ^ "Case Surgery: Surgical Residency Program: General Information: Chairperson's Welcome Message". Archived from the original on 2009-09-06. Retrieved 2012-11-08.
  27. ^ "Mission, Vision, Values - Cleveland Clinic". Cleveland Clinic.
  28. ^ "Cleveland Heights Historical Society - People". www.chhistory.org. Archived from the original on 2019-09-24. Retrieved 2009-11-12.
  29. ^ "Dittrick Medical History Center - Case Western Reserve University". Archived from the original on 2008-09-07. Retrieved 2009-11-12.
  30. ^ "Case Western Reserve University". www.case.edu. Archived from the original on 2014-02-21. Retrieved 2009-11-12.
  31. ^ po, myo min (2020-10-01). "The Day When a US President Praised a Student From Myanmar". The Irrawaddy. Retrieved 2022-11-12.
  32. ^ "2022 Distinguished Scientist Emelia J. Benjamin, MD, ScM, FAHA". American Heart Association. Retrieved 2023-03-09.
  33. ^ Trahanas, John M.; Kolobow, Mary Anne; Hardy, Mark A.; Berra, Lorenzo; Zapol, Warren M.; Bartlett, Robert H. (2016). ""Treating Lungs"- The Scientific Contributions of Dr. Theodor Kolobow". ASAIO Journal. 62 (2): 203–210. doi:10.1097/MAT.0000000000000323. ISSN 1058-2916. PMC 4790827. PMID 26720733.
  34. ^ "Representative Jane Pringle". legislature.maine.gov. Retrieved 2024-02-06.
  35. ^ "Paul Berg - Curriculum Vitae". nobelprize.org.
  36. ^ "Dr. Jack Geiger Profile". Archived from the original on 2012-05-17. Retrieved 2016-02-09.
  37. ^ "Physicians for Human Rights - PHR Board of Directors". physiciansforhumanrights.org. Archived from the original on 2010-06-29. Retrieved 2009-11-12.
  38. ^ "Physicians for Human Rights - Press Room". physiciansforhumanrights.org. Archived from the original on 2010-06-29. Retrieved 2009-11-23.
  39. ^ a b "Department of Pharmacology". pharmacology.case.edu. Archived from the original on 2015-11-13. Retrieved 2009-11-12.
  40. ^ "Ferid Murad - Autobiography". Archived from the original on 2009-11-21. Retrieved 2009-11-12.
  41. ^ "Peter Agre - Biographical". nobelprize.org.
  42. ^ "About - School of Medicine - School of Medicine - Case Western Reserve University". School of Medicine - School of Medicine - Case Western Reserve University.
  43. ^ "Corneille Heymans - Biographical". nobelprize.org.
  44. ^ "Frederick C. Robbins - Biographical". nobelprize.org.
  45. ^ "George H. Hitchings - Biographical". nobelprize.org.
  46. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2008-09-16. Retrieved 2009-11-12.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  47. ^ "School of Medicine - Error". casemed.case.edu.
  48. ^ "Dr. Julie Gerberding resigns as director of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention". 10 January 2009.
  49. ^ "Case Western Reserve University - News Center". blog.case.edu.
  50. ^ "National President". Archived from the original on 2010-08-14. Retrieved 2010-08-08.
  51. ^ "About - School of Medicine - School of Medicine - Case Western Reserve University". School of Medicine - School of Medicine - Case Western Reserve University.
  52. ^ "Biography of Claude S. Beck". Archived from the original on 2009-03-07. Retrieved 2009-08-08.
  53. ^ Case faculty Claude Beck - "Biography of Claude S. Beck". Archived from the original on 2009-03-07. Retrieved 2009-08-08.
  54. ^ Case faculty Claude Beck's first defibrillation article - "Ventricular fibrillation of long duration abolished by electric shock", JAMA, 1947
  55. ^ Pérez-Peña, Richard (2004-09-07). "For Clinton's Lead Surgeon, Little More Than a Day's Work". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-02-17.
  56. ^ Fuster, Valentin. "Hurst's the Heart, 12th Edition / Edition 12 by Valentin Fuster | 9780071478861 | Hardcover | Barnes & Noble®". Search.barnesandnoble.com. Retrieved 2019-05-21.
  57. ^ "Alumni Relations: Case Western Reserve University". Archived from the original on 2009-06-19. Retrieved 2009-12-27.
  58. ^ Case alum Peter Tippett developed Norton AntiVirus - http://ciso.issa.org/about/peter-tippett.php
  59. ^ "News About Skaters", Skating magazine, November 1960
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41°30′18″N 81°36′16″W / 41.504914°N 81.604398°W / 41.504914; -81.604398