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Edward Thonen

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Edward Thonen
Born(1827-05-26)26 May 1827
Elberfeld, Prussia
Died3 December 1854(1854-12-03) (aged 27)
Ballarat, Victoria, Australia
Other namesEduard Thönen
Occupation(s)Clerk, teacher of languages, lemonade seller
Years active1850–1854
Known forLondon diamond robbery, Eureka Rebellion
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Edward Thonen (26 May 1827 – 3 December 1854) was a German emigrant to Australia, and one of the miners involved in the Eureka Rebellion in Ballarat, Victoria. He was captain of one of the miners' divisions. When soldiers stormed the Stockade on 3 December 1854 in the Battle of the Eureka Stockade, Thonen was one of the first to be killed.

Prior to his emigration to Australia in 1853, Thonen had gained notoriety in England as a jewellery thief.[1]a[2] The story of his capture on a ship off the coast of Wales was widely publicised. It even reached Australia in the 1890s,[2] although no one, at the time, appears to have made the connection between the diamond robbery and the events at Eureka.[3] That connection was only made in 2022, thanks to a collaboration of researchers on the genealogy website WikiTree, whose results were later published by the Ballarat and District Genealogical Society.[3][4]

Biography

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Early life

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Thonen was born Eduard Thönen, in the Rommelspütt district of Elberfeld, Rhineland, Prussia (now part of Wuppertal, Germany). He was the seventh of eight children of Adolph Friedrich Thönen, a merchant, and Christina Elisabetha Braches. He was baptised on 20 July 1827 in the Lutheran church in Elberfeld.[3][5][6] Edward attended the grammar school in Elberfeld.[7] He then served in the Prussian military for about a year.[3]

The revolutions of 1848–1849

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In an attempt to explain Edward's later role in the Eureka Rebellion, there has been some speculation about what he did during the German revolutions of 1848–1849, whether he was politically active, and if he got in trouble with the law.[8][9][10]

Elberfeld's citizens joined in late on the democrats' cause during the revolution. Until early 1849, the mainly protestant Elberfeld had been a royalist stronghold, in contrast to the predominately Catholic provincial capital of Düsseldorf. Opinion shifted rapidly though, and on 29 April 1849, a delegation of 500 to 800 residents of Elberfeld made the trip to Düsseldorf to demand that the Prussian government accept the Frankfurt Constitution.[11] The historian Gregory Blake states in his 2013 thesis that Edward may have been among them,[8] although there is no proof of his participation, or that he even was in Elberfeld at the time.[3] In 2012, Peter FitzSimons speculated that Edward may have been expelled from Prussia and went to England as a result of his participation in the revolution.[9] Others have pointed out that England had become a kind of safe haven for political refugees from Germany, and that Thonen may have been among those who found it more suitable, be it forcefully or on his own accord.[10]

Travel to England, and the diamond robbery

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Detail from The Railway Station, 1866 engraving by Francis Holl, after William Powell Frith. The man with the handcuffs is detective Michael Haydon, about to arrest a fugitive.

In late 1850, Thonen travelled to England from Ostend, Belgium, arriving at the Port of Dover on 10 December 1850.[12] Shortly after arrival, he was robbed and lost all his possessions.[2]

Thonen moved to Finsbury, London.[13] In January 1851 his hotel keeper recommended him to the diamond merchants Jacques Schwabacher and Louis Birnstingl, praising his ability to speak numerous European languages (including French, German, Dutch, and Spanish[2]). They hired him as a clerk at a weekly wage of £1, under the condition that he could be laid off at any time if he did not suit them. They quickly found that he was not suitable as a clerk. Thonen pleaded to be kept on at a reduced salary, while offering his services as a language teacher. The merchants agreed, and Thonen stayed with them until the middle of April. Schwabacher later testified that he last saw him on 23 April, at which point Thonen left the company, claiming to take on a new job as a teacher of foreign languages in Eastbourne.[14][3]

At that time, the merchants kept a parcel of diamonds (jewellery, including bracelets and earrings, worth £450 in total) in their strong room, to which Thonen had free access. He had long dreamed of finding fortune in some faraway country, and had written to the British government about plans to fight the African slave trade.[15] Desperate and short of money, he seized the occasion and stole the jewellery. Thonen must have thought that he had weeks until the robbery would be discovered, but on 28 April Schwabacher decided to show the diamonds to a friend. Upon finding that the seal had already been tampered with and that the jewels were missing, Schwabacher called the police.[14]

Thonen deposited the earrings with a pawnbroker for £40, and used that money to escape from London.[16] Around 25 April, he took the train to Peterborough, from where he continued on to Liverpool. On 2 May, he sold some more of the jewellery in Liverpool, acquiring another £25 and a gold watch. In the afternoon of 5 May, Thonen boarded a steamer, but his plans were thwarted when the vessel was struck and forced to return to port. Thonen then took the Sardinia to New York, leaving Liverpool on the morning of 7 May.[2][3]

Around that time, Michael Haydon, a detective of the London City force, arrived in Liverpool. He had been put in charge of the case on 28 April and found that Thonen had not gone to Eastbourne, but had travelled northward. Haydon pursued him to Peterborough, where on the evening of 6 May Haydon took the overnight train to Liverpool. He was informed of Thonen's departure on the Sardinia just four hours after the ship had set sail. Haydon hired a steamer, and was able to overtake the much slower Sardinia just 100 kilometres offshore. He found Thonen on board, but the young man claimed to know nothing about the robbery. Nevertheless, Haydon convinced the ship’s captain to let him detain Thonen. Back in Liverpool, after a thorough search was conducted which revealed the remaining jewels, Thonen admitted the crime and helped the police recover the rest of the loot. Haydon then brought the fugitive back to London.[2][3]

While the media widely applauded the police, and detective Haydon in particular, for their work in solving the case, not everyone shared that positive opinion. Some, including the witness Thomas Dismore from Liverpool, expressed their dissent. In a letter to the editor of the Liverpool Albion, Dismore wrote that the case could have been solved much sooner if the public had been made aware of the robbery more quickly, and that it was pure luck that Thonen had not evaded prosecution.[17]

The trial commenced on 10 May. The prosecutors were sympathetic, and Thonen was recommended to mercy.[18] The judge expressed his pity, saying: "You appear to be a young man of extraordinary talent and ability, and I very much regret seeing you in your present unhappy position. It is a pity your abilities were not directed in a proper channel."[19] The court found that Thonen had acted without premeditation. He was given a one-year prison sentence.[20]

Emigration to Australia

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Following his release from prison, Thonen returned to Prussia. German newspapers at the time were full of enthusiastic reports of gold strikes in Victoria and New South Wales, and of the rising number of Britons who returned from trips to Australia with large sums of money.[21][22] In May 1852, Edward's mother passed away; his father and brother moved from Elberfeld to Offenbach am Main in early 1853. It is unclear if he considered to join them, but in April 1853, Edward Thonen, then 26 years old, requested permission to emigrate to Australia. The permission was granted on 28 May 1853, and Edward arrived in Australia later that year.[3][23]

The Eureka Rebellion

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"Thin, but robust, of vigorous health, used no razor. His eyes spoke determination and independence of character. [...] There was no mate on the gold-fields to match Thonen at chess-playing. He would turn his head, allow his opponent the move, and then he would give such a glance on the chess board, that the right piece would jump to the right place, as it were of its own accord."

Raffaello Carboni, 1855[23]

Eureka Slaughter by Charles Doudiet (1854)

Thonen immigrated to the Ballarat Goldfields of Victoria, Australia. No immigration record apparently survives in Australian archives,[3] but his death certificate indicates that he had been in Victoria for one to two years when he died in December 1854.[24] Eyewitness accounts of the events at Eureka show that he arrived in Ballarat no later than November 1853.[23] In 1854 Thonen was a "lemonade seller" at the goldfields.[24] He was a leader of the southern division of miners at the Eureka Stockade.[25][26]

Death

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Edward Thonen was killed on 3 December 1854, during the battle of the Eureka Stockade. His cause of death is given as "gunshot wound" in the death certificate.[24][27] Eyewitness accounts suggest that Edward Thonen was the first person to die at the stockade.[28]

Thonen was buried at the Ballaarat Old Cemetery. His body was later exhumed and buried with other victims of the uprising.[29][30] He is listed on the monument that was erected in Ballarat in 1856.[31][30]

Reception

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The song "German Teddy"

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Text and melody of the Australian folk song "German Teddy"
Recording of the song "German Teddy"

The Eureka Stockade in general had a huge effect on Australian history, and is remembered to this day.[32] Edward Thonen in particular was the inspiration for a song, German Teddy, probably dating to the 1880s. A manuscript of the song, dated 15 July 1889, was given to New Zealand composer Alfred Hill by Lieselotte Schreiner from Germany, a friend of his, possibly from Alfred's time at the Leipzig Conservatory. The manuscript is in the Alfred Hill collection of the State Library of New South Wales,[33][34][35] where it was rediscovered in the 1980s by musicologist Kay Dreyfus.[36]

That song, in turn, inspired the 1984 symphony German Teddy by Kay Dreyfus's husband George Dreyfus, an Australian composer of Jewish descent who, like Edward Thonen, was born in Elberfeld.[35][37][38] The symphony premiered in Wuppertal in 1986, and was again performed at the Museum of Australian Democracy at Eureka in 2016.[39][40]

Claims of Jewish descent

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Prior to the discovery of Edward Thonen's birth certificate in 2021, which showed that he and his family were Christians, Thonen was thought to be of Jewish descent.[5][3] In a self-published 1954 article by Lazarus Morris Goldman,[41] later reprinted in the Journal of the Australian Jewish Historical Society, Edward was labelled as Jewish,[42] and this was then propagated,[43][44][45] expedited possibly by the large number of articles published for the 100th anniversary of the event. Other people of Jewish descent were also involved in the Eureka Stockade, but Edward Thonen allegedly was the only one among those killed. Over the decades, numerous sources[8][25][46][47][48][38] have picked up on Edward's story in the wider context of Jewish history in Australia.[49][50]

Notes

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a.^ See here for a list of newspaper articles about the incident.

See also

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Hawley Harvey Crippen, a murderer who tried to escape from England by ship, but was overtaken by the police

References

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  1. ^ "Great Robbery of Diamonds". Morning Post. 10 May 1851. p. 7.
  2. ^ a b c d e f "A Diamond Robber Caught". Riverina Recorder. 10 February 1897. p. 2.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Bamberger, Daniel; Young, Anne (November 2022). "Edward Thonen (1827–1854)". Ballarat Link (214). Ballarat & District Genealogical Society: 10–11.
  4. ^ Bamberger, Daniel; Young, Anne (2023). Edward Thonen. A forgotten Eureka rebel. Zeitgeschichtliche Sammlung, Zentrum für Stadtgeschichte und Industriekultur Wuppertal.
  5. ^ a b "Eduard Thönen". Personenstandsregister Elberfeld, 1827. Landesarchiv Nordrheinwestfalen. October 2021. p. 509. Retrieved 2 November 2022.
  6. ^ "Eduard Thönen". Kirchenbuch Elberfeld, Taufen 1822–1827, Lutherisch. FamilySearch. Retrieved 13 December 2022. den 20t. [Juli] Stadt. T. – No. 278, den 26t. Mai ist geboren Eduard, ehelicher Sohn des am Rommelspütt wohnenden Kaufmanns Herr Adolph Friedrich Thönen, und der Christina Elisabeth Braches, die Taufzeugen: Herr Daniel Braches, Frau Helena Braches, geb. Schmeetz, und Jungfrau Helena Schmeetz.
  7. ^ Jahresbericht über das Gymnasium in Elberfeld, Herbst 1839–Herbst 1840. Gymnasium Elberfeld. 1840. p. 30.
  8. ^ a b c Blake, Gregory (2013). The Eureka Stockade: an International/Transnational Event. UNSW Canberra (Thesis). pp. 121–122. doi:10.26190/unsworks/16436. hdl:1959.4/52993.
  9. ^ a b FitzSimons, Peter (2012). Eureka: The Unfinished Revolution. Random House Australia. pp. 309–310.
  10. ^ a b Corfield, Justin J.; Gervasoni, Clare; Wickham, Dorothy (2004). The Eureka Encyclopaedia. Ballarat Heritage Services. p. 506.
  11. ^ Sperber, Jonathan (1991). Rhineland radicals: the democratic movement and the revolution of 1848–1849. Princeton University Press. p. 358.
  12. ^ "Class: Ho 2; Piece: 193; Certificate Number: 4821", England, Alien Arrivals, 1810–1811, 1826–1869, The National Archives; London, England, retrieved 16 September 2022
  13. ^ "Edward Thonen", 1851 England Census (class HO107, piece 1523, folio 51, page 36), Old Street, Middlesex, England, 30 March 1851, retrieved 2 November 2022
  14. ^ a b Dodsley, J. (1852), "Great Robbery of Diamonds", Annual Register, J.G. & F. Rivington, pp. 62–64
  15. ^ "Singular Case of Diamond Stealing". Morning Chronicle. 10 May 1851. p. 7.
  16. ^ "Third Court". Morning Post. 16 May 1851. p. 7.
  17. ^ Dismore, Thomas (19 May 1851). "The Late Diamond Robbery. To the Editor of the Albion". Liverpool Albion. p. 7.
  18. ^ "Edward Thonen", UK, Prison Commission Records, 1770–1951, 1851, retrieved 6 September 2022
  19. ^ "Diamond Stealing". Globe. 10 May 1851. p. 3.
  20. ^ "Proceedings of the Central Criminal Court", Middlesex, London, Old Bailey Court Records 1674–1913, p. 183, 27 October 1851, retrieved 8 September 2022
  21. ^ "Großbrittanien". Düsseldorfer Journal und Kreisblatt (in German). 1 February 1853. p. 2.
  22. ^ "Großbrittanien". Düsseldorfer Journal und Kreisblatt (in German). 14 April 1853. p. 2.
  23. ^ a b c Carboni, Raffaello (1855). The Eureka stockade: The consequence of some pirates wanting on quarter-deck rebellion.
  24. ^ a b c Death Index (Victoria Registry of Births Deaths & Marriages : accessed 6 September 2022). Index entry for Edward THONEN.
    Date: 20 June 1855
    Reg. Number: 3242/1855
    Number: 437
    When and where died: 3 December 1854 at Ballarat
    Name and Surname, Rank or Profession: Edward Thonen, Lemonade Seller
    Sex and Age: Male, 24 Years
    Cause of Death: Gunshot wound
    Name and surname of Father and Mother: Unknown
    When and where buried: 5 December 1854 at Ballarat
    Where born, and how long in the Australian Colonies, stating which: Elberfeldt, Prussia, 2 Years, Victoria
  25. ^ a b "Jews of Eureka". Jewish History Australia. Retrieved 2 November 2022.
  26. ^ Brown, James (alias "Old Identity") (3 December 1910). "Eureka Stockade: A historic incident. Diggers and military in collision". The New Zealand Times. p. 13.
  27. ^ Wickham, Dorothy (1998). Deaths at Eureka. Ballarat and District Genealogical Society.
  28. ^ Wickham, Dorothy. "Eureka's Fallen". Ballarat Heritage Services. Retrieved 2 November 2022.
  29. ^ "Local and General News". The Star. 28 November 1857. p. 3. Retrieved 6 September 2022.
  30. ^ a b "Local and General news". The Star. 2 December 1857. p. 3. Retrieved 6 September 2022.
  31. ^ Eureka Diggers Memorial, erected March 22, 1856, Monument Australia, retrieved 2 November 2022
  32. ^ "Weekend fires up to remember historic 168th Eureka Stockade | City of Ballarat". www.ballarat.vic.gov.au. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
  33. ^ A traditional song sent to Alfred Hill by Lieselotte Schreiner, in Series 04: Alfred Hill music manuscripts collected, 1880–1953. Call numbers MLMSS 6357/Boxes 41–42, MLMSS 6357/Box 62X, record identifier 94Rkr0j1, State Library New South Wales
  34. ^ Dreyfus, George, German Teddy [music]: traditional song / arranged by George Dreyfus; Bib ID 18416, National Library of Australia
  35. ^ a b The Marvellous World of George Dreyfus, Australia: Move Records, 1992
  36. ^ Dreyfus, George (1995). "Nette Deutsche, liebe Australier, doch trotzdem könnt Ihr zusammen leben: Diverse Auseinandersetzungen mit nationaler Identität" (PDF). Zeitschrift für Australienstudien / Australian Studies Journal (in German). 9: 39. doi:10.35515/zfa/asj.09/1995.03. S2CID 250154463.
  37. ^ "World Premiere – German Teddy by composer George Dreyfus". Melbourne Composers' League. 1 April 2016.
  38. ^ a b Wilson, Amber (12 April 2016). "An ode to an idealist". The Courier.
  39. ^ McCulloch, Sue (April 1986). "The cheerful art of the cheeky Dreyfus, purloiner". Bulletin (Sydney), Music (29): 84–85.
  40. ^ Burton, Andrew (15 April 2016). "Smoking guns and conflict against oppression". Weekend Notes.
  41. ^ Priestley, Susan (July 2021). "The Jewish community in Port Phillip and Victoria, 1835–1854" (PDF). Journal of the C J La Trobe Society. 20 (2): 22.
  42. ^ Goldman, Lazarus Morris (1958). "The Jews in Victoria in the Nineteenth Century". Journal and Proceedings of the Australian Jewish Historical Society. IV (VIII).
  43. ^ Goldman, Lazarus Morris (December 1954). "The Jews of Eureka". The Great Synagogue Journal.
  44. ^ Goldman, Lazarus Morris (1955). "The Jews of Eureka". Journal and Proceedings of the Australian Jewish Historical Society. IV (II): 82.
  45. ^ "NEWS IN BRIEF". The Sydney Jewish News. 17 December 1954. p. 2. Retrieved 14 September 2022.
  46. ^ Solomon, Isidor (30 March 1961). "100 Full Years of Ballarat Jewry". The Australian Jewish Herald. p. 7.
  47. ^ Cowen, Ida (1971). Jews in Remote Corners of the World. Prentice-Hall. p. 113. ISBN 9780135092651.
  48. ^ Pinsky, Mark I. (23 December 2021). "A Gold Rush Synagogue Hangs On Down Under". Moment Magazine.
  49. ^ "Testimony to survival BALLARAT: DOWN BUT NOT OUT..." The Australian Jewish Times. 29 May 1986. p. 2.
  50. ^ Kohn, Peter (5 December 2013). "Hidden story of the Goldfields". Australian Jewish News.
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