Comparison of orbital launch systems
This comparison of orbital launch systems lists the attributes of all current and future individual rocket configurations designed to reach orbit. A first list contains rockets that are operational or have attempted an orbital flight attempt as of 2024; a second list includes all upcoming rockets. For the simple list of all conventional launcher families, see: Comparison of orbital launchers families. For the list of predominantly solid-fueled orbital launch systems, see: Comparison of solid-fueled orbital launch systems.
Spacecraft propulsion[note 1] is any method used to accelerate spacecraft and artificial satellites. Orbital launch systems are rockets and other systems capable of placing payloads into or beyond Earth orbit. All launch vehicle propulsion systems employed to date have been chemical rockets falling into one of three main categories:
- Solid-propellant rockets or solid-fuel rockets have a motor that uses solid propellants, typically a mix of powdered fuel and oxidizer held together by a polymer binder and molded into the shape of a hollow cylinder. The cylinder is ignited from the inside and burns radially outward, with the resulting expanding gases and aerosols escaping out via the nozzle.[note 2]
- Liquid-propellant rockets have a motor that feeds liquid propellant(s) into a combustion chamber. Most liquid engines use a bipropellant, consisting of two liquid propellants (fuel and oxidizer) which are stored and handled separately before being mixed and burned inside the combustion chamber.
- Hybrid-propellant rockets use a combination of solid and liquid propellant, typically involving a liquid oxidizer being pumped through a hollow cylinder of solid fuel.
All current spacecraft use conventional chemical rockets (solid-fuel or liquid bipropellant) for launch, though some[note 3] have used air-breathing engines on their first stage.[note 4]
Current rockets
[edit]Orbits legend:
- LEO, low Earth orbit
- SSO or SSPO, near-polar Sun-synchronous orbit
- polar, polar orbit
- MEO, medium Earth orbit
- GTO, geostationary transfer orbit
- GEO, geostationary orbit (direct injection)
- HEO, high Earth orbit
- HCO, heliocentric orbit
- TLI, trans-lunar injection
- TMI, trans-Mars injection
Vehicle | Origin | Manufacturer | Height | Maximum payload mass (kg) |
Reusable / Expendable | Orbital launches including failures[a] |
Launch site(s) | Dates of flight | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LEO | GTO | Other | First | Latest | |||||||
Angara A5 / Briz-M | Russia | Khrunichev | 48.7 m | 24,500[1] | 5,400[1] | 3,000 to GEO[1] | Expendable | 2[1] | 2014 | 2020 | |
Angara A5 / Orion | Russia | Khrunichev | 54.9 m | N/A | 6,500[1] | 3,700 to GEO[1] | Expendable | 1[1] | 2024 | 2024 | |
Angara A5 / Persei | Russia | Khrunichev | 54.9 m | N/A | 6,500[1] | 3,700 to GEO[1] | Expendable | 1[1] | 2021 | 2021 | |
Angara-1.2 | Russia | Khrunichev | 42.7 m | 3,700[2] | N/A | 2,400 to SSO[3] 3400 to polar[2] |
Expendable | 2[2] | 2022 | 2022 | |
Ariane 6 A62 | Europe | ArianeGroup | 63 m | 10,350[4]: 45 | 4,500[5]: 33 | 7,200 to SSO 7,000 to polar 3,300 to HEO 3,500 to TLI[5]: 35–37 |
Expendable | 1[6] | 2024 | 2024 | |
Atlas V 551 | United States | ULA | 58.3 m | 18,850[7] | 8,900[7] | 13,550 to SSO[8] 3,850 to GEO[7] |
Expendable | 14[8] | 2006 | 2024 | |
Atlas V N22[b] | United States | ULA | 52.4 m | 13,000[10] | N/A | N/A | Expendable | 3[10] | 2019[11] | 2024 | |
Ceres-1 (3)[c] | China | Galactic Energy | 20 m | 400[13] | N/A | 300 to SSO[13] | Expendable | 10[12] | 2022 | 2024 | |
Ceres-1S[d] | China | Galactic Energy | 20 m | 400[13] | N/A | 300 to SSO[13] | Expendable | 2[12] | 2023 | 2024 | |
Chollima-1 | North Korea | NADA | > 38 m | > 300[14] | N/A | N/A | Expendable | 3[15] | 2023 | 2023 | |
Electron | United States New Zealand |
Rocket Lab | 18 m | 300[16] | N/A | 200 to SSO[17] | Partially reusable | 51[18] | 2017 | 2024 | |
Epsilon (2) | Japan | IHI[19] | 24.4 m | 1,500[20] | N/A | N/A | Expendable | 1[20] | 2016 | 2016 | |
Epsilon (2) / CLPS | Japan | IHI[19] | 24.4 m | N/A | N/A | 590 to SSO[20] | Expendable | 4[20] | 2018 | 2022 | |
Falcon 9 Block 5 | United States | SpaceX | 70 m | 13,000 | 1,800 | 1,000 to BLT | Partially reusable (launch site) | 314[21] | 2018 | 2024 | |
17,500[22] | 5,500[21] | 4,500 to MEO | Partially reusable (drone ship) | ||||||||
22,000[21] | 8,300[21] | 4,020 to TMI[21] | Expendable | ||||||||
Falcon Heavy[23] | United States | SpaceX | 70 m | 30,000[24] | 8,000[25] | N/A | Partially reusable | 10[26] | 2018 | 2024 | |
63,800[26] | 26,700[26] | 16,800 to TMI[26] | Expendable | ||||||||
Firefly Alpha | United States | Firefly Aerospace | 29 m | 1,030[27] | N/A | 630 to SSO[27] | Expendable | 5[28] | 2021 | 2024 | |
Gravity-1 | China | Orienspace | 31.4 m | 6,500[29] | N/A | 4,200 to SSO[29] | Expendable | 1[29] | 2024 | 2024 | |
GSLV Mk II | India | ISRO | 49.1 m | 6,000[30] | 2,250[30] | N/A | Expendable | 10[31] | 2010 | 2024 | |
GYUB TV2 | South Korea | MND | 19.5 m | 100[32] | N/A | N/A | Expendable | 1[32] | 2023 | 2023 | |
H-IIA 202 | Japan | Mitsubishi | 53 m | 10,000[33] | 4,000[33] | 5,100 to SSO[e] | Expendable | 33[35] | 2001 | 2024 | |
H3-22S | Japan | Mitsubishi | 57 m | N/A[36] | 3,500 | N/A | Expendable | 3[37] | 2023 | 2024 | |
Hyperbola-1 (2)[f] | China | i-Space | 22.5 m | 500[39] | N/A | 300 to SSO[40] | Expendable | 6[40] | 2021 | 2024 | |
Jielong 1 | China | CALT | 19.5 m | N/A | N/A | 200 to SSO[41] | Expendable | 1[42] | 2019 | 2019 | |
Jielong 3 | China | CALT | 31.8 m | N/A | N/A | 1,500 (500 km SSO)[43] | Expendable | 3[43] | 2022 | 2024 | |
KAIROS | Japan | Space One | 18 m | 250[44] | N/A | 150 to SSO[44] | Expendable | 1[45] | 2024 | 2024 | |
Kinetica 1 | China | CAS Space | 30 m | 2,000[46] | N/A | 1,500 (500 km SSO)[46] | Expendable | 3[46] | 2022 | 2024 | |
Kuaizhou 1A | China | ExPace | 19.8 m | 400[47] | N/A | 250 to SSO | Expendable | 26[47] | 2013[g] | 2024 | |
Kuaizhou 11 | China | ExPace | 25.3 m | 1,500[48] | N/A | 1,000 to SSO[48] | Expendable | 3[49] | 2020 | 2024 | |
Long March 2C | China | CALT | 38.8 m | 3,850[50] | 1,250[50] | 1,900 to SSO[50] | Expendable | 70 | 1982 | 2024 | |
Long March 2C / YZ-1S | China | CALT | 38.8 m | N/A | N/A | 2,000 to SSO[51] | Expendable | 8[51] | 2018 | 2024 | |
Long March 2D | China | SAST | 41.1 m | 4,000[52] | N/A | 1,300 to SSO[53] | Expendable | 87[54][55] | 1992 | 2024 | |
Long March 2D / YZ-3 | China | SAST | 41.1 m | N/A | N/A | 2,000 to SSO | Expendable | 3[56] | 2018 | 2024 | |
Long March 2F | China | CALT | 62 m | 8,400[57] | N/A | N/A | Expendable | 23[58][59][60] | 1999 | 2024 | |
Long March 3A | China | CALT | 52.5 m | 6,000[61] | 2,600[61] | 5,000 to SSO 1,420 to TLI[61] |
Expendable | 27[61] | 1994 | 2018 | |
Long March 3B/E | China | CALT | 56.3 m | 11,500[62] | 5,500[62] | 6,900 to SSO 3,500 to TLI[62] |
Expendable | 83[62] | 2007 | 2024 | |
Long March 3B/E / YZ-1 | China | CALT | 56.3 m | N/A | N/A | 2,200 to MEO | Expendable | 14[63] | 2015 | 2023 | |
Long March 3C | China | CALT | 54.8 m | 9,100[64] | 3,800[64] | 6,500 to SSO 2,300 to TLI[62] |
Expendable | 18[65][64] | 2008 | 2021 | |
Long March 3C / YZ-1 | China | CALT | 54.8 m | N/A | N/A | N/A | Expendable | 2[66] | 2015 | 2016 | |
Long March 4B | China | SAST | 44.1 m | 4,200[67] | 1,500[67] | 2,800 to SSO[67] | Expendable | 49[67] | 1999 | 2024 | |
Long March 4C | China | SAST | 45.8 m | 4,200[68] | 1,500[68] | 2,800 to SSO[68] | Expendable | 54[68] | 2006 | 2024 | |
Long March 5 | China | CALT | 56.9 m | ~ 25,000[69] | ~ 14,000[69] | 15,000 to SSO 4,500 to GEO 8,200 to TLI 6,000 to TMI[70][71] |
Expendable | 7[70] | 2017 | 2024 | |
Long March 5 / YZ-2 | China | CALT | 56.9 m | N/A | N/A | 4,500 to GEO[72] | Expendable | 1[72] | 2016 | 2016 | |
Long March 5B | China | CALT | 56.9 m | 23,000[73] | N/A | N/A | Expendable | 4[73] | 2020 | 2022 | |
Long March 6 | China | SAST | 29 m | 1,500[74] | N/A | 1,080 to SSO[74] | Expendable | 11[74] | 2015 | 2023 | |
Long March 6A | China | SAST | 50 m | 8,000[75] | N/A | 4,500 to SSO[76] | Expendable | 7[76] | 2022 | 2024 | |
Long March 6C | China | CALT | 43 m | 4,500 | N/A | 2,400 to SSO[77] | Expendable | 1[78] | 2024 | 2024 | |
Long March 7 | China | CALT | 53.1 m | 13,500[79] | N/A | 5,500 to SSO[80] | Expendable | 7[81] | 2017 | 2024 | |
Long March 7 / YZ-1A | China | CALT | 53.1 m | N/A | N/A | 9,500 to SSO | Expendable | 1[82] | 2016 | 2016 | |
Long March 7A | China | CALT | 60.13 m | N/A | 7,000[80] | 5,000 to TLI | Expendable | 7[83] | 2020 | 2024 | |
Long March 8 822[84] | China | CALT | 50.34 m | 7,600[85] | 2,500[85] | 4,500 to SSO[85] 1,500 to TLI |
Expendable | 2[85] | 2020 | 2024 | |
Long March 8 820[84] | China | CALT | 48 m | 4,500 | N/A | 3,000 to SSO | Expendable | 1[86] | 2022 | 2022 | |
Long March 11 | China | CALT | 20.8 m | 700[87] | N/A | 350 to SSO[87] | Expendable | 12[87] | 2015 | 2023 | |
Long March 11H | China | CALT | 20.8 m | 700[87] | N/A | 350 to SSO[87] | Expendable | 5[87] | 2019 | 2023 | |
LVM 3 | India | ISRO | 43.4 m | 8,000[88] | 4,000[88] | 3,000 to TLI | Expendable | 6[89] | 2017[h] | 2023 | |
Minotaur-C-XL-3210 | United States | Northrop Grumman | 27.9 m | 1,275[91] | N/A | 880 to SSO[91] | Expendable | 2[91] | 2004 | 2017 | |
Minotaur I | United States | Northrop Grumman | 19.2 m | 580[92] | N/A | ~ 430 to SSO[92] 400 to Polar[93] |
Expendable | 12[i][93] | 2000 | 2021 | |
Minotaur IV | United States | Northrop Grumman | 23.9 m | 1,735[94] | N/A | 1,170 to Polar[94] | Expendable | 2[94][j] | 2010 | 2020 | |
Minotaur IV / HAPS | United States | Northrop Grumman | 23.9 m | N/A | N/A | N/A | Expendable | 1[96] | 2010 | 2010 | |
Minotaur IV / Orion 38 | United States | Northrop Grumman | 23.9 m | N/A | N/A | N/A | Expendable | 1[97] | 2017 | 2017 | |
Minotaur
IV+ |
United States | Northrop Grumman | 23.9 m | 1,950[98] | N/A | 1,430 to Polar[98] | Expendable | 1[98] | 2011 | 2011 | |
Minotaur V | United States | Northrop Grumman | 24.6 m | N/A | 678[99] | 465 to HCO[99] | Expendable | 1[99] | 2013 | 2013 | |
New-type satellite carrier rocket[100] | North Korea Russia |
NADA | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Expendable | 1[101][100] | 2024 | 2024 | |
Nuri (KSLV-II) | South Korea | KARI | 47.2 m | 3,300[102] | N/A | 1,900 to SSO[102] | Expendable | 3[103] | 2021 | 2023 | |
Pegasus XL | United States | Northrop Grumman | 16.9 m | 475[104] | 125[104] | ~ 325 to SSO[105] 365 to Polar[104] |
Expendable | 29[104] | 1994 | 2021 | |
Pegasus XL / HAPS | United States | Northrop Grumman | 16.9 m | 500[106] | N/A | N/A | Expendable | 6[106] | 1997 | 2005 | |
Proton-M | Russia | Khrunichev | 57.2 m | 23,700[107] | N/A | N/A | Expendable | 1[108] | 2021 | 2021 | |
Proton-M / Briz-M | Russia | Khrunichev | 58.2 m | N/A | 6,300[109] | 3,300 to GEO[109] | Expendable | 101[109] | 2001 | 2023 | |
Proton-M / Blok DM-03 | Russia | Khrunichev | 57.2 m | N/A | 6,000[107] | 3,200 to GEO[110] | Expendable | 7[111] | 2010 | 2023 | |
PSLV-CA | India | ISRO | 44.4 m | 2,100[112] | N/A | 1,100 to SSO[112] | Expendable | 17[113][112] | 2007 | 2023 | |
PSLV-DL | India | ISRO | 44.4 m | N/A | N/A | 1,257 to SSO[114] | Expendable | 4[115] | 2019 | 2024 | |
PSLV-QL | India | ISRO | 44.4 m | N/A | N/A | 1,523 to SSO[114] | Expendable | 2[116] | 2019 | 2019 | |
PSLV-XL | India | ISRO | 44.4 m | 3,800[117] | 1,300[117] | 1,750 to SSO[117] 550 to TMI[118] |
Expendable | 25[117] | 2008 | 2023 | |
Qaem 100 | Iran | IRGC | 15.5 m | 80[119] | N/A | N/A | Expendable | 2[119][k] | 2023 | 2024 | |
Qased | Iran | IRGC | 18.8 m | 40[120] | N/A | N/A | Expendable | 3[120] | 2020 | 2023 | |
Shavit-2 | Israel | IAI | 22.1 m | 380 in Retrograde[121] | N/A | N/A | Expendable | 6[122] | 2007 | 2023 | |
Simorgh | Iran | Iranian Space Agency | 26 m | 350[123] | N/A | N/A | Expendable | 6[123][l] | 2017 | 2024 | |
Soyuz-2.1a | Russia | TsSKB-Progress | 51.4 m | 7,020 from Baikonur 6,830 from Plesetsk 7,150 from Vostochny[124] |
N/A | N/A | Expendable | 47[125][m] | 2013 | 2024 | |
Soyuz-2.1a / Fregat | Russia | TsSKB-Progress | 46.9 m | N/A | N/A | 4,450 to SSO[126] | Expendable | 21[126] | 2006 | 2023 | |
Soyuz-2.1a / Volga | Russia | TsSKB-Progress | 46.9 m | N/A | N/A | N/A | Expendable | 1[127] | 2016 | 2016 | |
Soyuz-2.1b | Russia | TsSKB-Progress | 44.1 m | 8,200 from Baikonur 7,850 from Plesetsk 8,320 from Vostochny[124] |
N/A | N/A | Expendable | 17[128] | 2008 | 2024 | |
Soyuz-2.1b / Fregat | Russia | TsSKB-Progress | 46.7 m | 5,500[129] | 3,060[129] | 4,900 to SSO 1,200 to HCO[129] |
Expendable | 54[129] | 2006 | 2024 | |
Soyuz-2.1v | Russia | TsSKB-Progress | 44.1 m | 2,800[130] | N/A | 2,630 to polar[130] | Expendable | 5[130] | 2018 | 2024 | |
Soyuz-2.1v / Volga | Russia | TsSKB-Progress | 44.1 m | N/A | N/A | 1,400 to SSO[131] | Expendable | 7[131] | 2013 | 2022 | |
SLS Block 1 | United States | NASA Boeing Northrop Grumman |
98 m | 95,000[132] | N/A | 27,000+ to TLI[132] | Expendable | 1[133] | 2022 | 2022 | |
SSLV | India | ISRO | 34 m | 500[134] | N/A | 300 to SSO[135] | Expendable | 3[135] | 2022 | 2024 | |
Tianlong-2 | China | Space Pioneer | 32.8 m | 2,000[136] | N/A | 1,500 to SSO[136] | Expendable | 1[136] | 2023 | 2023 | |
Vega-C | Europe Italy | ArianeGroupAvio | 36.2 m | 3,300[137] | N/A | 2,470 to SSO[138] 2,300 to polar[137] | Expendable | 2[139] | 2022 | 2022 | |
Vulcan Centaur VC2 | United States | ULA | 61.6 m | 19,000[140] | 8,400[140] | 15,200 to polar 3,900 to MEO 2,600 to GEO 6,300 to TLI[140] | Expendable | 1[141] | 2024 | 2024 | |
Zhuque-2 B1 | China | LandSpace | 49.5 m | 4,000 | N/A | 1,500 to SSO[142] | Expendable | 3[143] | 2022 | 2023 |
- ^ Suborbital flight tests and on-pad explosions are excluded, but launches failing en route to orbit are included.
- ^ for Starliner[9]
- ^ Despite not being officially acknowledged by the manufacturer, significant changes between different iterations of the rocket lead to the identification of different variants.[12]
- ^ Sea-launched version of the third unofficial iteration of the Ceres-1 launch vehicle.
- ^ 5,100 kg to a 500-km Sun-synchronous orbit; 3,300 kg to 800 km[34]: 64–65
- ^ Despite not being officially acknowledged by the manufacturer, significant changes between different iterations of the rocket lead to the identification of different variants.[38]
- ^ A suborbital test flight was conducted in March 2012.[47]
- ^ A suborbital test flight was conducted in 2014 (designated LVM-3/CARE) without the cryogenic upper stage (CUS).[90]
- ^ A suborbital mission was conducted in 2024.
- ^ Additionally, two suborbital missions were conducted in 2010 and 2011.[95]
- ^ A suborbital test flight succeeded in 2022.
- ^ A suborbital test flight succeeded in 2016.[123]
- ^ Suborbital test flight in 2004, without Fregat upper stage.[125]
Upcoming rockets
[edit]Upcoming launch vehicles
Retired rockets
[edit]- ^ Reference altitude 500 km
- ^ First suborbital test in 1969, first orbital launch attempt in 1970
- ^ a b Despite not being officially acknowledged by the manufacturer, significant changes between different iterations of the rocket lead to the identification of different variants.[citation needed]
- ^ Without Buran, and assuming payload providing orbital insertion
- ^ a b The U.S. Space Shuttle Transportation System and the Soviet Energia-Buran system consist of launch vehicle rockets and returnable spaceplane orbiter. Payload values listed here are for the mass of the payload in cargo bay of the spaceplanes, excluding the mass of the spaceplanes themselves.
- ^ The SpaceX website lists the F9 payload to LEO as 13,150kg. The payload to GTO is listed as 4,850kg. However, SpaceX has stated that these numbers include a 30% margin to accommodate re-usability.
- ^ Despite not being officially acknowledged by the manufacturer, significant changes between different iterations of the rocket lead to the identification of different variants.[citation needed]
- ^ Suborbital test flights in 1995, 1997 and 2002, no orbital launches attempted
- ^ The N1 rocket was initially designed for 75 t LEO capacity and launch attempts were made with this version, but there were studies to increase the payload capacity to 90–95 t, if a liquid-hydrogen upper stage engine could be developed.
- ^ A suborbital test flight was conducted in May 2018.[288]
- ^ The Saturn V made 13 launches, 12 of which reached the correct orbits, and the other (Apollo 6) reached a different orbit than the one which had been planned; however, some mission objectives could still be completed; NASA, Saturn V News Reference, Appendix: Saturn V Flight History (1968) Archived 2011-05-17 at the Wayback Machine. For more information, see the Saturn V article. The Saturn V launch record is usually quoted as having never failed, e.g. "The rocket was masterminded by Wernher Von Braun and did not fail in any of its flights", Alan Lawrie and Robert Godwin; Saturn, but the Apollo 6 launch should be considered a partial mission failure. The 13th launch of Saturn V was in special configuration (SA-513) with the Skylab.
- ^ A prior version of the SS-520 flew twice as a suborbital sounding rocket in 1998 and 2000. In 2017, the addition of a small third stage enabled orbital launches of ultra-light nano- or picosatellites.[324]
- ^ Reference altitude 400 km
- ^ A suborbital test flight failed in 2006. The first two orbital missions failed in 2009 and 2012, and the rocket finally reached orbit in late 2012.[347]
- ^ A third rocket exploded before launch.
- ^ First orbital launch attempt in 2005
Launch systems by country
[edit]The following chart shows the number of launch systems developed in each country, and broken down by operational status. Rocket variants are not distinguished; i.e., the Atlas V series is only counted once for all its configurations 401–431, 501–551, 552, and N22.
- Operational
- In development
- Retired
See also
[edit]- Comparison of orbital launchers families
- Comparison of orbital rocket engines
- Comparison of crewed space vehicles
- Comparison of space station cargo vehicles
- List of space launch system designs
- Reusable launch system
- List of orbital launch systems
- Lists of rockets
- List of sounding rockets
- List of upper stages
- Non-rocket spacelaunch
Notes
[edit]- ^ There are many different methods. Each mestylethod has drawbacks and advantages, and spacecraft propulsion is an active area of research. However, most spacecraft today are propelled by forcing a gas from the back/rear of the vehicle at very high speed through a supersonic de Laval nozzle. This sort of engine is called a rocket engine.
- ^ The first medieval rockets were solid-fuel rockets powered by gunpowder; they were used by the Chinese, Indians, Mongols and Arabs, in warfare as early as the 13th century.
- ^ Such as the Pegasus rocket and SpaceShipOne.
- ^ Most satellites have simple reliable chemical thrusters (often monopropellant rockets) or resistojet rockets for orbital station-keeping and some use momentum wheels for attitude control. Soviet bloc satellites have used electric propulsion for decades, and newer Western geo-orbiting spacecraft are starting to use them for north-south stationkeeping and orbit raising. Interplanetary vehicles mostly use chemical rockets as well, although a few have used ion thrusters and Hall effect thrusters (two different types of electric propulsion) to great success.
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Krebs, Gunter. "Angara (cluster)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
- ^ a b c Krebs, Gunter. "Angara-1.2". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
- ^ "Angara-1 to inaugurate new rocket family". russianspaceweb.com. Retrieved 2023-11-20.
- ^ a b c d Lagier, Roland (March 2018). "Ariane 6 User's Manual Issue 1 Revision 0" (PDF). Arianespace. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2018.
- ^ a b Lagier, Roland (March 2018). "Ariane 6 User's Manual Issue 2 Revision 0" (PDF). Arianespace. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
- ^ Krebs, Gunter. "Ariane-6". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
- ^ a b c "Atlas V". ULA. Retrieved 2023-11-20.
- ^ a b "Atlas-5(551) (Atlas-V(551))". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 2023-11-20.
- ^ Egan, Barbara [@barbegan13] (15 October 2016). "@torybruno @ulalaunch @baserunner0723 We are calling the config N22. No payload fairing with the Starliner on board" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 5 December 2022. Retrieved 20 March 2023 – via Twitter.
- ^ a b Percival, Claire (2022-05-29). "OFT-2 CST-100 Starliner (Uncrewed) | Atlas V N22". Everyday Astronaut. Retrieved 2023-11-20.
- ^ Roulette, Joey (22 December 2019). "'Bull's-eye' landing in New Mexico for Boeing's Starliner astronaut capsule". Reuters. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
- ^ a b c Krebs, Gunter. "Ceres-1 (Gushenxing-1, GX-1)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 27 August 2023.
- ^ a b c d "Ceres-1". galactic-energy.cn. Retrieved 2023-11-23.
- ^ Kim, Jeongmin (1 June 2023). "North Korea rushed satellite launch after seeing ROK rocket success, Seoul says". NK News. Retrieved 2 June 2023.
- ^ "Chollima-1". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 2023-11-23.
- ^ "Electron". Rocket Lab. Retrieved 2023-11-23.
- ^ "Rocket Lab Increases Electron Payload Capacity, Enabling Interplanetary Missions and Reusability". Rocket Lab. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
- ^ "Completed Missions". Rocket Lab. Retrieved 2022-03-09.
- ^ a b c d e "Projects&Products". IHI Aerospace. Archived from the original on 6 April 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g Krebs, Gunter. "Epsilon". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 18 January 2019.
- ^ a b c d e "SpaceX - Falcon 9". SpaceX. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
- ^ Elon Musk (26 February 2024). "Due to continued design improvements, this Falcon 9 carried its highest ever payload of 17.5 tons of useful load to a useful orbit".
- ^ Either 2 or 3 boosters recoverable
- ^ Musk, Elon. Making Life Multiplanetary. SpaceX. Event occurs at 15:35. Archived from the original on 2021-12-12. Retrieved 22 March 2018 – via YouTube.
BFR in fully reusable configuration, without any orbital refueling, we expect to have a payload capability of 150 tonnes to low Earth orbit and that compares to about 30 for Falcon Heavy
- ^ Krebs, Gunter. "Falcon-Heavy (Block 5)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
- ^ a b c d "SpaceX - Falcon Heavy". SpaceX. Retrieved 24 July 2024.
- ^ a b "Alpha Launch Vehicle". Firefly Aerospace. Retrieved 2023-11-26.
- ^ "Missions Archive". Firefly Aerospace. Retrieved 2023-11-26.
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