Dedicator of cytokinesis protein 8
Dedicator of cytokinesis protein 8 (Dock8) is a large (~190 kDa) protein encoded in the human by the DOCK8 gene, involved in intracellular signalling networks.[5] It is a member of the DOCK-C subfamily of the DOCK family of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) which function as activators of small G-proteins.
Discovery
[edit]Dock8 was identified during a yeast two hybrid (YTH) screen for proteins that interact with the Rho family small G protein Cdc42.[6] Subsequent northern blot analysis revealed high levels of Dock8 expression in the placenta, lung, kidney and pancreas as well as lower levels in the heart, brain and skeletal muscle.
Function
[edit]Dock8 shares the same core domain arrangement as all other DOCK proteins, with a DHR2 domain which, in other proteins, contains GEF activity and a DHR1 domain known, in other proteins, to interact with phospholipids. In the YTH system Dock8 was reported to interact with both Rac1 and Cdc42. However, no stable interaction between Dock8 and these small G proteins was observed in a GST-pulldown assay. This may be due to the fact many DOCK-G protein interactions require the presence of adaptor proteins to stabilise the complex and thus facilitate nucleotide exchange.[7]
Clinical significance
[edit]A mutation in the DOCK8 gene is associated with the autosomal recessive form of Job's syndrome or hyper-IgE Syndrome. It is manifested in infancy and the patient survives till late childhood or adolescence. The disease is characterized by eczema, recurrent cold staphylococcal abscesses, recurrent lung infections, coarse facial features, primary teeth remnants (2 rows of teeth present), high IgE levels and eosinophilia.
Somatic mutations
[edit]Despite the fact that little is known about the cellular role of Dock8 its importance has been highlighted in several studies which have identified disruption of the DOCK8 gene in disease. Deletion and reduced expression of Dock8 have been reported in a human lung cancer cell line[8] and Dock8 was also identified as a putative candidate gene associated with progression of gliomas.[9]
Clinical significance of germline mutations
[edit]Autosomal recessive DOCK8 deficiency is associated with a variant of combined immunodeficiency. This variant of Hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome (HIES) was first described in 2004 [10] and this clinical entity is known to be due to having biallelic germline mutations in the DOCK8 gene.[11] HIES due to DOCK8-deficiency has a distinct clinical presentation compared to other forms of HIES and in inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.
The clinical manifestations of DOCK8 immunodefiency include recurrent infections, allergies, and malignancies. Nearly all patients have recurrent or chronic upper and lower respiratory tract infections, with many requiring sinus surgery and myringotomy tube placement. Recurrent lung infections may lead to bronchiectasis or damage to the airways leaving them widened and scarred. The cutaneous or skin infections are distinctive and include severe and difficult to treat viral infections, such as herpes simplex virus, human papilloma virus, and molluscum contagiosum; bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus; as well as fungal infections of the mouth or skin with Candida. Eczema is common, and can be quite severe and further complicated by bacterial infection. Together, these skin infections can become disfiguring.
DOCK8 immunodefiency patients frequently have allergies to many food and environmental allergens, as well as asthma. Autoimmunity has been seen in some patients, such as autoimmune hemolytic anemia, as well as vasculitis and vasculopathy. Patients are also at increased risk for developing squamous cell carcinomas and lymphoid malignancies. Some but not all lymphomas are associated with poor control of the cancer-causing virus, Epstein–Barr. These cancer risks are significant and patients should be monitored closely for signs of malignancy.
This disorder is considered a combined immunodeficiency because it includes both decreased lymphocyte numbers and defective lymphocyte function. It can also be classified as a type of autosomal recessive hyperimmunoglobulinemia E syndrome. Laboratory manifestations include progressive lymphopenia that primarily affects CD4 and CD8 T cell subsets, reduced B cell and/or NK cell counts in some patients, eosinophilia, and immunoglobulin abnormalities. Antibody responses to vaccines are frequently poor. Loss of Dock8 protein expression can be demonstrated by diagnostic intracellular flow cytometry testing.[11]
Once a diagnosis is made, treatment is based on an individual's clinical condition and may include medication and other strategies for managing infections, allergies, and asthma. Supportive care includes prophylactic antimicrobials, and consideration of immune globulin replacement. Interferon alpha has been used for control of serious viral infections, such as widespread warts or herpes simplex virus. Hematopoietic stem cell transplant is curative in many primary immunodeficiencies and has successfully been used for patients with DOCK8 immunodefiency.
References
[edit]- ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000107099 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000052085 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ "Entrez Gene: DOCK8 dedicator of cytokinesis 8".
- ^ Ruusala A, Aspenström P (August 2004). "Isolation and characterisation of DOCK8, a member of the DOCK180-related regulators of cell morphology". FEBS Lett. 572 (1–3): 159–66. Bibcode:2004FEBSL.572..159R. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2004.06.095. PMID 15304341. S2CID 9107914.
- ^ Lu M, Ravichandran KS (2006). "Dock180–ELMO Cooperation in Rac Activation". Regulators and Effectors of Small GTPases: Rho Family. Methods in Enzymology. Vol. 406. pp. 388–402. doi:10.1016/S0076-6879(06)06028-9. ISBN 9780121828110. PMID 16472672.
- ^ Takahashi K, Kohno T, Ajima R, Sasaki H, Minna JD, Fujiwara T, Tanaka N, Yokota J (February 2006). "Homozygous deletion and reduced expression of the DOCK8 gene in human lung cancer". Int. J. Oncol. 28 (2): 321–8. doi:10.3892/ijo.28.2.321. PMID 16391785.
- ^ Idbaih A, Carvalho Silva R, Crinière E, Marie Y, Carpentier C, Boisselier B, Taillibert S, Rousseau A, Mokhtari K, Ducray F, Thillet J, Sanson M, Hoang-Xuan K, Delattre JY (July 2008). "Genomic changes in progression of low-grade gliomas". J. Neurooncol. 90 (2): 133–40. doi:10.1007/s11060-008-9644-z. PMID 18618226. S2CID 20747824.
- ^ Renner ED, Puck JM, Holland SM, Schmitt M, Weiss M, Frosch M, Bergmann M, Davis J, Belohradsky BH, Grimbacher B (2004). "Autosomal recessive hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome: a distinct disease entity". J. Pediatr. 144 (1): 93–9. doi:10.1016/S0022-3476(03)00449-9. PMID 14722525.
- ^ a b Zhang Q, Davis JC, Lamborn IT, Freeman AF, Jing H, Favreau AJ, Matthews HF, Davis J, Turner ML, Uzel G, Holland SM, Su HC (September 2009). "Combined immunodeficiency associated with DOCK8 mutations". N. Engl. J. Med. 361 (21): 2046–55. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0905506. PMC 2965730. PMID 19776401.
- "Scientists Identify Genetic Cause of Previously Undefined Primary Immune Deficiency Disease". National Institutes of Health (Press release). September 24, 2009. Archived from the original on 2009-09-26.
Further reading
[edit]- Côté JF, Vuori K (2002). "Identification of an evolutionarily conserved superfamily of DOCK180-related proteins with guanine nucleotide exchange activity". J. Cell Sci. 115 (Pt 24): 4901–13. doi:10.1242/jcs.00219. PMID 12432077. S2CID 14669715.
- Côté JF, Vuori K (2007). "GEF what? Dock180 and related proteins help Rac to polarize cells in new ways". Trends Cell Biol. 17 (8): 383–93. doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2007.05.001. PMC 2887429. PMID 17765544.
- Meller N, Merlot S, Guda C (2005). "CZH proteins: a new family of Rho-GEFs". J. Cell Sci. 118 (Pt 21): 4937–46. doi:10.1242/jcs.02671. PMID 16254241. S2CID 3075895.
- Côté JF, Vuori K (2006). "In Vitro Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Activity of DHR-2/DOCKER/CZH2 Domains". Regulators and Effectors of Small GTPases: Rho Family. Methods in Enzymology. Vol. 406. pp. 41–57. doi:10.1016/S0076-6879(06)06004-6. ISBN 9780121828110. PMID 16472648.