1984 Democratic Party presidential primaries
![]() | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3,882 delegates to the 1984 Democratic National Convention 1,942 (majority) votes needed to win | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() Grey denotes a territory that did not hold a primary or caucus. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
From February 20 to June 12, 1984, voters of the Democratic Party chose its nominee for president in the 1984 United States presidential election. Former Vice President Walter Mondale was selected as the nominee through a series of primary elections and caucuses culminating in the 1984 Democratic National Convention held from July 16 to July 19, 1984, in San Francisco, California.
Candidates
[edit]Nominee
[edit]Candidate | Most recent office | Home state | Campaign
Withdrawal date |
Popular vote | Contests won | Running mate | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Walter Mondale | ![]() |
Vice President of the United States (1977–1981) |
![]() |
![]() (Campaign) |
6,952,912
(38.3%) |
22 NY, NJ, DE, MD, PA, VA, WV, NC, GA, AL, TN, KY, MI, IL, AR, MO, IA, MN, KS, TX, HI, PR |
Geraldine Ferraro |
Withdrew during primaries or convention
[edit]Candidate | Most recent office | Home state | Campaign
Withdrawal date |
Popular vote | Contests won | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gary Hart | ![]() |
U.S. Senator from Colorado (1975–1987) |
![]() Colorado |
![]() (Campaign) |
6,504,842 (35.9%) |
26 ME, NH, VT, MA, CT, RI, FL, OH, IN, WI, OK, NE, SD, ND, NM, CO, WY, MT, AZ, UT, ID, NV, WA, OR, CA, AK | |
Jesse Jackson | ![]() |
None | ![]() Illinois |
![]() (Campaign) |
3,282,431 (18.1%) |
4 LA, MS, SC, DC |
Withdrew during primaries
[edit]-
Senator John Glenn of Ohio (March 16, 1984)
-
Senator Alan Cranston of California (February 29, 1984)
-
Senator Ernest Hollings of South Carolina (March 1, 1984)
Declined to run
[edit]- U.S. Senator Ted Kennedy of Massachusetts (Dec. 1, 1982)
Timeline
[edit]Background
[edit]The Commission on Presidential Nomination was formed in July 1981, under the leadership of Jim Hunt. The commission sought to increase the power of elected officials, who could choose a more moderate and ideologically representative candidate. Alan Cranston, Gillis William Long, and Walter Mondale supported giving elected officials positions as uncommitted delegates while Ted Kennedy opposed it.[2] The report was completed on February 5, 1982. The commission allocated 568 delegates, 14% of the total, to unelected superdelegates, who were party leaders and elected officials. The primary schedule was reduced to occur from March to June, with the exception of Iowa and New Hampshire.[3]
411 of the superdelegates were elected officials and 157 were party officials. Members of the U.S. House and U.S. Senate accounted for 200 delegates. Mondale's campaign capitalized on this and Richard Moe, with 20 lobbyists, gained support for Mondale from members of Congress. Thomas Hale Boggs Jr. lobbied for congressional support for John Glenn.[4]
The majority of delegates were selected through primaries. Twenty-six primaries were held in 1984, less than the thirty-one in 1980.[5] Mondale performed best in states with primaries while California was the only primary that Hart won. Hart won more caucus states than Mondale.[6]
Overview and pre-contests
[edit]Nominee | |
Ended campaigns | |
Iowa caucuses | |
New Hampshire primary | |
Super Tuesday | |
Convention 1984 |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/e33y1siaouyqq8nxp9dhasoanvdp80i.png)
Kennedy, one of the leading possible candidates, announced in December 1982, that he would not run for the presidential nomination.[7]
In June 1983, Cranston won a series of straw polls in Alabama, California, and Wisconsin and placed second in Massachusetts.[8][9][10] Mondale won a straw poll in Maine in October. Glenn criticized the excessive spending on the straw poll as Cranston and Mondale both spent $100,000 and Hollings spent $25,000 while campaigning for it.[11]
Jackson ended up winning 21% of the national primary vote but received only 8% of the delegates to the national convention, and he initially charged that his campaign was hurt by the same party rules that allowed Mondale to win. He also poured scorn on Mondale, saying that Hubert Humphrey was the "last significant politician out of the St. Paul-Minneapolis" area.[12]
Colorado Senator Gary Hart was little-known when he announced his run February 1983, and barely received above 1% in the polls compared to other well-known figures. To counter this, Hart started campaigning early in New Hampshire, making a then-unprecedented canvassing tour in late September, months before the primary. This strategy attracted national media attention to his campaign, and by late 1983, he had risen moderately in the polls to the middle of the field, mostly at the expense of the sinking candidacies of John Glenn and Cranston.[13][14]
Hart criticized Mondale as an "old-fashioned" Great Society Democrat who symbolized "failed policies" of the past. Hart positioned himself as a younger, fresher, and more moderate Democrat who could appeal to younger voters. He emerged as a formidable candidate, winning the key Ohio and California primaries as well as several others, especially in the West. However, Hart could not overcome Mondale's financial and organizational advantages, especially among labor union leaders in the Midwest and industrial Northeast. Hart was also badly hurt during a televised debate when Mondale used a popular television commercial slogan to ridicule Hart's vague "New Ideas" platform. Turning to Hart on camera, Mondale said that whenever he heard Hart talk about his "New Ideas", he was reminded of the Wendy's fast-food slogan "Where's the beef?". The remark drew loud laughter and applause from the audience and caught Hart off-guard. Hart never fully recovered from Mondale's charge that his "New Ideas" were shallow and lacking in specifics. Earlier in the same Democratic primary debate, Hart committed a serious faux pas that largely went underreported. Asked what he would do if an unidentified airplane flew over the Iron Curtain from a Warsaw Pact nation, Hart replied that he would send up a United States Air Force plane and instruct them to determine whether or not it was an enemy plane by looking in the cockpit window to see if the pilots were wearing uniforms. Fellow candidate John Glenn, a former Marine Corps fighter pilot, replied that this was physically impossible.
At a roundtable debate between the three remaining Democratic candidates moderated by Phil Donahue, Mondale and Hart got in such a heated argument over the issue of U.S. policy in Central America that Jackson had to tap his water glass on the table to get them to simmer down.
Jackson's campaign was bolstered after he led a delegation to Syria that convinced Hafez al-Assad to release Bobby Goodman in January 1984. Jackson received large and overwhelming positive news coverage. However, positive news coverage ended after he called Jews "Hymies" and New York City "Hymietown". Jackson was also criticized for his relation with Louis Farrakhan.[15][16][17]
Early contests
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Walter_Mondale_accepting_state_primary_victory_in_Des_Moines%2C_Iowa..jpg/250px-Walter_Mondale_accepting_state_primary_victory_in_Des_Moines%2C_Iowa..jpg)
Mondale won the Iowa caucus with a plurality of the vote. Glenn performed poorly and came in sixth.[18] Hart's campaign was bolstered by his second placing show. Hart, despite not winning Iowa, was now viewed as the only viable opponent to Mondale. Hart was polling below 10% nationally in late February, but was polling above 30% by March 2, and near 40% by March 6.[19]
Mondale led Glenn by two-to-one in New Hampshire and Glenn led Hart by two-to-one in New Hampshire in polling from March 1983 to February 1984. However, Hart's polling improved shortly before the primary and won in New Hampshire. Mondale and Hart both won 6 delegates, despite Hart's popular vote victory, due to mathematical distribution.[20][21][22]
Reubin Askew, Alan Cranston, and Fritz Hollings ended their campaigns after their poor results in New Hampshire.[23][24] Hart had incomplete delegate slates, such as him having 45 delegates slated for the 117 delegates up in Pennsylvania's primary. Hart adopted the delegate slates of withdrawn campaigns.[25]
March contests
[edit]Glenn's campaign stated that he needed to win Alabama and perform well in Georgia.[26] Mondale won the statewide popular vote in Georgia, but Hart won in more congressional districts and won a plurality of the state's delegates.[27][28]
Hollings was expected to win South Carolina as a favorite son candidate, but withdrew before the state held its caucus.[29]
On March 31, the Kentucky precinct caucuses elected a plurality uncommitted delegation supported by Martha Layne Collins. Mondale won the Virgin Islands caucus.[30]
April contests
[edit]Hart won the Wisconsin primary, but none of the major candidates campaigned in the state due to the primary having no pledged delegates.[31] Mondale won the caucus which was responsible for the allocation of 78 of the state's 89 delegates.[32]
Louisiana cancelled its primary, as it was unable to afford the $1.5 million cost, and caucuses were held for both parties instead.[33]
Last contests
[edit]On May 1, Jackson won Washington D.C. and Mondale won Tennessee. In order to gain the nomination Hart needed to win 91% of the remaining delegates after these contests.[34]
Mondale gradually pulled away from Hart in the delegate count, but the race was not decided until June, on "Super Tuesday III".[35] Decided that day were delegates from five states: South Dakota, New Mexico, West Virginia, and the big prizes of California and New Jersey.[36] The proportional nature of delegate selection meant that Mondale was likely to obtain enough delegates on that day to secure the stated support of an overall majority of delegates, and hence the nomination, no matter who actually "won" the states contested. However, Hart maintained that unpledged superdelegates that had previously claimed support for Mondale would shift to his side if he swept the Super Tuesday III primary.[37] Once again, Hart committed a faux pas, insulting New Jersey shortly before the primary day. Campaigning in California, he remarked that while the "bad news" was that he and his wife Lee had to campaign separately, "[t]he good news for her is that she campaigns in California while I campaign in New Jersey." Compounding the problem, when his wife interjected that she "got to hold a koala bear," Hart replied that "I won't tell you what I got to hold: samples from a toxic-waste dump."[37] While Hart won California, he decisively lost New Jersey after leading in polls by as much as 15 points.
North Dakota held its first presidential primary, but no delegates were bound by it. Hart won the primary against Lyndon LaRouche, the only other candidate on the ballot.[38]
McGovern endorsed Mondale on July 11, and instructed his 23 delegates to vote for Mondale. Mondale was already 28 delegates above the minimum required to win.[39]
Mondale had the support of 81 state chairs and vice-chairs, Hart had 13, Jackson had 1, and 19 were uncommitted one week before the convention.[40] The final CBS poll of delegates before the convention showed that among the superdelegates 384 supported Mondale, 58 supported Hart, 25 supported Jackson, and 101 were uncommitted.[41]
Convention and aftermath
[edit]By the time the Democratic Convention started in San Francisco, Mondale had more than enough delegates to win the Democratic nomination. However, after Mondale's landslide loss to Ronald Reagan, Hart would quickly emerge as the frontrunner for the 1988 Democratic Party's presidential nomination. He would maintain that status until a sex scandal derailed his candidacy in 1987.
Mondale's nomination marked only the fifth time that the Democratic Party nominated a private citizen for President (i.e., not serving in an official government role at the time of the nomination and election), following former Georgia Governor Jimmy Carter in 1976, who followed former Illinois Governor Adlai Stevenson II in 1956, who followed former West Virginia Congressman John W. Davis in 1924, who was preceded by former President Grover Cleveland in 1892. The Democratic Party did not nominate another private citizen until former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, in 2016. Four years later, the party nominated former vice president Joe Biden. Of the seven private-citizen Democratic nominees, Jimmy Carter, Grover Cleveland, and Joe Biden won their respective presidential elections.[42]
One-third of people who supported Hart during the Democratic primary voted for Reagan.[43]
Endorsements
[edit]Mondale had received endorsements from:
- United States House of Representatives
- Representative Jim Bates of California[44]
- Representative Edward Boland of Massachusetts[45]
- Representative Rick Boucher of Virginia[46]
- Representative Joseph D. Early of Massachusetts[45]
- Representative Barney Frank of Massachusetts[45]
- Representative Robert García of New York[47]
- Representative Sam Gejdenson of Connecticut[45]
- Representative Tom Harkin of Iowa[48]
- Representative Joe Moakley of Massachusetts[45]
- Representative Charles B. Rangel of New York[49]
- Representative William R. Ratchford of Connecticut[45]
- Representative James Michael Shannon of Massachusetts[45]
- Governors and State Constitutional officers
- New York Attorney General Robert Abrams[47]
- Governor Mario Cuomo of New York[47]
- Lieutenant Governor Zell Miller of Georgia[50]
- Former officeholders
- Former President Jimmy Carter of Georgia[51]
- Former diplomats, board members and other officials
- Organizations and unions
- AFL–CIO[51]
- Alabama Democratic Conference[52]
- National Education Association[53]
- National Organization for Women[53]
- Current and former state and local officials and party officeholders
- Alabama
- Mayor Richard Arrington, Jr. of Birmingham[54]
- California
- Mayor and 1982 Democratic Gubernatorial nominee Tom Bradley of Los Angeles[55]
- Georgia
- State Senator Julian Bond[50]
- Illinois
- Former Alderman, President of the City Council, 1983 mayoral candidate, and Cook County Democratic Party Chairman Edward Vrdolyak of Chicago[56]
- Michigan
- Mayor Coleman Young of Detroit[55]
- Celebrities, political activists, and political commentators
- Actress Ellen Burstyn[57]
- Actor Paul Newman[57]
Hart had received endorsements from:
- United States House of Representatives
- Representative Patricia Schroeder of Colorado[58]
- Representative Chuck Schumer of New York[59]
- Representative and 1976 Democratic presidential candidate Mo Udall of Arizona[60]
- Representative Henry A. Waxman of California[61]
- Celebrities, political activists, and political commentators
- Actor and director Warren Beatty[62]
- Actress Goldie Hawn[57]
- Singer Don Henley[57]
- Singer Carole King[57]
- Actor Hal Linden[57]
- Actress Penny Marshall[57]
- Actor Walter Matthau[57]
- Actor Jack Nicholson[57]
- Actor Robert Redford[57]
- Comedian Robin Williams[57]
- Actress Debra Winger[57]
Jackson had received endorsements from:
- United States House of Representatives
- Delegate Walter E. Fauntroy of Washington, D.C.[63]
- Former officeholders
- Former Representative and 1972 Democratic presidential candidate Shirley Chisholm of New York[64]
- Former Governor Orval E. Faubus of Arkansas[65]
- Current and former state and local officials and party officeholders
- Alabama
- State Senator Michael Figures[66]
- Mayor Johnny Ford of Tuskegee[67]
- State Senator Earl Hilliard[67]
- State Senator Hank Sanders[54]
- Georgia
- State Representative Tyrone Brookes[68]
- Illinois
- Mayor Carl Officer of East St. Louis[68]
- Indiana
- Mayor Richard G. Hatcher of Gary[56]
- Washington, D.C.
- Mayor Marion Barry of Washington, D.C.[69]
- Organizations and unions
- Church of God in Christ[70]
- Nation of Islam[70]
- National Baptist Convention of America, Inc.[70]
- National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc.[71]
- National Farmers Alliance[64]
- National Hispanic Leadership Conference[64]
- Celebrities, political activists, and political commentators
- Muhammad Ali[citation needed]
- Singer Harry Belafonte[57]
- 1980 presidential nominee of the Citizens Party Barry Commoner[72]
- Comedian Bill Cosby[57]
Hollings had received endorsements from:
- United States Senate
- Former U.S. Senator Birch Bayh of Indiana[73]
- Former U.S. Senator William B. Spong, Jr. of Virginia[74]
- State Constitutional officers
- Lieutenant Governor Martha Griffiths of Michigan[75]
- State Senator Anna Belle Clement O'Brien of Tennessee[76]
- Lieutenant Governor Nancy Stevenson of South Carolina[75]
Opinion polling
[edit]Before 1983
[edit]Poll source | Date(s) | Jerry Brown
|
Jimmy Carter
|
John Glenn
|
Ted Kennedy
|
George McGovern
|
Walter Mondale
|
Other
|
Undecided/None
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gallup[77][78] | Apr. 23–26, 1982 | 6% | 11% | 6% | 45% | – | 12% | 9%[a] | 11% |
Gallup[78] | July 30–Aug. 2, 1982 | 4% | 8% | 7% | 43% | – | 13% | 25%[b] | |
Gallup[78][79] | Dec. 10–13, 1982 | 5% | – | 14% | – | 6% | 32% | 17%[c] | 26% |
- ^ Combined for Jay Rockefeller, John Y. Brown Jr., Bruce Babbitt, Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Bill Bradley, Alan Cranston, Gary Hart, Ernest Hollings, Reubin Askew, and Robert Strauss, each of whom received less than 2%.
- ^ Jay Rockefeller, John Y. Brown Jr., Bruce Babbitt, Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Bill Bradley, Alan Cranston, Gary Hart, Ernest Hollings, Reubin Askew, and Robert Strauss were included in the poll but each received less than 2%.
- ^ Gary Hart with 2%, Alan Cranston with 2%, Reubin Askew with 1%, Ernest Hollings with 1% and less than 2% each for Bruce Babbitt, John Brown, Jay Rockefeller, Lloyd Bentsen, Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Bill Bradley, Mo Udall, Robert Strauss.
1983
[edit]Poll source | Publication | Reubin Askew
|
Alan Cranston
|
John Glenn
|
Gary Hart
|
Ernest Hollings
|
Jesse Jackson
|
George McGovern
|
Walter Mondale
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gallup[78] | Mar. 1983 | 2% | 3% | 13% | 2% | 1% | – | 4% | 32% |
Gallup[78] | Apr. 1983 | 1% | 3% | 23% | 4% | 1% | – | – | 29% |
Gallup[78] | June 1983 | 3% | 8% | 24% | 3% | 1% | – | – | 41% |
Gallup[78] | July 1983 | 2% | 7% | 25% | 4% | 2% | – | – | 41% |
Gallup[78] | Sep. 1983 | 3% | 5% | 23% | 3% | 1% | 8% | 8% | 34% |
Gallup[78] | Oct. 1983 | 1% | 6% | 21% | 3% | 1% | 10% | 8% | 40% |
Gallup[78] | Oct. 1983 | 2% | 3% | 23% | 1% | 1% | 8% | 7% | 34% |
Gallup[78] | Nov. 1983 | 3% | 3% | 19% | 2% | 1% | 7% | 7% | 47% |
Gallup[78] | Dec. 1983 | 1% | 3% | 24% | 3% | 1% | 10% | 8% | 40% |
1984
[edit]Poll source | Publication | Reubin Askew
|
Alan Cranston
|
John Glenn
|
Gary Hart
|
Ernest Hollings
|
Jesse Jackson
|
George McGovern
|
Walter Mondale
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gallup[78] | Jan. 1984 | 1% | 4% | 16% | 3% | 1% | 9% | 4% | 47% |
Gallup[78] | Jan. 1984 | 2% | 3% | 15% | 2% | 1% | 11% | 7% | 47% |
Gallup[78] | Feb. 1984 | 2% | 3% | 13% | 3% | 1% | 13% | 5% | 49% |
Results by state
[edit]Date (daily totals) |
Total pledged delegates |
Contest | Delegates won and popular vote | Total | Reference | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Walter Mondale | Gary Hart | Jesse Jackson | John Glenn | Uncommitted | Others | |||||
February 20 | 0[a] | Iowa caucus | 48.9% | 16.5% | 1.5% | 3.5% | 9.4% | 20.2% | [80][81][82] | |
February 28 | 12 | New Hampshire primary | 6 28,173 (27.88%) |
6 37,702 (37.31%) |
5,311 (5.26%) |
12,088 (11.96%) |
17,671 (17.49%) |
101,045 |
[21][22] | |
March 4 | 0[b] | Maine caucus | 7,364 (43.73%) |
8,540 (50.71%) |
105 (0.62%) |
52 (0.31%) |
602 (3.57%) |
178 (1.06%) |
16,841 | [83][84] |
March 6 | 0[c] | Vermont primary | 14,985 (20.25%) |
51,873 (70.08%) |
5,761 (7.78%) |
1,399 (1.89%) |
74,018 | [85][86] | ||
March 10 | 12 | Wyoming caucus | 4 1,266 (35.84%) |
8 2,153 (60.96%) |
15 (0.42%) |
3 (0.08%) |
101 (2.86%) |
8 (0.23%) |
3,532 | [87][88][89] |
March 13 | 52 | Alabama primary | 23[d] 116,920 (27.30%) |
11[e] 88,465 (20.66%) |
9 83,787 (19.56%) |
9[f] 89,286 (20.85%) |
4,464 (1.04%) |
45,361 (10.59%) |
428,283 | [82][90][91] |
123 | Florida primary | 57 394,350 (35.66%) |
36 463,799 (41.94%) |
0 144,263 (13.05%) |
0 128,209 (11.59%) |
30 51,669 (4.67%)[g] |
1,105,750 | [92][93][94] | ||
84 | Georgia primary | 24 208,588 (30.47%) |
28 186,903 (27.30%) |
17 143,730 (21.00%) |
1 122,744 (17.93%) |
3,068 (0.45%) |
19,508 (2.85%) |
684,541 | [95][96][97][98] | |
0[h] | Hawaii caucus | 911 (32.3%) |
118 (4.2%) |
1,790 (63.5%) |
[99] | |||||
106 | Massachusetts primary | 41 160,893 (25.14%) |
52 245,943 (38.43%) |
31,824 (4.97%) |
45,456 (7.10%) |
5,080 (0.79%) |
13 196,305 (30.67%)[i] |
640,045 |
[100][98] | |
0[j] | Nevada caucus | (37.7%) | (52.3%) | (0.6%) | (2%) | (7.2%) | (0.2%) | 5,000 | [101][102] | |
0[k] | Oklahoma caucus | (39.7%) | (41.4%) | (3.8%) | (5.0%) | (10.1%) | 42,000 | [101][103] | ||
26 | Rhode Island primary | 12 |
12 |
2 |
[80][82] | |||||
66 | Washington caucus | 31 |
34 |
1 |
[80][82] | |||||
March 14 | 18 | Delaware caucus | 13 |
5 |
3 |
[80][82] | ||||
12 | North Dakota caucus | 8 |
4 |
[80][82] | ||||||
March 15 | 0[l] | Alaska caucus | [104][105] | |||||||
March 17 | 42 | Arkansas caucus | 24 |
9 |
7 |
2 |
[106][82] | |||
5 | Latin American Democrats caucus | 1 |
9 |
7 |
4 |
[106][82] | ||||
Kentucky urban caucus | [106][82] | |||||||||
155 | Michigan caucus | 95 |
49 |
9 |
2 |
[106][82] | ||||
43 | Mississippi caucus | 23 |
4 |
12 |
4 |
[106][82] | ||||
3 | Panama Canal Zone | 3 | [107] | |||||||
43 | South Carolina caucus | 15 |
7 |
16 |
10 |
[106][82] | ||||
March 18 | 53 | Puerto Rico caucus | 53 |
[106][82] | ||||||
March 20 | 194 | Illinois primary | 114 |
42 |
6 |
32 |
[106][82] | |||
78 | Minnesota caucus | 51 |
3 |
2 |
22 |
[106][82] | ||||
March 24 | 44 | Kansas caucus | 24 |
16 |
4 |
[106][82] | ||||
March 24–26 | 78 | Virginia caucus | 31 |
13 |
22 |
12 |
[106][82] | |||
March 25 | 20 | Montana caucus | 3 |
13 |
4 |
[106][82] | ||||
March 27 | 60 | Connecticut primary | 23 |
36 |
1 |
4 |
[106][82] | |||
March 31 | 0[m] | Oklahoma county convention | (41.1%) | (50.8%) | (1.3%) | (6.6%) | 945 | [108][109] | ||
April 3 | 0[n] | Wisconsin primary | 261,374 (41.11%) |
282,435 (44.42%) |
62,524 (9.83%) |
6,398 (1.01%) |
23,037 (3.62%) |
635,768 | [110] | |
April 3 | 285 | New York primary | 155 |
77 |
51 |
2 |
[106][82] | |||
April 7 | 69 | Louisiana caucus | 16 |
21 |
24 |
8 |
[106] | |||
0[o] | Wisconsin caucus | 1,419 | 952 | 86 | 0 | 0 | 0 | [111] | ||
0[p] | Iowa county conventions | 1,654 | 949 | 36 | 0 | 314 | 248 | [112][113] | ||
April 10 | 117[q] | Pennsylvania primary | 81 | 14 | 16 | 1 | 4 | 1[r] | [114][115] | |
April 14 | 40 | Arizona caucus | 19 |
19 |
1 |
1 |
[106][82] | |||
29 | Oklahoma district conventions | 13 | 16 | [116] | ||||||
April 15 | 8 | New Hampshire convention | 3 | 3 | 2 | [117] | ||||
April 16 | 24 | Utah caucus | 4 |
14 |
6 |
[106] | ||||
April 17 | 83 | Missouri caucus | 53 |
9 |
15 |
6 |
[106] | |||
April 24 | 0[s] | Vermont caucus | 431 | 691 | 215 | 87 | [82][118] | |||
7 | Guam caucus | 6.25 |
0.75 |
[106] | ||||||
April ? | 0[t] | Nevada county convention | [119] | |||||||
May 1 | 16 | Washington D.C. primary | 4 |
12 |
[106][82] | |||||
76 | Tennessee primary | 35 |
21 |
15 |
5 |
[106][82] | ||||
May 5 | 34 | Iowa district conventions | 20 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | [120] | |
186 | Texas caucus | 100 |
38 |
30 |
18 |
[106][82] | ||||
53 | Wisconsin congressional district caucus | 31 | 17 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | [121] | ||
May 6 | 27 | Maine convention | 12 | 13 | 2 | [122] | ||||
18 | Oklahoma state convention | 6 | 12 | [123] | ||||||
17 | Nevada convention | 6 | 11 | [124] | ||||||
May 7 | 48 | Colorado caucus | 45 |
3 |
[106][82] | |||||
May 8 | 80 | Indiana primary | 31 |
38 |
7 |
4 |
[106][82] | |||
70 | Maryland primary | 47 |
3 |
17 |
3 |
[106][82] | ||||
80 | North Carolina primary | 47 |
18 |
14 |
1 |
[106][82] | ||||
176 | Ohio primary | 80 |
80 |
10 |
6 |
[106][82] | ||||
May 13 | 11 | Alaska convention | 6 | 4 | 1 | |||||
May 15 | 24 | Nebraska primary | 8 |
16 |
[106][82] | |||||
47 | Oregon primary | 18 |
29 |
[106][82] | ||||||
May 19 | 6 | American Samoa caucus | 6 |
[106] | ||||||
May 22 | 20 | Idaho primary | 6 |
11 |
3 |
[106] | ||||
May 26 | 19 | Hawaii convention | 6 | 13 | [126] | |||||
17 | Vermont convention | 5 | 8 | 3 | 1 | [127] | ||||
18 | Wisconsin at-large delegates | 5 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 0 | [128] | ||
June 2 | 55 | Pennsylvania convention | 55 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | [129] | |
June 5 | 333 | California primary | 91 |
207 |
30 |
5 |
[106][82] | |||
114 | New Jersey primary | 104 |
1 |
8 |
1 |
[106][82] | ||||
27 | New Mexico primary | 13 |
14 |
[106][82] | ||||||
17 | South Dakota primary | 7 |
9 |
1 |
[106][82] | |||||
35 | West Virginia primary | 22 198,776 (51.91%) |
13 137,866 (38.09%) |
24,697 (6.82%) |
632 (0.17%) |
361,971 | [130][131] | |||
June 9 | 24 | Iowa conventions | 15 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | [132][133] | |
Total |
When he made his acceptance speech at the Democratic Convention, Mondale said: "Let's tell the truth. Mr. Reagan will raise taxes, and so will I. He won't tell you. I just did." Although Mondale intended to expose Reagan as hypocritical and position himself as the honest candidate, the choice of taxes as a discussion point likely damaged his electoral chances.[citation needed]
Vice-Presidential nominee
[edit]Mondale chose U.S. Rep. Geraldine A. Ferraro of New York as his running mate and she was confirmed by acclamation, making her the first woman nominated for that position by a major party.
Aides later said that Mondale was determined to establish a precedent with his vice presidential candidate, considering San Francisco Mayor (Later U.S. Senator) Dianne Feinstein and Governor of Kentucky Martha Layne Collins, who were also female; Los Angeles Mayor Tom Bradley, an African American; and San Antonio Mayor Henry Cisneros, a Hispanic, as other finalists for the nomination.[12] Unsuccessful nomination candidate Jackson derided Mondale's vice-presidential screening process as a "P.R. parade of personalities"; however, he praised Mondale for his choice.
Others however preferred Senator Lloyd Bentsen because he would appeal to more conservative Southern voters. Nomination rival Gary Hart had also been lobbying for the vice-presidential spot on the ticket once it became apparent that Mondale had clinched the majority of delegates; Hart's supporters claimed he would do better than Mondale against President Reagan, an argument undercut by a June 1984 Gallup poll that showed both men nine points behind the President.
Politicians considered for vice presidential nomination:[134]
-
Senator Lloyd Bentsen of Texas
-
Senator Dale Bumpers of Arkansas
-
Mayor Henry Cisneros of San Antonio, Texas
-
Representative Geraldine Ferraro of New York
-
Governor Bob Graham of Florida
-
Reverend Jesse Jackson of Illinois
-
Mayor Wilson Goode of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "Second former Florida governor surprise entry in N.H. Primary - UPI Archives".
- ^ Ranney 1985, p. 103-104.
- ^ Ranney 1985, p. 45-47; 105.
- ^ Ranney 1985, p. 107-108.
- ^ Ranney 1985, p. 46.
- ^ Ranney 1985, p. 106.
- ^ Ranney 1985, p. 47.
- ^ Harris, Art (June 18, 1983). "Cranston Is First in Straw Vote Of Alabama Young Democrats". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on February 15, 2024.
- ^ Raines, Howell (June 12, 1983). "Cranston Beats Mondale In Wisconsin Democratic Straw Poll". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 15, 2024.
- ^ "Around The Nation; Cranston Bests Hollings In Alabama Straw Poll". The New York Times. June 19, 1983. Archived from the original on February 15, 2024.
- ^ Broder, David (October 1, 1983). "Mondale Captures Maine Straw Poll, AFL-CIO Backing". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 28, 2017.
- ^ a b Evan Thomas (1984-07-02). "Trying to Win the Peace". Time. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007.
- ^ Raines, Howell (19 February 1984). "Candidates Facing First Major Test in Iowa Caucuses". The New York Times.
- ^ "Caucus history: Past years' results". Archived from the original on 2016-11-08. Retrieved 2021-07-20.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ Ranney 1985, p. 52-53.
- ^ Ranney 1985, p. 180.
- ^ "Jesse Jackson's 'Hymietown' Remark – 1984". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on February 16, 2024.
- ^ Ranney 1985, p. 48-49.
- ^ Ranney 1985, p. 179; 189-190.
- ^ Ranney 1985, p. 49-50.
- ^ a b Morgan 1985, p. 56-57.
- ^ a b "Hart, Mondale Get 6 Delegates". Concord Monitor. March 8, 1984. p. 14. Archived from the original on February 15, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Hollings Withdraws From Democratic Race". Concord Monitor. March 1, 1984. p. 16. Archived from the original on February 15, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "New Hampshire Reality Punctures 3 Candidates' White House Dreams". Concord Monitor. March 2, 1984. p. 1. Archived from the original on February 15, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Playing for delegates". Concord Monitor. April 18, 1984. p. 12. Archived from the original on February 15, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ Raines, Howell (February 19, 1984). "Candidates Facing First Major Test In Iowa Caucuses". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 16, 2023.
- ^ "Mondale's winning margin 3%". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. March 15, 1984. p. 23A. Archived from the original on March 24, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Mondale wins Georgia; Hart takes 5 states". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. March 14, 1984. p. 1A. Archived from the original on March 24, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Uncommitted delegates are a major factor". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. March 16, 1984. p. 15A. Archived from the original on March 24, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Uncommitted slate leads in Kentucky". Sioux City Journal. April 1, 1984. p. 1A. Archived from the original on February 12, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Polls show Jewish, union votes carry Mondale to victory". The Des Moines Register. April 4, 1984. p. 9A. Archived from the original on February 12, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Mondale trounces Hart in Wisconsin's caucuses". The Des Moines Register. April 8, 1984. p. 9A. Archived from the original on February 12, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Louisiana calls off primary, citing cost". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. March 15, 1984. p. 1A. Archived from the original on March 24, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Hart shut out in primaries". The Gazette. May 2, 1984. p. 1A. Archived from the original on February 12, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ Ed Magnuson (1984-06-18). "Over the Top, Barely". Time. Archived from the original on November 2, 2007.
- ^ George J. Church (1984-06-04). "A Big Bicoastal Finale". Time. Archived from the original on December 12, 2008.
- ^ a b Evan Thomas (1984-06-11). "Last Call, and Out Reeling". Time. Archived from the original on April 21, 2008.
- ^ "Thurmond nominated for 6th term in Senate". The Des Moines Register. June 13, 1984. p. 3A. Archived from the original on February 12, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Mondale wins endorsement by McGovern". The Des Moines Register. June 13, 1984. p. 1A. Archived from the original on February 13, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ Ranney 1985, p. 110.
- ^ Ranney 1985, p. 105.
- ^ Mondale's Acceptance Speech, 1984, AllPolitics
- ^ Rosenstone 1985, p. 31.
- ^ "Six California House Members Switch: Cranston To Mondale". The Napa Valley Register. March 3, 1984. p. 13. Retrieved May 13, 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Democrats Choose Delegates". The New York Times. January 24, 1984. Retrieved August 11, 2014.
- ^ Crowder, Ken; Gannaway, Glenn (March 27, 1984). "No winner in Lee, WIse caucuses". Kingsport Times-News. p. 15. Retrieved May 13, 2022.
- ^ a b c Lynn, Frank (January 15, 1984). "State Drawing Presidential Hopefuls State". The New York Times. Retrieved August 11, 2014.
- ^ Hyde, John (January 26, 1984). "Harkin, Bedell, Smith win seats at convention". The Des Moines Register. p. 4. Retrieved May 13, 2022.
Harkin and Bedell have endorsed the candidacy of former Vice President Walter Mondale.
- ^ Moses, Charles T. (April 1, 1984). "Primary Called Test of Black Voting Power". Newsday (Suffolk Edition). p. 15. Retrieved May 13, 2022.
Others closely tied to the Democratic Party structure, including Rep. Charles Rangel (D-Manhattan), national vice chairman for Walter Mondale's campaign and a powerful leader in the black community, have described Jackson's candidacy as one blacks cannot afford to endorse.
- ^ a b Raines, Howell (January 29, 1984). "Southern Primaries Could Spell Trouble For Glenn". The New York Times. Retrieved August 11, 2014.
- ^ a b c Raines, Howell (October 20, 1983). "Democrats Pursue Southern Support". The New York Times. Retrieved August 11, 2014.
- ^ Boyd, Gerald M. (December 11, 1983). "Alabama Blacks' Group Decides To Back Mondale-Jackson Ticket". The New York Times. Retrieved August 11, 2014.
- ^ a b Raines, Howell (December 12, 1983). "MONDALE HAD GOOD '83 – NOW THE REAL TEST BEGINS". The New York Times. Retrieved August 11, 2014.
- ^ a b Smith, Hedrick (February 25, 1984). "Experts Say The South Looks Blead For Glenn". The New York Times. Retrieved August 11, 2014.
- ^ a b HOWELL RAINES (November 4, 1983). "A Provocative Candidate". The New York Times. Retrieved August 11, 2014.
- ^ a b Gailey, Phil (December 5, 1983). "Political Potholes Ahead For Traveling Democrats". The New York Times. Chicago (Ill). Retrieved August 11, 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Campaign '84;NEWLN:Celebrity train runs out of steam before Democratic convention". 1 August 1984.
- ^ Raines, Howell (October 19, 1983). "Politics – Hart'S Tactics Askew'S Train And Film Anxieties". The New York Times. Retrieved August 11, 2014.
- ^ Rainie, Harrison (June 7, 1984). "Urge Hart to pack it in for unity". Daily News. p. 34. Retrieved May 13, 2022.
- ^ HOWELL RAINES (February 26, 1984). "8 DEMOCRATS GIRD FOR KEY PRIMARY IN NEW HAMPSHIRE". The New York Times. New Hampshire. Retrieved August 11, 2014.
- ^ Abramson, Rudy; Oates, May Louise (March 8, 1984). "Senator Accuses Reagan of Using Divisive Issues". The Los Angeles Times. p. 1. Retrieved May 13, 2022.
- ^ Plotz, David (1999-08-20). "Warren Beatty". Slate Magazine. Retrieved 2022-12-24.
- ^ Smothers, Ronald (November 1, 1983). "Democratic Candidates Welcome Jackson Bid For Nomination". The New York Times. Retrieved August 11, 2014.
- ^ a b c Smothers, Ronald (November 4, 1983). "Jackson Declares Formal Candidacy". The New York Times. Retrieved August 11, 2014.
- ^ "Orval Faubus Supporting Jackson". The Charlotte Observer. March 10, 1984. p. 6. Retrieved May 13, 2022.
- ^ Smothers, Ronald (December 28, 1983). "Jackson Wins Attention But Strength Is Unclear". The New York Times. Retrieved August 11, 2014.
- ^ a b Ronald Smothers (March 12, 1984). "Alabama Black Leaders Are Urging Pragmatism In Supporting Mondale". The New York Times. Retrieved August 11, 2014.
- ^ a b Smothers, Ronald (January 15, 1984). "Jackson Attracts Crowds, But Planning Is Erratic". The New York Times. Retrieved August 11, 2014.
- ^ Canerdy, Beverly (March 12, 1984). "D.C. mayor stumps for Jackson". Clarion-Ledger. p. 12. Retrieved May 13, 2022.
- ^ a b c Boyd, Gerald M. (February 14, 1984). "Black Churches A Mainspring Of Jackson'S Efforts". The New York Times. Retrieved August 11, 2014.
- ^ Raines, Howell (December 2, 1983). "Jackson Gets Support, Apparently Without Poll Of The Group". The New York Times. Retrieved August 11, 2014.
- ^ "Barry Commoner Vows To Back Jesse Jackson". The New York Times. August 30, 1983. Retrieved January 18, 2015.
- ^ "South Carolina Political Collections – University Libraries | University of South Carolina". sc.edu.
- ^ Tom Sherwood (December 15, 1983). "Del. Pickett to Head Mondale's Va. Race". The Washington Post.
- ^ a b "Winchester Star Newspaper Archives February 10, 1984 Page 18". 10 February 1984.
- ^ "Anna Belle Clement O'Brien passes away at 86". Archived from the original on 6 September 2009.
- ^ "Gallup Poll Has Kennedy Leading Democrats". The New York Times. 16 May 1982. p. 23.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "US President - D Primaries (Polling)". OurCampaigns. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
- ^ "Poll Finds Democrats Favor Mondale for '84". The New York Times. 15 Jan 1983. p. 11.
- ^ a b c d e Ranney 1985, p. 50.
- ^ Register 1993, p. 591.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj "Campaign '84 Calendar". The Des Moines Register. February 12, 1984. p. 5A. Archived from the original on February 14, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Hart carries momentum in Maine". Argus Leader. March 5, 1984. p. 1A. Archived from the original on February 17, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ Quinn, Francis (March 6, 1984). "Maine campaigners react to aftermath from caucuses". Kennebec Journal. p. 10. Archived from the original on February 17, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ & Vermont 1984, p. 26.
- ^ "Vermont Lines Up With Hart". Concord Monitor. March 7, 1984. p. 1. Archived from the original on February 15, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Hart wins solid victory in Wyoming". Casper Star-Tribune. March 11, 1984. p. A1. Archived from the original on February 14, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Hart supporters pleased with 'undebatable' win". Casper Star-Tribune. March 11, 1984. p. A3. Archived from the original on February 14, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Democrats give Hart 8-4 edge of delegates to national convention". Casper Star-Tribune. May 6, 1984. p. A1. Archived from the original on February 14, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Election Results Archive - President - Primary Elections". Secretary of State of Alabama.
- ^ "Mondale increases delegate lead". Alexander City Outlook. March 20, 1984. p. 1A. Archived from the original on February 14, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "March 13, 1984 Presidential Preference Primary Democratic Primary". Secretary of State of Florida. Archived from the original on March 22, 2024.
- ^ "Delegate picture a puzzle". Miami Herald. March 15, 1984. p. 1A. Archived from the original on March 22, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Hart, Mondale fight for Askew delegates". Miami Herald. March 15, 1984. p. 17A. Archived from the original on March 22, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ Cleland 1984, p. 4.
- ^ "A Look at the Delegate Count". Ledger-Enquirer. March 15, 1984. p. A6. Archived from the original on March 24, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Super". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. March 14, 1984. p. 21A. Archived from the original on March 24, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b "The McGovern 13 are now up for grabs". The Boston Globe. March 14, 1984. p. 12. Archived from the original on March 24, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Hawai'i votes 2-1 in favor of uncommitted". Hawaii Tribune-Herald. March 14, 1984. p. 1. Archived from the original on March 21, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ Massachusetts 1984, p. 81.
- ^ a b Wormser 1984, p. 46.
- ^ "Nevada (caucuses)". Fort Lauderdale News. March 14, 1984. p. 5A. Archived from the original on March 26, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Hart Won Caucuses In Oklahoma". The New York Times. March 20, 1984. Archived from the original on March 27, 2024.
- ^ "Alaska Democrats To Caucus Tonight". Daily Sitka Sentinel. March 15, 1984. p. 3. Archived from the original on March 21, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Hart Wins Alaska Caucus". Daily Sitka Sentinel. March 16, 1984. p. 1. Archived from the original on March 21, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai Ranney 1985, p. 52.
- ^ "Results at a glance". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. March 18, 1984. p. 11A. Archived from the original on March 24, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Demo convention turnout is heavy". Okmulgee Daily Times. April 1, 1984. p. 1. Archived from the original on March 27, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "County Meetings Increase Hart's Oklahoma Lead". The Oklahoman. April 1, 1984. p. 1A. Archived from the original on March 27, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ Wisconsin Blue Book 1986, p. 884-885.
- ^ Wisconsin Blue Book 1986, p. 894-897.
- ^ "Democratic caucuses start again Saturday". Iowa City Press-Citizen. April 6, 1984. p. 3A. Archived from the original on February 12, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Iowa's Democratic delegate count". The Des Moines Register. April 9, 1984. p. 6A. Archived from the original on February 12, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "134 for Mondale". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. April 28, 1984. p. 9. Archived from the original on March 21, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Mondale expects state Democrat votes". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. May 27, 1984. p. A16. Archived from the original on March 21, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Hart Captures Lead in State". The Oklahoman. April 15, 1984. p. 1A. Archived from the original on March 27, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Chambers To Head Delegates". Valley News. April 16, 1984. p. 2. Archived from the original on February 15, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Hart". Rutland Herald. May 24, 1984. p. 8. Archived from the original on February 17, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Nevada County Conventions". San Francisco Examiner. April 23, 1984. p. A2. Archived from the original on March 26, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Iowa's Democratic delegate count". The Des Moines Register. May 6, 1984. p. 1B. Archived from the original on February 12, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ Wisconsin Blue Book 1986, p. 897.
- ^ Rawson, Davis (May 7, 1984). "Hart emerges from convention with margin of 1 delegate". Bangor Daily News. p. 1. Archived from the original on February 17, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Hart Increases Delegate Lead in State". The Oklahoman. May 6, 1984. p. 1A. Archived from the original on March 27, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Hart wins in Nevada". The Press Democrat. May 7, 1984. p. 1A. Archived from the original on March 26, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Mondale Gains Most From Alaska Demos". Daily Sitka Sentinel. May 14, 1984. p. 1. Archived from the original on March 21, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Isle Democrats tilt toward Mondale". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. May 27, 1984. p. A3. Archived from the original on March 21, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Hart Splits Delegates With Foes". Rutland Herald. May 27, 1984. p. 1. Archived from the original on February 17, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ Wisconsin Blue Book 1986, p. 897-898.
- ^ "Mondale camp wins dispute, Pa. delegates". The Philadelphia Inquirer. June 3, 1984. p. 6C. Archived from the original on March 21, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ Willis 1984, p. 615.
- ^ "Politics". The Cincinnati Enquirer. June 7, 1984. p. A20. Archived from the original on February 20, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Mondale appears winner of more Iowa delegates". Sioux City Journal. June 10, 1984. p. A1. Archived from the original on February 12, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Deadlock delays vote". The Gazette. June 11, 1984. p. 3A. Archived from the original on February 12, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Trying to Win the Peace". Time. July 2, 1984. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved May 1, 2010.
Notes
[edit]- ^ First stage of caucus to select delegates to then select 3,201 county delegates on April 7.
- ^ First stage of caucus to select delegates to then select 3,295 delegates on May 6
- ^ Non-binding primary. Delegates selected at caucus on April 24.
- ^ 4 of Glenn's delegates were at-large delegates. After he withdrew these were redistributed to give Mondale an additional three and Hart one
- ^ 4 of Glenn's delegates were at-large delegates. After he withdrew these were redistributed to give Mondale an additional three and Hart one
- ^ 4 of Glenn's delegates were at-large delegates. After he withdrew these were redistributed to give Mondale an additional three and Hart one.
- ^ 27 delegates for Reubin Askew, 2 delegates for John Glenn, and 1 delegate for Jesse Jackson.
- ^ First stage of caucus to select delegates to then select delegates at state convention on May 26.
- ^ 13 delegates for George McGovern
- ^ First stage of caucus to select delegates to then select county delegates.
- ^ First stage of caucus to select 3,247 county convention delegates.
- ^ First stage of caucus to select delegates to then select delegates at state convention on May 13.
- ^ Second stage of caucus to select delegates to then select national delegates at the district and state conventions.
- ^ Delegates selected through caucus
- ^ First stage of caucus to select 1,799 delegates to then select 53 delegates on May 5.
- ^ Second stage of caucus to select delegates to then select 34 delegates on May 5
- ^ Additional 55 delegates based on primary performance allocated on June 2.
- ^ Alan Cranston
- ^ First stage of caucus to select delegates to then select national delegates at state convention on May 26.
- ^ Second stage of caucus to select county delegates to then select national delegates on May 6.
Works cited
[edit]- Votes For Presidential Primaries - Democratic Party. Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. 1984.
- Primary and General Elections. Secretary of State of Vermont. 1984.
- The state of Wisconsin Blue Book 1985-1986. Wisconsin. 1986.
- The Iowa Official Register: 1991-1992 (PDF). Secretary of State of Iowa. 1993.
- Cleland, Max (1984). Consolidated Vote State Democratic and Republican Presidential Primary (PDF). Georgia Secretary of State.
- Morgan, Christopher (1985). State of New Hampshire Manual for the General Court. New Hampshire Secretary of State.
- Ranney, Austin, ed. (1985). The American Elections of 1984. Duke University Press. ISBN 0822302306.
- Rosenstone, Steven (1985). "Explaining the 1984 Presidential Election". The Brookings Review. 3 (2). Brookings Institution: 25–32. JSTOR 20079866.
- Willis, Todd, ed. (1984). West Virginia Blue Book (PDF). Secretary of State of West Virginia.
- Wormser, Michael, ed. (1984). Elections '84. Congressional Quarterly. ISBN 0871873109.