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Dolakha Newar language

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Dolakha Newar
Dolakhāe Newar
Dolakhā Newār
𑐡𑑂𑐰𑐵𑐮𑑂𑐏𑐵 𑐣𑐾𑐥𑐵𑐮 𑐨𑐵𑐲𑐵, Dwālkhā Nepal Bhasa
Native toNepal
Native speakers
(undated figure of 5,000–10,000[citation needed])
Language codes
ISO 639-3
Glottologeast2773

Dolakha Newar (endonym Dwālkhā Nepal Bhasa[1]), or Eastern Newar, is a divergent dialect of the Newar language (Nepal Bhasa) spoken in Dolakha District, east of the Kathmandu Valley of Nepal, by 5,645 Newar people as of 1988. Some speakers of Dolakha Newar can be found in Kathmandu for education or work.[2]

Geographical region

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Dolakha Newar is spoken in Dolakha town of Dolakha district, Tauthali of Sindupalchowk district, Listi and Duti of Kavre district.[1]

Phonology

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Consonants

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Labial Dental/
Alveolar
Retroflex (Alveolo-)
palatal
Velar Glottal
Stop/
Affricate
voiceless p t ʈ k
aspirated ʈʰ tɕʰ
voiced b d ɖ ɡ
murmured ɖʱ dʑʱ ɡʱ
Fricative s h
Nasal voiced m n ŋ
murmured
Tap voiced (ɾ) [ɽ]
murmured [ɾʱ] [ɽʱ]
Lateral voiced l
murmured
Approximant voiced w j
murmured
Notes
  • Marginal phonemes are in parentheses.
  • Allophonic variants are in Square brackets.
  • Tap consonants mainly occur as word-medial alternates of /t/, /d/, // or /ɖ/ (in Dolakha only).
  • /s/ can be heard as [ɕ] when occurring before front vowels/glide /i, e, j/.
  • Affricates /tɕ, / can also shift to retracted sounds [t̠s̠, d̠z̠] when occurring before back vowels.

Vowels

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Front Central Back
short long nasal short long nasal short long nasal
Close i ĩ u ũ
Close-mid e o õ
Mid (ə) (əː) (ə̃) ɔ~ɑ ɔː~ɑː ɔ̃~ɑ̃
Open-mid
Open a ã
  • /o, / and /u/ can also be heard as [ɔ, ɔː], and [ʊ].
  • In Dolakha Newar, the back vowel sound can be [ɑ], [ʌ], or [ə].[3][4][5]
  • The following nasal vowels can also be distinguished in vowel length as /ĩː ẽː ɔ̃ː ãː õː ũː/.

Diphthongs

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Front Central Back
oral nasal oral nasal oral nasal
Diphthong Close ui
Mid ei ɔi ɔĩ ɔu ɔũ
Open ai au

Number

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No. Dolakha Newar
1 thi
2
3
4 pe
5 ŋā
6 khu
7 nas
8 cyā
9 gu
10 ji(m)

References

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  1. ^ a b Shrestha (PhD), Anita (27 August 2020). "द्वाल्खा नेपाल भाषा : आधारभूत तहमा मातृभाषा शिक्षा". Bampijhyala. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  2. ^ Genetti, Carol (2007). A Grammar of Dolakha Newar. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-019303-9.
  3. ^ Genetti, Carol (2003). Dolakhā Newār. The Sino-Tibetan Languages: London & New York: Routledge. pp. 353–370.
  4. ^ Hargreaves, David (2003). Kathmandu Newar (Nepāl Bhāśā). The Sino-Tibetan Languages: London & New York: Routledge. pp. 371–384.
  5. ^ Hale, Austin; Shrestha, Kedar P. (2006). Newār (Nepāl Bhāsā). Languages of the World/Materials, 256: München: LINCOM. pp. 1–22.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)