Jump to content

Entry of women to Sabarimala

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Women and girls between 10 and 50 years of age were legally banned from entering Sabarimala from 1991 to 2018.

Sabarimala is a temple dedicated to Shasta, in Pathanamthitta District, Kerala, India.[1] Women and girls of reproductive age have traditionally not been permitted to worship there, as Shasta is a celibate deity.[2] The Kerala high court provided a legal justification for this tradition, and since 1991 onwards, women and girls (from age 10 to age 50) were legally forbidden to enter the temple.

In September 2018, a judgement of the Supreme Court of India ruled that all Hindu pilgrims, regardless of gender, could enter the temple. The Constitution bench of the Supreme Court held that "any exception placed on women because of biological differences violates the Constitution." Specifically, the court held that the ban violated the right to equality under Article 14 and the right to freedom of religion under Article 25.[3][4]

This verdict led to protests by millions of Ayyappan devotees who opposed the verdict.[5] A month later, about ten female activists attempted to enter the temple despite threats of physical assault. They were unsuccessful.[6][7] In the early hours of 2 January 2019, two women activists entered the temple through the rear gate in defiance of ongoing protest. When they heard that women had entered Sabarimala, the temple priests and authorities closed the temple for purification rituals.[8][9][10]

Legend

[edit]

Many legends exist about the god Ayyappan and the creation of the temple.

One legend concerns Ayyappan, the celibate deity of Sabarimala Temple, and the evil demoness Mahishi whom he defeated in battle. Mahishi had been cursed to live the life of a demon until the child born to Shiva and Vishnu defeated her in a battle. Ayyappan, the abandoned son of Shiva and Mohini (an incarnation of Vishnu),[11][12] could therefore set her free after defeating her. She transformed into a beautiful woman after her defeat. After the battle, the young woman proposed marriage to Ayyappan. However, he refused, explaining that he had been ordained to go to the forest, live the life of a brahmachari and answer the prayers of devotees.[13] However, the young woman was persistent, so Ayyappan promised to marry her the day "kanni-swamis" , or new devotees, stopped visiting Sabarimala Temple. Sabarimala was visited by kanni-swamis every year, and she was not able to marry Ayyappan. The woman is worshipped as the goddess Maalikapurathamma at a neighbouring temple.[14]

History

[edit]

According to the Memoir of the Survey of the Travancore and Cochin States, women of reproductive age had been denied entry to the Sabarimala temple since at least the 19th century. Lieutenants Benjamin Swain Ward and Peter Eyre Conner, who completed the survey at the end of 1820, reported that, at the time, "Old women and young girls may approach the temple, but those who have attained the age of puberty and to a certain time in life are forbidden to approach, as all sexual intercourse in that vicinity is averse to this deity (Lord Ayyappa)."[15]

Before 1991, when the Kerala High Court forbade the entry of women to Sabarimala, many women had visited the temple, although mostly for non-religious reasons.[16] There are records of women pilgrims visiting the temple to conduct the first rice-feeding ceremony of their children (called Chorounu) at the temple premises.[17] On 13 May 1940, even the Maharani of Thiruvithamkoor visited the temple.[18][19] In 1986, when young actresses Jayashree, Sudha Chandran, Anu, Vadivukkarasi and Manorama danced near the deity at the pathinettam padi (18 steps) for the Tamil movie Nambinar Keduvathillai, a fine of Rs. 1000 was imposed on each of the actresses and the director. The Devaswom Board, which maintains the temple and premises, was also fined Rs. 7500, because it had given the director permission to film at Sabarimala.[20] Former Karnataka minister Jayamala has also claimed to have entered Sabarimala and touched the idol in 1986, when she was a young woman.[21][22]

In 1990, the Chorounu ceremony for the granddaughter of a former Devaswom commissioner was held at Sabarimala in the presence of female relatives.[20][23] Following a court case in connection with this event, the high court of Kerala prohibited women and girls between ages 10 and 50 from entering Sabarimala.[23] In 1995, the district collector Valsala Kumari, aged 42, visited the Sabarimala shrine (although she did not climb the pathinettam padi to the inner sanctum) under special permission. Her goal was to obtain first-hand information about the conditions at the temple in connection with her official duties. In doing so, she was the first woman recognised as legitimate by the temple's authorities.[24] In the same year, the local press reported that two young women, possibly wives of VIPs, had entered the shrine despite police oversight.[24] In January 2018, temple authorities made it mandatory for female devotees to provide proof of their age when visiting Sabarimala.[25]

Kerala High Court verdict

[edit]

In 1990, S. Mahendran started a legal petition on the notion that young women were visiting Sabarimala.[23] The verdict was announced in 1991, when Justices K. Paripoornan and K. Balanarayana Marar of the Kerala High Court banned women and girls between 10 and 50 years of age from Sabarimala. They stated that such a restriction was in accordance with tradition.[26] In addition, the High Court directed the Government of Kerala to use police force if necessary to prevent women from entering the temple.[27] The final decision of the court was as follows:[28]

Such restriction (of women) imposed by the Devaswom Board is not violative of Articles 15, 25 and 26 of the Constitution of India. Such restriction is also not violative of the provisions of Hindu Place of Public Worship (Authorisation of Entry) Act, 1965, since there is no restriction between one section and another section or between one class and another class among the Hindus in the matter of entry to a temple, whereas the prohibition is only in respect of women of a particular age group and not women as a class.

Supreme Court verdict

[edit]
Indian Young Lawyers Association vs The State Of Kerala
CourtSupreme Court of India
Full case name Indian Young Lawyers Association & Ors. v. State of Kerala & Ors.
Decided28 September 2018
CitationWRIT PETITION (CIVIL) NO. 373 OF 2006
Court membership
Judges sittingDipak Misra, A.N. Khanwilkar, Rohintan Nariman, Indu Malhotra, D.Y. Chandrachud Reddy
Case opinions
MajorityDeepak Mishra, A.N. Khanwilkar, Rohintan Nariman, D.Y. Chandrachud
DissentIndu Malhotra

In 2006, six female members of the Indian Young Lawyers' Association petitioned the Supreme Court of India, asking them to lift the ban on women of reproductive age.[29] They argued that the practice was a violation of their constitutional rights. They also questioned the validity of provisions in the Kerala Hindu Places of Public Worship (Authorisation of Entry) Rules Act of 1965.[30]

On 28 September 2018, the Supreme Court of India ruled that women of all ages could enter the temple of Sabarimala.[31] The court stated:

We have no hesitation in saying that such an exclusionary practice violates the right of [a woman] to visit and enter a temple, to freely practise Hindu religion and to exhibit her devotion towards Lord Ayyappa. The denial of this right to women significantly denudes them of their right to worship.

The verdict was passed with a 4-1 majority. Chief Justice Dipak Misra and Justices A. M. Khanwilkar, R. F. Nariman and D. Y. Chandrachud supported the admission of women to the temple, while Justice Indu Malhotra dissented.[32] Indu Malhotra stated that every individual should be allowed to practice their faith regardless of whether the practice is rational or logical. The Supreme Court based their decision on the violation of Article 25 (Clause 1) and Rule 3(b) of Kerala Hindu Places of Worship.[32]

On 14 November 2019, The Supreme Court Constitution Bench referred the review petitions as well as the writ petitions to a larger bench of at least seven judges, to be constituted by the Honourable Chief Justice of India. Larger benches had previously considered similar cases, such as the entry of Muslim women into mosques and the entry of Parsi women married to non-Parsi men into the holy fireplace.[clarification needed][33] The decision to refer the petitions was supported by the Chief Justice Ranjan Gogoi and Justices Ajay Manikrao Khanwilkar and Indu Malhotra. Justices Rohinton Fali Nariman and Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud dissented.[33]

Arguments against the entry of women

[edit]

According to one argument against the entry of women, the prohibition of female worshipers is traditional. Acharya Yugbhushan Suri Maharaj, a Jain acharya, has said that women's entry is a religious issue connected to fundamental rights. Commenting on the Sabarimala debate, he said, "Whether it is Sabarimala or Jharkhand's Shikharji, the agitations are for sanctity...Religion talks about inner belief and sanctity. This should be respected. I am not against the judiciary or the Supreme Court, but they should not overlook the belief of the people."[34] Yoga guru Ravi Shankar also supported the traditional prohibition of women.[35]

Others argue that allowing women to enter would disrespect the male deity. J. Sai Deepak, the lawyer representing two women's groups and a devotee sangam in the Supreme Court case,[36] has argued that the deity Ayyappan should be regarded as a person, giving him the constitutional right to privacy under Article 21. When women and girls of reproductive age visit him against his will, the argument follows, it violates Ayyappan's privacy.[37] Some Hindu women believe that Ayyappan himself placed restrictions on women entering the temple because he wanted to be celibate, and the presence of women would distract him from this cause.[13]

A few reporters have pointed out that gender segregation exists in other Hindu temples. Some prominent temples also restrict men's entry. For example, the Brahma temple in Pushkar prevents married men from entering the inner sanctum. Other temples prevent men from entering on certain days.[38][39][40]

Some women choose not to enter the temple, believing that it would be an insult to Malikappurathamma's love and sacrifice.[14]

There is also a rule for men who want to pray at the temple; they have to take a vow of celibacy for 4 weeks leading up to their visit.[better source needed] Some argue that female pilgrims will 'distract' the male pilgrims, who follow a 41-day period of strict abstinence from sex.[41] A statement by the president of the Travancore Devaswom Board stated that allowing women into the temple will lead to 'immoral activities' and turn the place into 'a spot for sex tourism, like Thailand'.[42][43]

Another argument is that the Sabarimala temple is situated at the top of a hill surrounded by mountains and dense forests, which some regard as physically challenging for women to navigate.[44] An official of Sabarimala has pointed out that the lack of adequate sanitation facilities for women would make their journey difficult.[45] Hospital facilities are also sparse.[45]

Arguments in favour of the entry of women

[edit]

Those in favour of allowing women entry to the Sabarimala temple concentrate on the specific point that menstruation is not impure, and the more general point that women deserve equal rights.[46] Activists, such as the Dalit public intellectual, Sunny M. Kapicadu, see the struggle as a continuation of Kerala renaissance which sought to undo centuries of caste and gender inequality and oppression. They therefore welcome the verdict as a reaffirmation of constitutional morality.[47]

Some in favor of women's entry state that their opponents are motivated by taboos surrounding menstruation.[48] According to the historian Rajan Gurukkal there is "neither ritual sanctity nor scientific justification" for the argument of menstrual pollution. He opines that the shrine was originally a "cult spot" for a tribal deity, Ayyanar, of local forest dwellers before it became a place of worship for Ayyappa in the 15th century. Unlike traditional Hindu myth (created by mistranslation of texts) that menstruation is impure, the tribal people considered it to be auspicious and a symbol of fertility. They gathered at the temple along with their women and children of all ages until the 1960s. Gurukkal also argues that there is documented evidence of young savarna women making their way into the temple until the 1980s.[49]

Over 100 temples in Kerala are dedicated to Ayyappan. Women are allowed to enter all other temples of Ayyappan, so some argue that making an exception for Sabarimala is unusual and inconsistent.[50][51]

The chief minister of Kerala, Pinarayi Vijayan, is in favor of women's entry to Sabarimala. He stated in 2018 that his party (LDF) has always stood for gender equality and would therefore provide facilities for women pilgrims to Sabarimala.[52]

Attempts to enter the temple

[edit]

Prior to the Supreme Court verdict of September 2018, there had been sporadic entries of women to the temple. Former actress and politician Jayamala, for example, claimed to have entered Sabarimala in 1987 as a young woman.[53] Following the 2018 verdict, there was immediate resistance from protesters, who made it difficult for women to enter. When Sabarimala was opened for pilgrims in October 2018 for the first time since the Supreme Court verdict, protests were immediately staged at nearby Nilakkal and Pamba, both considered to be basecamps for pilgrims on their way to the temple. Many women journalists who had come to report on the opening were assaulted by the protesters. Police had to use a lathi charge to disperse the protesters.[54][55] The protesters also forced a 40-year-old woman from East Godavari, Andhra Pradesh to stop her journey to Sabarimala at Pamba.[56][57] Suhasini Raj, a journalist working for the New York Times, was also forced to return after she was blocked by protesters near Marakkoottam.[58]

Two women attempted to enter the temple on 19 October 2018 but were blocked by protesters about 100 metres away from the Garbagriha. They left after the priest warned that he would close the Garbagriha if they attempted to climb the 18 sacred steps leading to the deity.[59] One of the women, Rehana Fathimam was later arrested on grounds of "hurting religious sentiments" for posting a photo on Facebook. The photos showed her sitting in an allegedly 'obscene pose' after dressing up as a devotee of Ayyappa. She was jailed for 18 days and then released on bail.[60][61]

A 46-year-old woman who claimed that "her body was full of divine power from Ayyappa, motivating her to climb Sabarimala" was denied police protection. She had to return home.[62] Another female journalist and the president of Kerala Dalit Mahila Federation also had to leave without reaching the deity due to the actions of protesters.[63] A female Dalit activist, despite being accompanied by police, was attacked at various places by mobs on her way to Sabarimala and decided to return after reaching Pamba. She lost her job, was forced to leave her home and had to live in an undisclosed location under police protection after threats to her life from the protesters.[64]

Trupti Desai, women's rights activist and founder of Bhumata Brigade, was blocked by protesters at Cochin International Airport on 16 November 2018 while on her journey to Sabarimala. She decided to return home after being stranded inside the airport for more than 14 hours, vowing to come back again.[65]

Four trans women who attempted to visit Sabarimala temple were sent back by Erumely police on 16 December 2018. They alleged that the police harassed them and asked them to dress up like men if they wanted to visit the shrine. Even though they agreed to the demands of the police, they were eventually sent back, with policing citing a general threat to law and order at Sabarimala.[66] They returned to the shrine two days later, as the temple authorities did not object to the presence of trans women at Sabarimala.[67]

A group of 11 women belonging to the Chennai-based women's rights' organisation Manithi was chased away by protesters soon after setting out from the Pamba basecamp on 23 December 2018. The women were under police protection. While the police claimed that the group voluntarily left the area without visiting the shrine, the group alleged that the Kerala Police pressured them to leave.[68]

Protests and hartals against the Supreme Court verdict

[edit]
Sabarimala protests
Bharatiya Janata Party members protesting against Sabarimala women entry
DateOctober 2018 - January 2019
Location
Caused byProtests following the Supreme Court of India's verdict for allowing all womens to enter Sabarimala temple.
Goals
  • To stop womens from entering Sabarimala temple
MethodsHarthal
Parties

In the period following the Supreme Court verdict, a total of seven hartals were organised in Kerala by various Hindu groups under the flag of the Sabarimala Karma Samithi.[citation needed]

October 2018

[edit]

The first hartal was observed in Pathanamthitta district on 7 October 2018.[69] The BJP called for this hartal in response to alleged police violence against Prakash Babu, state president of Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha, during a protest march held on 6 October 2018.[70][71]

The second hartal was held on 18 October 2018.[72] In the lead-up to the hartal, Malayalam actor and BJP member Kollam Thulasi said that women who enter Sabarimala should be ripped in half. He also declared that the faithful should prevent women from entering the temple.[73][74] A First Information Report was registered against him, citing his "deliberate and malicious acts, intended to outrage religious feelings of any class."[75] The Chief Minister of Kerala, Pinarayi Vijayan, held "RSS (Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh)-driven upper caste religious fanatics" responsible for the violent agitation.[76] The Indian National Congress also launched a protest demanding the state government file a review petition against the Supreme Court's verdict.[77] Rahul Easwar, a member of the family of Sabarimala priests and leader of Ayyappa Dharma Sena, was arrested for inciting violence and rioting near the Sabarimala temple complex. He was denied bail on the grounds that he was likely to return to Sabarimala to incite further trouble.[78][79] By the end of October, over 3,000 people had been arrested and around 500 cases were registered at police stations across Kerala.[80]

November 2018

[edit]

The third hartal occurred on 2 November 2018. The putative cause was the death a lottery ticket seller, Sivadasan, who had gone on the Sabarimala pilgrimage and was found dead near Laha. BJP called for a hartal in Pathanamthitta district. They blamed police action at Pamba for his death, although police confirmed that Sivadasan had died in a traffic accident.[81][82][83][84]

Anticipating protests, IPC Section 144, which can be used to prevent the assembly of people in the possibility of danger, was declared at Sannidhanam, Pamba, Nilakkal and Elavunkal when the temple reopened for the 41-day Mandalam Makaravilakku pilgrim season on 16 November 2018.[85] Around 70 people were arrested for defying these orders and protesting near the main temple. This included K. Surendran, state secretary of the Bharatiya Janata Party, and K.P. Sasikala, leader of Hindu Aikya Vedi, who were taken into preventive detention during their journey to the temple on 17 November.[86][87]

The fourth hartal in Kerala was organized by the Bharatiya Janata Party on 17 November 2018. The reason given for this hartal was the arrest of K P Sasikala. It was a statewide demonstration.[87][88][89][90][91]

On 21 November, Thiruvananthapuram City Police Commissioner P Prakash threatened Non-resident Indians with "getting their passports cancelled, and forcing [them] to return to India." The police commissioner accused them of "inciting riots and fermenting trouble over the Sabarimala issue" and using social media to deliberately create instability in the region.[92] The Kerala police department was severely criticised by the High Court for the restrictions it had implemented in Sabarimala, which had caused difficulty for pilgrims.[citation needed] Following this criticism from the High Court, all restrictions except Section 144 were gradually removed.[93] The Indian National Congress and Bharatiya Janata Party launched separate protests demanding the state government revoke the Section 144 restrictions.

December 2018

[edit]

The fifth hartal took place on 11 December 2018. Bharatiya Janata Party called this hartal in the Thiruvananthapuram District of Kerala. It was in response to the alleged police action against the march organised by Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha on 10 December 2018.[94][95][96][97]

A 49-year-old man committed suicide in front of the protest site on 13 December 2018; afterward, BJP called for another statewide hartal. It was the sixth hartal invoked by BJP on Sabarimala issue since the beginning of the Mandalam Makaravilakku pilgrim season at Sabarimala.[98][99][100][101] The BJP alleged that the man was an Ayyappa devotee who had immolated himself in protest against the restrictions imposed by the Kerala government at Sabarimala.[102] The police maintained that the man had committed suicide for personal reasons and his dying declaration did not mention Sabarimala.[103]

On 26 December, thousands of Ayyapa devotees, mainly women, took part in Ayyappa Jyothi, an event organised by Hindutva groups to protest the Supreme Court verdict. In some places, the participants at the event were attacked by activists from the Communist Party of India and Democratic Youth Federation of India. In response, Kerala Police arrested 16 people who allegedly planned the attacks.[104] Cases are also filed against 1400 people who took part in the Ayyappa Jyothi event.[105]

As a counter protest, women supporting the Supreme Court verdict formed a human chain called Vanitha Mathil (Women's Wall), which stretched across the state of Kerala. Around three to five million women participated in the event. Vanitha Mathi was organised by the state government.[106]

January 2019

[edit]

The seventh hartal was on 3 January 2019. Sabarimala Karma Samithi called a statewide hartal in Kerala, supported by the Bharatiya Janata Party. The hartal was provoked by the successful entry of two women, Bindu Ammini and Kanakadurga, into Sabarimala.[107][108] One of the protesters, Chandran Unnithan, a member of Sabarimala Karma Samiti, was injured when CPI(M) members started pelting stones and he died shortly of severe head injuries.[109]

Many cases of violence and arson were reported from across the state during this particular hartal. Fed up with the economic and social effects of the hartals, trade organisations in Kerala had already decided to observe 2019 as 'anti-hartal year' and to defy future hartals.[110] Even though police had promised them adequate protection, shops which opened in defiance of the hartal were widely attacked; some were even set on fire. Media organisations boycotted all press conferences by the Bharatiya Janata Party following unprovoked, targeted attacks on journalists.[111][112]

More than 100 buses belonging to the Kerala State Road Transport Corporation were damaged. Offices, libraries and businesses related to the ruling Communist party were damaged, and incidents of street fights between CPI(M) and BJP cadres were reported in many places. Anticipating further violence, Section 144 was imposed in the towns of Palakkad and Manjeswaram the next day.[113][114]

There were reports of attacks on the homes of both women who had tried to enter Sabarimala as well as those who supported the verdict. A hotel owned by Kerala Tourism Development Corporation at Chennai was also damaged by unidentified men protesting against women's entry to Sabarimala. Leaders of the ruling CPI(M) compared those unleashing violence over the Sabarimala verdict to Taliban and Khalistan terrorists.[115][116][117]

Successful entries

[edit]

On 2 January 2019, two women, Bindu Ammini (aged 40) and Kanakadurga (aged 39), entered the Sabarimala shrine,[118][119] which was confirmed with images from CCTV.[120][121] Ammini is a resident of Koyilandy in Kozhikode district and Kanakadurga is a native of Angadipuram in the district of Malappuram. After they entered, the temple was closed for purification,[8][9] and many protested.[122][123] They were the first women to enter Sabarimala following the decision by the Supreme Court to end the 18-year-old restriction on women of menstrual age entering the shrine.[124][125] Ammini and Kanakadurga entered the temple not via the 18 sacred steps but through the staff gate. They did so with police escort at around 3:45 AM on Wednesday 2 January 2019, when few other devotees or protesters were in the vicinity.[126] They had previously attempted to climb the hill on 24 December, but they were blocked by protesters. According to reports, both women had stayed at a secret location, vowing not to return home until they offered prayers at the temple.[127] The Chief Minister of Kerala, Pinarayi Vijayan, confirmed that the pair had entered the temple, and underlined that the police force was duty-bound to give protection to anyone who asked for security.[128] He referred to the entry as a historic moment.[119]

Their entry was followed by various more successful entries of women to the temple in the same month. On 4 January 2019, a 46-year-old woman from Sri Lanka entered the Sabarimala Ayyappa temple and prayed in the Garbagriha.[129] She became the first woman under the age of 50 to have climbed the 18 holy steps with irumudikkettu (offerings to the deity) since the Supreme Court verdict.[130][131] Four days later, a 36-year-old female Dalit leader claimed to have entered the temple.[132] To prove the claim, a Facebook group called 'Navodhana Keralam Sabarimalayilekku' ('Renaissance Kerala to Sabarimala') posted a series of videos and photos showing the Dalit leader at Sabarimala.[133]

On 18 January 2019, the Government of Kerala informed the Supreme Court that, after Ammini and Kanakadurga, 51 women of reproductive age dodged protesters to enter the Sabarimala shrine.[134] Media reports have noted several discrepancies in the list submitted by Kerala government; for example, their list included post-menopausal women and even one man.[135][136]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Sree Dharma Sastha Temple, Sabarimala". Sabarimala. Information and Public Relations Department, Government of Kerala. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
  2. ^ "Ayyappan: Hindu deity". Encyclopedia Britannica. Britannica. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
  3. ^ "Sabarimala Temple: India's Supreme Court lifts ban on women entering shrine". CNN. Retrieved 23 October 2018.
  4. ^ "Sabarimala verdict: SC upheld Constitution in letter and spirit by giving preference to equality in recent judgments". firstpost.com. FirstPost. 28 September 2018. Retrieved 23 October 2018.
  5. ^ "Sabarimala Temple protests: What is happening in Kerala". The Indian Express. 19 October 2018. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
  6. ^ "Explain Who Is A Devotee, Says Woman Who Couldn't Enter Sabarimala". NDTV.com. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
  7. ^ "As Women Return, Sabarimala Head Priest Says "We Stand With[male] Devotees": Highlights". NDTV.com. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
  8. ^ a b "women-entered.sabarimala-shut-for-purification". Tribune India.
  9. ^ a b Gopikrishnan Unnithan, P. S. (2 January 2019). "Two women below 50 enter Sabarimala, temple shuts for purification rituals". India Today. Retrieved 13 November 2019.
  10. ^ "Indian Hindu temple board reverses opposition to entry of women". The Straits Times. 6 February 2019. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
  11. ^ "What you might want to know about Sabarimala". The Economic Times. 18 October 2018. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
  12. ^ Long, Jeffery D. (2011). Historical Dictionary of Hinduism. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810879607.
  13. ^ a b "Here's why women are barred from Sabarimala; It is not because they are 'unclean' - Firstpost". firstpost.com. FirstPost. 15 January 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
  14. ^ a b "Legend of Sabarimala: Love story that kept women from Lord Ayyappa". India Today. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
  15. ^ "British era survey report says Sabarimala ban existed 200 years ago". The Week.
  16. ^ P.M., Jitheesh. "Appropriation of Ayyappa Cult: The History and Hinduisation of Sabarimala Temple". The Wire. Retrieved 22 October 2018.
  17. ^ KHC1991, paragraph 7.
  18. ^ KHC1991.
  19. ^ "Kerala for allowing women of all ages into Sabarimala temple". The Hindu. 8 February 2008. Retrieved 26 October 2018.
  20. ^ a b "Sabarimala cinema shoot involving actresses forced rigid curbs on women". OnManorama. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
  21. ^ "Interview: Jayamala who entered Sabarimala in 1986, now advocates women rights". One India. 15 January 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
  22. ^ "Karnataka minister Jayamala hails Sabarimala verdict, calls it historic". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
  23. ^ a b c Philip, Shaju (29 September 2018). "Sabarimala temple: Women entry issue first came up in Kerala High Court 28 years ago". The Indian Express. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
  24. ^ a b M.G., Radhakrishnan. "Ban on women of prohibited age group visiting Sabarimala shrine comes under scrutiny". India Today. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
  25. ^ "Age proof now a must for women to offer worship in Sabarimala". Hindustan Times. 4 January 2018. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
  26. ^ KHC1991, paragraph 44, (1).
  27. ^ KHC1991, paragraph 45.
  28. ^ KHC1991, paragraph 44, (3).
  29. ^ SC2018.
  30. ^ Hindu2006.
  31. ^ "Women Of All Ages Can Enter Sabarimala Temple, Says Top Court, Ending Ban". NDTV.com. Retrieved 28 September 2018.
  32. ^ a b Rautray, Samanwaya (29 September 2018). "Women of all ages can enter Sabarimala Temple, rules Supreme Court". The Economic Times. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
  33. ^ a b Gogoi, Ranjan. "Supreme Court Review Petition Judgement" (PDF). Supreme Court of India. Retrieved 19 November 2019.
  34. ^ Khelkar, Pankaj P. (18 October 2018). "Women should not enter Sabarimala: Jain acharya Pandit Maharaj". India Today. Retrieved 17 March 2019.
  35. ^ "Tradition must be followed: Sri Sri Ravi Shankar on Sabarimala row". India Today. Ist. Retrieved 17 March 2019.
  36. ^ Iyer, Lakshmi (5 August 2018). "Meet Sabarimala case lawyer Sai Deepak J, who caught the nation's attention with his 'celibacy' argument". Mumbai Mirror. Retrieved 11 January 2019.
  37. ^ Tripathi, Shishir (31 July 2018). "A lawyer for Lord Ayyappa: Advocate Sai Deepak turns heads in SC arguing for Sabarimala deity's right to celibacy". firstpost.com. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
  38. ^ "Indian temples where men can't enter on certain days". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 29 September 2018. Retrieved 13 November 2019.
  39. ^ Sultania, Devyani (29 November 2016). "Here's a list of 8 temples in India where men are not allowed to enter!". International Business Times, India Edition. Retrieved 13 November 2019.
  40. ^ "NO ENTRY: 6 Temples In India Where MEN Are Not Allowed To Enter Or Worship". dailybhaskar. 20 February 2017. Retrieved 13 November 2019.
  41. ^ M.G., Radhakrishnan. "Ban on women of prohibited age group visiting Sabarimala shrine comes under scrutiny". India Today. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
  42. ^ Mishra, Anand (20 October 2018). "'Advocating women's entry at Sabarimala non-believers'". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 22 October 2018.
  43. ^ Philip, Shaju (14 October 2017). "Don't want to turn Sabarimala temple into Thailand, says TDB chairman". The Indian Express. Retrieved 22 October 2018.
  44. ^ "Sabarimala issue: Faith vs Rights". OnManorama. Retrieved 11 January 2019.
  45. ^ a b "Kochi: Practical impediments for women to trek at Sabarimala". Deccan Chronicle. 29 September 2018.
  46. ^ Cris (8 October 2018). "Menstruation is not dirty, women are not impure: Campaign to counter myths in Kerala". The News Minute. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
  47. ^ Ameerudheen, T. A. (3 January 2019). "Interview: Sabarimala protests are a reminder of the role of caste in Kerala's enlightened society". Scroll.in. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  48. ^ S, Yogesh (14 October 2018). "Celibacy of Ayyappa is an Excuse to Oppress Women: NewsClick". NewsClick. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
  49. ^ Gurukkal 2018.
  50. ^ "The god who bars women from his temple". BBC News. 19 October 2018. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
  51. ^ "List of Ayyappa temples in Kerala". Kerala Temples.
  52. ^ "Women have the same right to worship as men: Pinarayi Vijayan on Sabarimala issue". India Today. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
  53. ^ P, Chennabasaveshwar (28 September 2018). "Sabarimala Temple entry case: Jayamala's bold claim that stoked controversy in 2006". Oneindia. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
  54. ^ "Sabarimala row: Devotees attack journalists, stop women from approaching temple". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
  55. ^ "Sabarimala: Mobs attack women near India Hindu temple". BBC. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
  56. ^ "Andhra woman returns without Sabarimala darshan as protests mount". dna. 17 October 2018. Retrieved 26 October 2018.
  57. ^ "Woman, Family Abandon Sabarimala Trek Out Of Fear, Say No Cops At Temple". NDTV.com. NDTV. Retrieved 26 October 2018.
  58. ^ "New York Times journalist, colleague forced to return from Sabarimala amid protest". Deccan Chronicle.
  59. ^ "Sabarimala protests: Women descend the hill without darshan following protests". The Hindu. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
  60. ^ "Sabarimala: India activist held for 'explicit' thigh photo". BBC.
  61. ^ "The long climb: As 2 women enter Sabarimala temple, a look back at others who tried". News minute. 3 January 2019. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
  62. ^ "Another woman reaches Pamba to enter Sabarimala, goes back as cops deny protection". The News Minute. 19 October 2018. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
  63. ^ M.K., Nidheesh (20 October 2018). "Who is Manju, the Dalit woman devotee who wants to enter Sabarimala?". livemint.com. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
  64. ^ "Harassed,abused,forced into hiding: A woman's ordeal for attempting Sabarimala trek". The News Minute.
  65. ^ "Trupti Desai heads back home after protesters bloch her Sabarimala trek, says "will certainly return"". news18.
  66. ^ ""Why are you dressed like women?": Police threaten, block transwomen at Sabarimala". The News Minute.
  67. ^ "Four transgender women pray at India's Sabarimala temple". BBC.
  68. ^ "11 Sabarimala-bound women chased away". Deccan Herald.
  69. ^ "Hartal in Pathanamthitta on Sunday". mathrubhumi.com. 6 October 2018. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
  70. ^ "BJP-sponsored hartal peaceful in Pathanamthitta". The Hindu. 7 October 2018. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
  71. ^ "BJP calls for strike in Kerala's Pathanamthitta tomorrow". ANI News. Retrieved 15 September 2021.
  72. ^ "Sabarimala hartal turns violent, KSRTC buses wrecked". The Hindu. 18 October 2018. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
  73. ^ Philip, Shaju (13 October 2018). "Tear in two all women who enter Sabarimala, says actor Kollam Thulasi as Kerala BJP president listens". The Indian Express. Indian Express. Retrieved 26 October 2018.
  74. ^ "Sabarimala comment: Kollam Thulasi booked, actor apologises". The Week. Retrieved 26 October 2018.
  75. ^ "Actor Kollam Thulasi booked for controversial remarks on women entering Sabarimala". The News Minute. 15 October 2018. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
  76. ^ "Pinarayi blames 'RSS-backed upper caste religious fanatics' for Sabarimala violence". The Hindu. 18 October 2018. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
  77. ^ "Congress launches protest, demands review petition against Sabarimala verdict". Hindustan Times. 5 October 2018. Retrieved 30 October 2018.
  78. ^ "Rahul Easwar, face of 'Save Sabarimala' campaign, on a fast in prison". The Hindu. 20 October 2018. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
  79. ^ "Court denied bail to Rahul Easwar". The Hindu. 20 October 2018. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
  80. ^ "Total 3,345 Sabarimala protestors arrested till now". NDTV.
  81. ^ "Ayyappa devotee found dead; BJP hartal in Pathanamthitta begins". manoramaonline.com. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
  82. ^ "Sivadasan's mysterious death: BJP hartal in Pathanamthitta today". keralakaumudi.com. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
  83. ^ "Ayyappa Devotee Found Dead, BJP Calls for Strike in Kerala District". NDTV. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
  84. ^ "BJP calls for 12-hour strike in Kerala's Pathanamthitta today". indiatoday. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
  85. ^ "OPENING AND CLOSING DAYS OF SABARIMALA TEMPLE". travancoredevaswomboard.org. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
  86. ^ "Sabarimala: Kerala court grants bail to BJP leader Surendran and 71 others". India Today.
  87. ^ a b "Kerala hartal triggered by arrest of Hindu Aikya Vedi leader who wanted to go to Sabarimala". indianexpress.com. 17 November 2018. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
  88. ^ "State-wide hartal in Kerala after KP Sasikala arrested from Sabarimala". thenewsminute.com. 17 November 2018. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
  89. ^ "Sabarimala: Hartal called in Kerala after Hindu woman leader". The Times of India. 17 November 2018. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
  90. ^ "Sabarimala: Hartal called in Kerala after Hindu woman leader's arrest". The Economic Times. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
  91. ^ "Sabarimala row: BJP protest KP Sasikala's arrest; Terms it outrageous". newindianexpress.com. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
  92. ^ "Will cancel passports of NRIs inciting riots over Sabarimala issue say Kerala cops". The News Minute. 21 November 2018. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
  93. ^ "Kerala High Court lifts restrictions imposed by police in Sabarimala except section 144". News 18.
  94. ^ "BJP's secretariat march turns violent, hartal in Thiruvananthapuram". The Times of India. 11 December 2018. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
  95. ^ "BJP march over Sabarimala issue turns violent; hartal in Thiruvananthapuram on Tuesday". newindianexpress.com. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
  96. ^ "BJP-Yuva Morcha protest turns violent, hartal in Thiruvananthapuram on Tuesday". thenewsminute.com. 10 December 2018. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
  97. ^ "BJP March over Sabarimala Issue Turns Violent; Hartal in Thiruvananthapuram on Tuesday". news18.com. 10 December 2018. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
  98. ^ "BJP hartal affects normal life in Kerala". theweek.in. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
  99. ^ "Sabarimala row: BJP hartal affects normal life in Kerala". newindianexpress.com. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
  100. ^ "Again, BJP calls for hartal over man's death in front of Secretariat". keralakaumudi.com. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
  101. ^ "Devotee' ends life, BJP calls for Kerala shutdown today". timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
  102. ^ "Analysis - Why a stranger's suicide prompted BJP to declare a hartal". english.manoramaonline.com. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
  103. ^ "Kerala:BJP calls for hartal after Ayyappa devotee immolates self". The Indian Express.
  104. ^ "More than dozen left activists arrested for attacking Ayyappa Jyothi". indiatoday.
  105. ^ "Cases filed against 1400 people who took part in Ayyappa Jyothi event in Kerala". thenewsminute.com. Retrieved 10 January 2019.
  106. ^ "Women's Wall highlights: Massive turnout in Kerala for equal rights". India Today. 1 January 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
  107. ^ "Protests erupt in Kerala after two women enter Sabarimala; BJP, Congress attack Vijayan govt". indianexpress.com. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
  108. ^ "Hartal Over Entry of Women Into Sabarimala Begins in Kerala; Vehicles Blocked". thewire.in. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
  109. ^ "Ayyappa devotee Chandran died of skull injuries, says preliminary autopsy report". thenewsminute.com. Retrieved 10 January 2019.
  110. ^ "Sabarimala row; trader organizations reject hartal call". Times of India.
  111. ^ "Sabarimala issue live updates - Journalists attacked in Thiruvananthapuram". thehindu.com. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
  112. ^ "Angered over attack on media persons, Kerala journalists boycott BJP pressers". The News Minute.
  113. ^ "Kerala turns into war zone after women's entry into Sabarimala". Times of India.
  114. ^ "Sabarimala protests: Activist succumbs to injuries, Kerala on edge after 2 women enter temple". indiatoday.in. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
  115. ^ "Kerala man attacked for supporting four young women who wanted to enter Sabarimala". The News Minute.
  116. ^ "Sabarimala protests reached Tamil Nadu: Kerala govt hotel attacked in Chennai by unidentified miscreants". Times Now.
  117. ^ "CPI(M) equates RSS to Taliban, Khalistan terrorists over Sabarimala row". NDTV.
  118. ^ "They Entered a Forbidden Hindu Temple in the Name of Women's Rights. Now They're in Hiding". Time. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
  119. ^ a b "Sabarimala: Indian women make history by entering temple". BBC News. 2 January 2019. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
  120. ^ "After young women enter Sabarimala, tantri holds purification rituals". OnManorama. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  121. ^ "Women defy historic temple ban". BBC News. Retrieved 15 September 2021.
  122. ^ Schultz, Kai; Venkataraman, Ayesha (2 January 2019). "2 Indian Women Enter Sabarimala Temple, Setting Off Protests Near Hindu Shrine". The New York Times. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
  123. ^ Schultz, Kai (18 January 2019). "Her Visit to a Men-Only Temple Went Smoothly. Then the Riots Started". The New York Times. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
  124. ^ "2 Women Below 50 Enter Sabarimala, Temple Reopens After "Purification"". NDTV.com. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  125. ^ "Two Indian women enter Sabarimala temple in Kerala amid protests | News | Al Jazeera". aljazeera.com. Retrieved 4 January 2019.
  126. ^ "Women take historic step into India shrine". BBC News. 2 January 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  127. ^ "Two women below 50 claim they entered Kerala's Sabarimala temple - Times of India ►". The Times of India. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  128. ^ "Protests erupt in Kerala after two women enter Sabarimala; BJP, Congress attack Vijayan govt". The Indian Express. 2 January 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  129. ^ "Kerala police reconfirm Sabarimala darshan of Sri Lankan national". The Hindu. 4 January 2019. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 4 January 2019.
  130. ^ "46-year-old Sri Lankan woman enters Sabarimala, Kerala CM's office confirms". OnManorama. Retrieved 4 January 2019.
  131. ^ "Sri Lankan woman is latest to enter Sabarimala temple". MSN. Retrieved 4 January 2019.
  132. ^ "36-Year-Old Dyes Hair Grey, Claims To Have Entered Sabarimala Temple". NDTV. 10 January 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2019.
  133. ^ "35-year-old woman in 'disguise' enters Sabarimala". The Hindu. 9 January 2019. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 11 January 2019.
  134. ^ "51 women of menstrual age entered Sabarimala shrine post Supreme Court judgment". The Hindu. Krishnadas Rajagopal. 18 January 2019. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 19 January 2019.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  135. ^ Vasudevan, Lokpria (19 January 2019). "Male driver, wrong Aadhaar details: How Kerala's list of women who entered Sabarimala touched 51". India Today. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  136. ^ "Kerala's List Of 51 Women Who Entered Sabarimala Has A Tamil Nadu Man". NDTV.com. Retrieved 21 January 2019.

Sources

[edit]
[edit]