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{{peacock|date=March 2014}}
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{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2013}}
{{Infobox engineer
{{Infobox engineer
|image = FRKhan.jpg
|image = FRKhan.jpg
|image_width = 225px
|image_width =
|caption = Fazlur Rahman Khan
|caption = Fazlur Rahman Khan
|name = Fazlur Rahman Khan <br/> ফজলুর রহমান খান
|name = Fazlur Rahman Khan
|ethnicity = [[Bengali]]
|nationality = [[Bangladeshi American]]
|birth_date = 3 April 1929
|birth_date = April 3, 1929
|birth_place = [[Dhaka]], [[British Raj]]
|birth_place = [[Dhaka]], [[Bangladesh]]
|death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1982|03|27|1929|04|03}}
|death_date = {{Death date and age|1982|03|27|1929|04|03}}
|death_place = [[Jeddah]], Saudi Arabia
|death_place = [[Jeddah]], Saudia Arabia
|death_cause = Heart attack
|death_cause = Heart Attack
|resting_place = [[Graceland Cemetery]],<br/>Chicago, Illinois
|resting_place = [[Graceland Cemetery]],<br/>Chicago, Illinois
|nationality = Bangladeshi American
|home_town = Chicago, Illinois
|home_town = Chicago, Illinois, USA
|residence =
|residence =
|education = [[Bengal Engineering & Science University]], [[Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology]], [[University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign]]
|education = [[Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology]], [[University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign]]
|spouse =
|spouse =
|parents =
|parents =
|children =
|children =
|religion = Islam
|religion = [[Islam]]
|discipline = [[Architectural engineering|Architectural]], [[Civil engineering|civil]], [[Structural engineering|structural]]
|discipline = [[Architectural engineering|Architectural]], [[Civil engineering|civil]], [[Structural engineering|structural]]
|institutions =
|institutions =
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|significant_design = [[John Hancock Center]], [[Willis Tower]], [[King Abdulaziz International Airport|Hajj Terminal]], [[King Abdulaziz University]], [[One Magnificent Mile]], [[Onterie Center|Onterie&nbsp;Center]]
|significant_design = [[John Hancock Center]], [[Willis Tower]], [[King Abdulaziz International Airport|Hajj Terminal]], [[King Abdulaziz University]], [[One Magnificent Mile]], [[Onterie Center|Onterie&nbsp;Center]]
|significant_advance =
|significant_advance =
|significant_awards = [[Aga Khan Award for Architecture]]<br /> [[Independence Day Award]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cabinet.gov.bd/view_award.php?year_select=1999&Submit=GO&lang=en|title=List of Independence Awardees|publisher=Cabinet Division, Government of Bangladesh|accessdate=2012-11-29}}</ref><br /> [[American Institute of Architects|AIA]] Institute Honor for Distinguished Achievement
|significant_awards = [[Aga Khan Award for Architecture]], [[Independence Day Award]], [[American Institute of Architects|AIA]] Institute Honor for Distinguished Achievement
}}
}}


'''Fazlur Rahman Khan''' ({{lang-bn|ফজলুর রহমান খান}}, ''Fozlur Rôhman Khan'') (3 April 1929 – 27 March 1982) was a [[Bangladeshi-American]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/316259/Fazlur-R-Khan |title=Fazlur R. Khan (American engineer) - Encyclopedia Britannica |publisher=Britannica.com |date= |accessdate=2013-12-22}}</ref> structural engineer and architect who initiated important structural systems for [[skyscrapers]].<ref name="Ali Mir 2001">Ali Mir (2001), ''Art of the Skyscraper: the Genius of Fazlur Khan'', Rizzoli International Publications, ISBN 0-8478-2370-9</ref><ref>[[:File:Skyscraper structure.png]]</ref><ref>[http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~struct/resources/pencil/systems.htm Hong Kong : PHigh-Rise Structural Systems]. Darkwing.uoregon.edu. Retrieved on 2012-06-26.</ref><ref name="lehigh.edu">{{cite web|url=http://www.lehigh.edu/~infrk/2011.08.article.html |title=Lehigh University: Fazlur Rahman Khan Distinguished Lecture Series |publisher=Lehigh.edu |date= |accessdate=2013-12-22}}</ref> Considered the "father of [[Tube (structure)|tubular designs]] for high-rises,<ref>{{Cite book|title=Engineering Legends|first=Richard|last=Weingardt|publisher=[[American Society of Civil Engineers|ASCE Publications]]|year=2005|isbn=0-7844-0801-7|page=75|postscript=<!--None-->}}</ref> Khan was also a pioneer in computer-aided design ([[CAD]]). He is the designer of the [[Willis Tower]], the second-tallest building in the United States (and tallest in the world for many years) and the 100-story [[John Hancock Center]].
'''Fazlur Rahman Khan''' ({{lang-bn|ফজলুর রহমান খান}}, ''Fozlur Rôhman Khan'') (April 3, 1929 - March 27, 1982) was a Bangladeshi American [[architect]] and [[structural engineer]]. He is a central figure behind the "[[Chicago school (architecture)|Second Chicago School]]" of architecture,<ref name=Billington>{{Cite book|title=The Tower and the Bridge: The New Art of Structural Engineering|first=David P.|last=Billington|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|year=1985|isbn=0-691-02393-X|pages=234–5|postscript=<!--None-->}}</ref> and is regarded as the "Father of [[Tube (structure)|tubular design]] for [[high-rise]]s".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Engineering Legends|first=Richard|last=Weingardt|publisher=[[American Society of Civil Engineers|ASCE Publications]]|year=2005|isbn=0-7844-0801-7|page=75|postscript=<!--None-->}}</ref> Khan, "more than any other individual, ushered in a [[renaissance]] in [[skyscraper]] construction during the second half of the twentieth century."<ref>{{Cite book|title=Engineering Legends|first=Richard|last=Weingardt|publisher=[[American Society of Civil Engineers|ASCE Publications]]|year=2005|isbn=0-7844-0801-7|page=78|postscript=<!--None-->}}</ref> He has been called the "[[Albert Einstein|Einstein]] of [[structural engineering]]" and the "Greatest Structural Engineer of the 20th Century" for his innovative use of [[structural system]]s that remain fundamental to modern [[Skyscraper design and construction|skyscraper construction]].<ref>Ali Mir (2001), ''Art of the Skyscraper: the Genius of Fazlur Khan'', Rizzoli International Publications, ISBN 0-8478-2370-9</ref> He is widely known for his work on the [[John Hancock Center]] and the [[Willis Tower]] (formerly Sears Tower), which was the [[List of tallest buildings and structures in the world|world's tallest building]] for several decades.

Khan helped usher in a renaissance in skyscraper construction during the second half of the 20th century,<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard Weingardt |title=Engineering Legends: Great American Civil Engineers : 32 Profiles of Inspiration and Achievement |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=rF1IFsQ0wdcC&pg=PA78 |accessdate=26 June 2012 |date=10 August 2005 |publisher=ASCE Publications |isbn=978-0-7844-0801-8 |pages=78–}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lehigh.edu/~infrk/about.html |title=Lehigh University: Fazlur Rahman Khan Distinguished Lecture Series |publisher=Lehigh.edu |date= |accessdate=2014-03-12}}</ref><ref name="Designing 'cities in the sky'">[http://www4.lehigh.edu/news/newsarticle.aspx?Channel=%2FChannels%2FNews%3A+2007&WorkflowItemID=0bed2560-462b-4bd9-b834-4b5a1e91cc54 Designing 'cities in the sky']. Lehigh University, Engineering & Applied Science. Retrieved on 2012-06-26.</ref><ref name="structuremag.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.structuremag.org/article.aspx?articleID=1211 |title= Fazlur Rahman Khan |work=Structural Engineering Magazine |date= |accessdate=2013-12-22}}</ref> The [[Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat]] named their [[CTBUH Skyscraper Award|lifetime achievement medal]] after him.


==Biography==
==Biography==
Fazlur Rahman Khan was born 3 April 1929 in [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh (then part of [[British India]]).<ref name="structuremag.org"/> He was brought up in the village of Bhandarikandii, in the Faridpur district near Dhaka. His father Abdur was a high school mathematics teacher and textbook author. He eventually became the Director of Public Instruction in the region of Bengal and after retirement served as Principal of Jagannath College, Dhaka.<ref name="structuremag.org" />
Fazlur Rahman Khan was born on April 3, 1929 in [[Dhaka]], [[British India]]. He was brought up in the village of Bhandarikandii near Dhaka. His father, Khan Bahadur Abdur Rahman Khan, BES was ADPI of Bengal and after retirement served as Principal of Jagannath College, Dhaka.


===Education===
Khan attended Armanitola Government High School, in Dhaka. After completing undergraduate coursework at the [[Bengal Engineering College]], now [[Bengal Engineering & Science University]],<ref name="structuremag.org"/> [[University of Calcutta]], he received his Bachelor of Civil Engineering degree from Ahsanullah Engineering College, [[University of Dhaka]], (now [[Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology]]). He received a [[Fulbright Scholarship]] and a [[Pakistan]] government scholarship, which enabled him to travel to the United States in 1952. There he studied at the [[University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign]]. In three years Khan earned two Master's degrees — one in [[structural engineering]] and one in [[theoretical and applied mechanics]] — and a PhD in [[structural engineering]].<ref>{{cite web| url="http://cee.illinois.edu/alumni/pastwinners/chrono"| title=Distinguished Alumnus/Alumna Awards - Chronological Listing of Past Winners| Date= |accessdate=2014-05-21}}</ref> with thesis titled ''Analytical study of relations among various design criteria for rectangular prestressed concrete beams''.<ref>{{cite web | title = Analytical study of relations among various design criteria for rectangular prestressed concrete beams | url = http://search.proquest.com/docview/301964957/ | publisher = ProQuest | first = Fazlur | last = Kahn | accessdate = 12 June 2014}}</ref>
Khan received his matriculation from Armanitola Government High School, in Dhaka. He received his bachelors degree from [[Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology]] (BUET),Dhaka,Bangladesh. He received a [[Fulbright Scholarship]] and a [[East Pakistan|Pakistani]] government scholarship enabled him to travel to the [[United States]] in 1952 where he pursued advanced studies at the [[University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign]]. He was able to travel because he finally had enough money. In three years Khan earned two Master's degrees — one in [[structural engineering]] and one in [[theoretical and applied mechanics]] — and a [[PhD]] in [[structural engineering]].


===Career===
===Career===
In 1955, employed by [[Skidmore, Owings and Merrill]], he began working in [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]]. He was made a partner in 1966 and became a naturalized American citizen in 1967.<ref>{{cite news |title=Obama Mentions Fazlur Rahman Khan |url=http://muslimmedianetwork.com/mmn/?p=4199 |date=June 19, 2009 |journal=The Muslim Observer |accessdate=October 11, 2011}}</ref> During the 1960s and 1970s, he became noted for his designs for Chicago’s 100-story [[John Hancock Center]] and 108-story [[Sears Tower]], the tallest building in the world in its time and still the tallest in the United States since its completion in 1974. He is also responsible for designing notable buildings in [[Bangladesh]] and [[Saudi Arabia]].
Khan helped introduced design methods and concepts for efficient use of material in building architecture. His first building to employ the tube structure was Chestnut De-Witt apartment building.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://books.google.com.bd/books?id=Z5yfoPpVhmUC&pg=PA482&lpg=PA482&dq=The+rebirth+of+skyscrapers+in+the+1960s,+after+a+hiatus+of+over+thirty+years,+came+with+structural+innovations+that+transformed+the+industry.+Gone+were+the+interiors+filled+with+columns+and+frames+resisting+the+wind+%28with+substantial+help+from&source=bl&ots=p3feFD9I4n&sig=lc16g73DxrDC1nuUwluqpofm6MA&hl=en&sa=X&ei=fhkCU8GpKc6R0QWs24GQBQ&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=The%20rebirth%20of%20skyscrapers%20in%20the%201960s%2C%20after%20a%20hiatus%20of%20over%20thirty%20years%2C%20came%20with%20structural%20innovations%20that%20transformed%20the%20industry.%20Gone%20were%20the%20interiors%20filled%20with%20columns%20and%20frames%20resisting%20the%20wind%20%28with%20substantial%20help%20from&f=false |title=Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat - Lynn Beadle - Google Books |publisher=Books.google.com.bd |date= |accessdate=2014-03-12}}</ref>


Fazlur Khan's personal papers, the majority of which were found in his office at the time of his death, are held by the [[Ryerson & Burnham|Ryerson & Burnham Libraries]] at the [[Art Institute of Chicago]]. The Fazlur Khan Collection includes manuscripts, sketches, audio cassette tapes, slides and other materials regarding his work.
In 1955, employed by [[Skidmore, Owings and Merrill]], he began working in [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], [[USA]]. He was made a partner in 1966 and became a naturalized American citizen in 1967.<ref>{{cite news |title=Obama Mentions Fazlur Rahman Khan |url=http://muslimmedianetwork.com/mmn/?p=4199 |date=19 June 2009 |journal=The Muslim Observer |accessdate=11 October 2011}}</ref> During the 1960s and 1970s, he became noted for his designs for Chicago's 100-story [[John Hancock Center]] and 108-story [[Sears Tower]], the tallest building in the world in its time. He is also responsible for designing notable buildings in [[Bangladesh]], [[Australia]] and [[Saudi Arabia]].


===Personal interests===
Of his design process, Khan said "When thinking design, I put myself in the place of a whole building, feeling every part. In my mind I visualize the stresses and twisting a building undergoes."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://drfazlurrkhan.com/professional-milestones/en-r-constructions-man-of-the-year-issue-february-10-1972/ |title=Construction’s Man of the Year: Fazlur R. Khan |publisher=Dr. Fazlur R. Khan |date= |accessdate=2014-03-12}}</ref> He believed that engineers needed a broader perspective on life, saying, "The technical man must not be lost in his own technology; he must be able to appreciate life, and life is art, drama, music, and most importantly, people."<ref name="structuremag.org"/>
Outside of work, Khan enjoyed spending time with his family (wife Liselotte and daughter Yasmin). He enjoyed singing, poetry, and table tennis.


==Innovations==
Khan's personal papers, the majority of which were in his office at the time of his death, are held by the [[Ryerson & Burnham|Ryerson & Burnham Libraries]] at the [[Art Institute of Chicago]]. The Fazlur Khan Collection includes manuscripts, sketches, audio cassette tapes, slides and other materials regarding his work. The [[International Association for Life Cycle Civil Engineering ]] named their Life-Cycle Civil Engineering Medal after Khan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ialcce.org/IALCCE_Awards.html |title=IALCCE Honors and Awards |publisher=Ialcce.org |date= |accessdate=2014-03-12}}</ref>
Khan realized that the rigid [[steel frame]] structure that had "dominated tall building design and construction so long was not the only system fitting for tall buildings", marking "the beginning of a new era of [[skyscraper]] revolution in terms of multiple [[structural system]]s."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mir M. Ali|first=Kyoung Sun Moon|title=Structural developments in tall buildings: current trends and future prospects|journal=Architectural Science Review|issue=September 2007|url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-32962093_ITM|accessdate=2008-12-10|postscript=<!--None-->}}</ref> Khan's design innovations significantly improved the construction of high-rise buildings, enabling them to withstand enormous forces generated on these super structures. These new designs opened an economic door for contractors, engineers, architects, and investors, providing vast amounts of real estate space on minimal plots of land.


==Tube structural systems==
===Tube structural systems===
{{see also|Tube (structure)}}
{{see also|Tube (structure)}}


Khan's central innovation in [[skyscraper design and construction]] was the idea of the [[Tube (structure)|"tube" structural system]] for tall buildings, including the "framed tube", "trussed tube" and "bundled tube" variations. His "tube concept," using "all the exterior wall perimeter structure of a building to simulate a thin-walled tube, revolutionized tall building design."<ref>{{Cite book|title=Engineering Legends|first=Richard|last=Weingardt|publisher=[[American Society of Civil Engineers|ASCE Publications]]|year=2005|isbn=0-7844-0801-7|page=76|postscript=<!--None-->}}</ref> The constructions of most [[supertall]] skyscrapers since the 1960s, including the [[construction of the World Trade Center]], [[Petronas Towers]] and [[Jin Mao Building]], employ a tube structural system.<ref name=Ali>{{Cite journal|title=Evolution of Concrete Skyscrapers: from Ingalls to Jin mao|first=Mir M.|last=Ali|journal=Electronic Journal of Structural Engineering|volume=1|issue=1|year=2001|pages=2–14|url=http://www.ejse.org/Archives/Fulltext/200101/01/20010101.htm|accessdate=2008-11-30|postscript=<!--None-->}}</ref>
[[File:Sears Tower ss.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Sears Tower]] (now Willis Tower), engineered by Khan and designed by [[Bruce Graham]], was the tallest building in the world for over two decades. The design for this 1450-foot-tall tower introduced the bundled tube structural system, as well as a new vocabulary in architectural form.]]
Khan's central innovation in [[skyscraper design and construction]] was the idea of the [[Tube (structure)|"tube" structural system]] for tall buildings, including the "framed tube", "trussed tube" and "bundled tube" variations. Khan realised that the rigid [[steel frame]] structure that had dominated tall building design and construction so long was not the only system fitting for tall buildings.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mir M. Ali|first=Kyoung Sun Moon|title=Structural developments in tall buildings: current trends and future prospects|journal=Architectural Science Review|issue=September 2007|url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-32962093_ITM|accessdate=2008-12-10|postscript=<!--None-->}}</ref> His "tube concept," using all the exterior wall perimeter structure of a building to simulate a thin-walled tube, revolutionised tall building design.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Engineering Legends|first=Richard|last=Weingardt|publisher=[[American Society of Civil Engineers|ASCE Publications]]|year=2005|isbn=0-7844-0801-7|page=76|postscript=<!--None-->}}</ref> Most buildings over 40-storeys constructed since the 1960s now use a tube design derived from Khan's structural engineering principles.<ref name=Ali>{{Cite journal|title=Evolution of Concrete Skyscrapers: from Ingalls to Jin mao|first=Mir M.|last=Ali|journal=Electronic Journal of Structural Engineering|volume=1|issue=1|year=2001|pages=2–14|url=http://www.ejse.org/Archives/Fulltext/200101/01/20010101.htm|accessdate=2008-11-30|postscript=<!--None-->}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.constructionweekonline.com/article-9180-top-10-worlds-tallest-steel-buildings/#.UwHewZgRTCM |title=Top 10 world's tallest steel buildings |publisher=ConstructionWeekOnline.com |date= |accessdate=2014-02-17}}</ref>


====Framed tube====
The tubular designs are for resisting lateral loads (horizontal forces) such as wind forces, seismic forces, etc. The primary important role of structural system for tall Buildings is to resist lateral loads. The lateral loads begin to dominate the structural system and take on increasing importance in the overall building system when the building height increases. Forces of winds become very substantial and forces of earthquake etc. are very important as well. It is the tubular designs that are used for tall buildings to resist such forces. Tube structures are very stiff and have numerous significant advantages over other framing systems.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:8B4PPiZ3LjMJ:www.efka.utm.my/thesis/images/4MASTER/2004/1JSB/Part1/NGSOOKJENMAC021035D04TT2.doc+chapter+2+design+philosophy+of+reinforcement+concrete+tall+building&hl=en&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESiU-qZPyMFTJOL3UBsS7ViutQOurhn4BA8QC-XAd73cvV2HFtIcSIphPpkVU4lzwEvwyKrMppAtnHz5NE3og62jLT9CwtuGWVXUHyEeF3sfh1G9GVRZUgFOYQLLEutyyyoSn49d&sig=AHIEtbSA_8S1o-jYf1G7B4H_i3b0TiON2Q |title=Google Drive Viewer |publisher=Docs.google.com |date= |accessdate=2013-12-22}}</ref> They not only make the buildings structurally stronger and more efficient, they significantly reduce the usage of materials while simultaneously allowing buildings to reach even greater heights. The reduction of material makes the buildings economically much more efficient and reduces environmental issues as it results in the least carbon emission impact on the environment. Tubular systems allow greater interior space and further enable buildings to take on various shapes, offering unprecedented freedom to architects.<ref>[http://www.constructionweekonline.com/article-10887-on-the-rise/1/print/ On the rise]. Constructionweekonline.com (31 January 2011). Retrieved on 2012-06-26.</ref><ref>Bayley, Stephen. (5 January 2010) [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/dubai/6934603/Burj-Dubai-The-new-pinnacle-of-vanity.html Burj Dubai: The new pinnacle of vanity]. Telegraph. Retrieved on 2012-06-26.</ref> These new designs opened an economic door for contractors, engineers, architects, and investors, providing vast amounts of real estate space on minimal plots of land. Khan more than any other individual brought in a rebirth in skyscrapers construction after a hiatus for over thirty years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saadigitalarchive.org/item/20120322-687 |title=Chicago City Council Resolution honoring Fazlur Rahman Khan &#124; South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA) |publisher=Saadigitalarchive.org |date= |accessdate=2014-03-12}}</ref><ref name="structuremag.org"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:2RHuSbYRzRMJ:www.crcnetbase.com/doi/abs/10.4324/NOE0415232418.ch32+fazlur+khan+transformed+city+skyline&hl=en&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESihn5j7rJIRtFoJCbwq8wShPOaHpe58yoE73coq6B9k34MzK5KG_g4uiZBYe3eN3-tzyegycQt0R19bl_DyxG3n6VhbUB22qDRSmc7qpRhhOFaROXHdb6uDXuP8wMukBd_aP404&sig=AHIEtbTdAXBk_8DZzecEJPiR1Tubq-RmxQ |title=Google Drive Viewer |publisher=Docs.google.com |date= |accessdate=2013-12-22}}</ref><ref>[http://ikb.edu.pl/jacek.wdowicki/BWW/1-tematy/budynki/0-dyplomy/Jin%20Mao%20Tower%20%28Jinbao%20Building%29,%20Szanghai,%20China%20%28Chiny%29,%2088%20kond/Bak01.pdf ]{{dead link|date=February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com.bd/books?id=Z5yfoPpVhmUC&pg=PA482&lpg=PA482&dq=The+rebirth+of+skyscrapers+in+the+1960s,+after+a+hiatus+of+over+thirty+years,+came+with+structural+innovations+that+transformed+the+industry.+Gone+were+the+interiors+filled+with+columns+and+frames+resisting+the+wind+%28with+substantial+help+from&source=bl&ots=p3feFD9I4n&sig=lc16g73DxrDC1nuUwluqpofm6MA&hl=en&sa=X&ei=fhkCU8GpKc6R0QWs24GQBQ&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=The%20rebirth%20of%20skyscrapers%20in%20the%201960s%2C%20after%20a%20hiatus%20of%20over%20thirty%20years%2C%20came%20with%20structural%20innovations%20that%20transformed%20the%20industry.%20Gone%20were%20the%20interiors%20filled%20with%20columns%20and%20frames%20resisting%20the%20wind%20%28with%20substantial%20help%20from&f=false |title=Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat - Lynn Beadle - Google Books |publisher=Books.google.com.bd |date= |accessdate=2014-02-17}}</ref>
Since 1963, the new structural system of [[Tube (structure)#Framed tube|framed tubes]] became highly influential in skyscraper design and construction. Khan defined the framed tube structure as "a three dimensional space structure composed of three, four, or possibly more frames, braced frames, or [[shear wall]]s, joined at or near their edges to form a vertical tube-like structural system capable of resisting lateral forces in any direction by cantilevering from the foundation."<ref>{{cite web| title = Evolution of Concrete Skyscrapers| accessdate = 2007-05-14| url = http://www.civenv.unimelb.edu.au/ejse/Archives/Fulltext/200101/01/20010101.htm }}</ref> Closely spaced interconnected exterior columns form the tube. Horizontal loads, for example from wind and earthquakes, are supported by the structure as a whole. About half the exterior surface is available for windows. Framed tubes allow fewer interior columns, and so create more usable floor space. The bundled tube structure is more efficient for tall buildings, lessening the penalty for height. The structural system also allows the interior columns to be smaller and the core of the building to be free of braced frames or shear walls that use up valuable floor space. Where larger openings like garage doors are required, the tube frame must be interrupted, with transfer girders used to maintain structural integrity.<ref name=Ali/>


The first building to apply the tube-frame construction was the [[Plaza on DeWitt|DeWitt-Chestnut Apartments]] building that Khan designed and was completed in [[Chicago]] in 1963.<ref name=Britannica>{{cite web|author=Alfred Swenson & Pao-Chi Chang|title=Building construction: High-rise construction since 1945|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|year=2008|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/83859/building-construction/60143/High-rise-construction-since-1945#toc60143|accessdate=2008-12-09}}</ref> This laid the foundations for the framed tube structure used in the [[construction of the World Trade Center]].
Khan's tubular designs have dominated skyscraper construction design since the 1960s. The tubular systems have yet to reach their limit when it comes to height.<ref>[http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~struct/resources/pencil/systems.htm#types ]{{dead link|date=December 2013}}</ref> Another important feature of the tubular systems is that buildings can be constructed using steel or concrete, or a composite of the two to reach greater heights. His clear approaches to structural systems have often led to [[High-tech architecture|expressive structures]].


[[File:John Hancock Center 2.jpg|left|upright|thumb|The [[John Hancock Center]], designed by [[Skidmore, Owings and Merrill]] with chief designer [[Bruce Graham]] and structural engineer Fazlur Khan.<ref>p. 422, American Architecture: A History, Leland M. Roth, Westview Press, 2003, ISBN 0-8133-3662-7</ref><ref name="John Hancock Center">{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=116876 |title=John Hancock Center |accessdate=2009-05-19 |work=Emporis.com }}</ref> The building was completed in 1969.]]
The population explosion, beginning with the baby boom of the 1950s, created widespread concern about the amount of available living space. Khan had the solution — building up.<ref name="gostructural.com">{{cite web|last=Zweig |first=Christina M. |url=http://www.gostructural.com/magazine-article-gostructural.com-4-2011-fazlur_rahman_khan__ph.d.__1929_1982_-8285.html |title=Structural Engineer |publisher=Gostructural.com |date=2011-03-30 |accessdate=2013-12-22}}</ref> More than any other 20th-century engineer, Fazlur Rahman Khan made it possible for people to live, and work in “cities in the sky.” [[Mark Sarkisian]] (Director of Structural and Seismic Engineering at Skidmore, Owings & Merrill) said, "Khan was a visionary who transformed skyscrapers into sky cities while staying firmly grounded in the fundamentals of engineering."<ref>{{cite web|author=Anonymous |url=http://www4.lehigh.edu/news/newsarticle.aspx?Channel=%2FChannels%2FNews%3A+2007&WorkflowItemID=0bed2560-462b-4bd9-b834-4b5a1e91cc54 |title=Designing Cities in the Sky |publisher=Lehigh University |date=2007-03-15 |accessdate=2014-02-17}}</ref>


====Trussed tube and X-bracing====
Khan's initial projects were the 43 stories [[Plaza on DeWitt|DeWitt-Chestnut]] (1964) and 35 stories Brunswick Building (1965). He went on to design the John Hancock Center (1969), a 100 stories tall building and would later go on to America's tallest building the iconic [[Willis Tower]] (formerly called Sears Tower).
Khan pioneered several other variations of the tube structure design. One of these was the concept of [[X-bracing]], or the "[[Tube (structure)#Trussed tube|trussed tube]]", first employed for the [[John Hancock Center]]. This concept reduced the lateral load on the building by transferring the load into the exterior columns. This allows for a reduced need for interior columns thus creating more floor space. This concept can be seen in the John Hancock Center, designed in 1965 and completed in 1969. One of the most famous buildings of the [[Structural Expressionism|structural expressionist]] style, the skyscraper's distinctive X-bracing exterior is actually a hint that the structure's skin is indeed part of its 'tubular system'. This idea is one of the architectural techniques the building used to climb to record heights (the tubular system is essentially the spine that helps the building stand upright during wind and [[seismic loading|earthquake loads]]). This X-bracing allows for both higher performance from tall structures and the ability to open up the inside floorplan (and usable floor space) if the architect desires. Original features such as the skin, pioneered by Fazlur Khan, have made the John Hancock Center an architectural icon.<ref name=Ali/><ref name=Banglapedia>{{cite web|title=Khan, Fazlur Rahman|publisher=[[Banglapedia]]|url=http://banglapedia.search.com.bd/HT/K_0187.htm|accessdate=2008-12-09}}</ref>


In contrast to earlier [[Steel frame|steel-frame]] structures, such as the [[Empire State Building]] (1931), which required about 206 kilograms of steel per square metre and [[Chase Manhattan Bank Building]] (1961), which required around 275 kilograms of steel per square metre, the John Hancock Center was far more efficient, requiring only 145 kilograms of steel per square metre.<ref name=Britannica/> The trussed tube concept was applied to many later skyscrapers, including the [[Onterie Center]], [[Citigroup Center]] and [[Bank of China Tower, Hong Kong|Bank of China Tower]]{{Disambiguation needed|date=June 2011}}.
===Framed tube===
Since 1963, the new structural system of [[Tube (structure)#Framed tube|framed tubes]] became highly influential in skyscraper design and construction. Khan defined the framed tube structure as "a three dimensional space structure composed of three, four, or possibly more frames, braced frames, or [[shear wall]]s, joined at or near their edges to form a vertical tube-like structural system capable of resisting lateral forces in any direction by cantilevering from the foundation."<ref>{{cite web| title = Evolution of Concrete Skyscrapers| accessdate = 2007-05-14| url = http://www.civenv.unimelb.edu.au/ejse/Archives/Fulltext/200101/01/20010101.htm }}</ref> Closely spaced interconnected exterior columns form the tube. Horizontal loads, for example from wind and earthquakes, are supported by the structure as a whole. About half the exterior surface is available for windows. Framed tubes allow fewer interior columns, and so create more usable floor space. The bundled tube structure is more efficient for tall buildings, lessening the penalty for height. The structural system also allows the interior columns to be smaller and the core of the building to be free of braced frames or shear walls that use valuable floor space. Where larger openings like garage doors are required, the tube frame must be interrupted, with transfer girders used to maintain structural integrity.<ref name=Ali/>


[[File:Sears Tower and 311 South Wacker.jpg|right|upright|thumb|[[Sears Tower]] (now Willis Tower), designed by [[Bruce Graham]] and Fazlur Khan<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,907406,00.html Environment: The Tallest Skyscraper], ''Time'', June 11, 1973.</ref> and completed in 1974, was the tallest building in the world at the time of its construction]]
The first building to apply the tube-frame construction was the [[Plaza on DeWitt|DeWitt-Chestnut Apartments]] building that Khan designed and was completed in Chicago in 1963.<ref name=Britannica>{{cite web|author=Alfred Swenson & Pao-Chi Chang|title=Building construction: High-rise construction since 1945|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|year=2008|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/83859/building-construction/60143/High-rise-construction-since-1945#toc60143|accessdate=2008-12-09}}</ref> This laid the foundations for the framed tube structure used in the [[construction of the World Trade Center]].


===Trussed tube and X-bracing===
====Bundle tube====
One of Khan's most important variations of the tube structure concept was the "[[Tube (structure)#Bundled tube|bundled tube]]," which he used for the [[Sears Tower]] and [[One Magnificent Mile]]. The bundle tube design was not only the most efficient in economic terms, but it was also "innovative in its potential for versatile formulation of architectural space. Efficient towers no longer had to be box-like; the tube-units could take on various shapes and could be bundled together in different sorts of groupings."<ref name=Banglapedia/><ref>{{cite web|title=Fazlur R. Khan|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|year=2008|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/316259/Fazlur-R-Khan|accessdate=2008-12-10}}</ref>


====Concrete tube structures====
[[File:John Hancock Center2.jpg|left|upright|thumb|In 1960, buildings over 20 stories were still newsworthy; by the close of the decade, people were “living in the sky.” Apartments in the [[John Hancock Center]] in [[Chicago]] - shown here with its distinctive exterior X-bracing - are located as high as the 90th floor.]]
The last major buildings engineered by Khan were the [[One Magnificent Mile]] and [[Onterie Center]] in Chicago, which employed his bundled tube and trussed tube system designs respectively. In contrast to his earlier buildings, which were mainly [[steel]], his last two buildings were [[concrete]]. His earlier DeWitt-Chestnut Apartments building, built in 1963 in Chicago, was also a concrete building with a tube structure.<ref name=Ali/>


====Influence====
Khan pioneered several other variations of the tube structure design. One of these was the concept of applying [[X-bracing]] to the exterior of the tube to form a "[[Tube (structure)#Trussed tube|trussed tube]]". X-bracing reduces the lateral load on a building by transferring the load into the exterior columns, and the reduced need for interior columns provides a greater usable floor space. Khan first employed exterior X-bracing on his design of the [[John Hancock Center]] in 1965, and this can be clearly seen on the building's exterior, making it an architectural icon.<ref name=Ali/>
The influence of Khan's tube structure design can be seen in numerous buildings built since the 1960s. Tube structures have since been used in many skyscrapers, including the [[construction of the World Trade Center]], [[Petronas Towers]], [[Jin Mao Building]], and most other [[supertall]] skyscrapers since the 1960s.<ref name=Ali/> The strong influence of tube structure design is also evident in the world's current tallest skyscraper, the [[Burj Khalifa]] in [[Dubai]]. According to Stephen Bayley of ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'':

In contrast to earlier [[Steel frame|steel-frame]] structures, such as the [[Empire State Building]] (1931), which required about 206 kilograms of steel per square metre and [[Chase Manhattan Bank Building]] (1961), which required around 275 kilograms of steel per square metre, the John Hancock Center was far more efficient, requiring only 145 kilograms of steel per square metre.<ref name=Britannica/> The trussed tube concept was applied to many later skyscrapers, including the [[Onterie Center]], [[Citigroup Center]] and [[Bank of China Tower, Hong Kong|Bank of China Tower]].<ref name="Introduction to Tall Building architectures">{{cite web |url=http://teaching.ust.hk/~civl101/Civl101%20-%20Introduction%20to%20Tall%20Building%20Structures.pdf |format=PDF |page= 34 |title=Introduction to Tall building Structures |author= Dr. D. M Chan |publisher=Teaching.ust.hk}}</ref>

===Bundle tube===
One of Khan's most important variations of the tube structure concept was the "[[Tube (structure)#Bundled tube|bundled tube]]," which he used for the [[Sears Tower]] and [[One Magnificent Mile]]. The bundle tube design was not only the most efficient in economic terms, but it was also "innovative in its potential for versatile formulation of architectural space. Efficient towers no longer had to be box-like; the tube-units could take on various shapes and could be bundled together in different sorts of groupings."

===Concrete tube structures===
The last major buildings engineered by Khan were the [[One Magnificent Mile]] and [[Onterie Center]] in Chicago, which employed his bundled tube and trussed tube system designs respectively. In contrast to his earlier buildings, which were mainly steel, his last two buildings were concrete. His earlier DeWitt-Chestnut Apartments building, built in 1963 in Chicago, was also a concrete building with a tube structure.<ref name=Ali/>
The Brunswick Building, a 35 stories tall building built in 1965 also used this structural system.<ref>[http://www.som.com/content.cfm/brunswick_building ]{{dead link|date=December 2013}}</ref>

===Influence===
Khan's seminal work of developing tall building structural systems in structural steel and reinforced concrete based on building height are still used today as starting point when considering design options for tall buildings.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Tube structures have since been used in many skyscrapers, including the [[construction of the World Trade Center]], [[Aon Center (Chicago)|Aon Centre]], [[Petronas Towers]], [[Jin Mao Building]], [[Bank of China Tower, Hong Kong|Bank of China Tower]] and most other buildings in excess of 40 stories constructed since the 1960s.<ref name=Ali/> The strong influence of tube structure design is also evident in the world's current tallest skyscraper, the [[Burj Khalifa]] in [[Dubai]]. According to Stephen Bayley of ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'':


{{quote|Khan invented a new way of building tall. [...] So Fazlur Khan created the unconventional skyscraper. Reversing the logic of the steel frame, he decided that the building's external envelope could – given enough trussing, framing and bracing – be the structure itself. This made buildings even lighter. The "bundled tube" meant buildings no longer need be boxlike in appearance: they could become sculpture. Khan's amazing insight – he was name-checked by Obama in his Cairo University speech last year – changed both the economics and the morphology of supertall buildings. And it made Burj Khalifa possible: proportionately, Burj employs perhaps half the steel that conservatively supports the Empire State Building. [...] Burj Khalifa is the ultimate expression of his audacious, lightweight design philosophy.<ref>{{cite web|title=Burj Dubai: The new pinnacle of vanity|author=Stephen Bayley|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=5 January 2010|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/dubai/6934603/Burj-Dubai-The-new-pinnacle-of-vanity.html|accessdate=2010-02-26}}</ref>}}
{{quote|Khan invented a new way of building tall. [...] So Fazlur Khan created the unconventional skyscraper. Reversing the logic of the steel frame, he decided that the building's external envelope could – given enough trussing, framing and bracing – be the structure itself. This made buildings even lighter. The "bundled tube" meant buildings no longer need be boxlike in appearance: they could become sculpture. Khan's amazing insight – he was name-checked by Obama in his Cairo University speech last year – changed both the economics and the morphology of supertall buildings. And it made Burj Khalifa possible: proportionately, Burj employs perhaps half the steel that conservatively supports the Empire State Building. [...] Burj Khalifa is the ultimate expression of his audacious, lightweight design philosophy.<ref>{{cite web|title=Burj Dubai: The new pinnacle of vanity|author=Stephen Bayley|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=5 January 2010|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/dubai/6934603/Burj-Dubai-The-new-pinnacle-of-vanity.html|accessdate=2010-02-26}}</ref>}}


===Sky lobby===
==Other architectural work==
The first [[sky lobby]] was also designed by Khan for the John Hancock Center. Later buildings with sky lobbies include the [[World Trade Center]], [[Petronas Twin Towers]] and [[Taipei 101]]. The 44th-floor sky lobby of the John Hancock Center also features the first [[high-rise]] indoor [[swimming pool]], which remains the highest in America.<ref name=Emporis>[http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=116876 John Hancock Center], [[Emporis]]</ref> This was the first time that people could have the opportunity to work and live "in the sky".<ref name=Banglapedia/>
Khan designed several notable structures that are not skyscrapers. Examples include the Hajj terminal of [[King Abdulaziz International Airport]], completed in 1981, which consists of tent-like roofs that are folded up when not in use. The terminal's structure has been made to adapt to the harsh desert conditions. The tent-like tensile structures advanced the theory and technology of fabric as a structural material and led the way to its use for other types of terminals and large spaces.{{cn|date=March 2014}} The King Abdulaziz International Airport received several awards, including the [[Aga Khan Award for Architecture]], which described it as an "outstanding contribution to architecture for Muslims".<ref>[http://www.som.com/content.cfm/king_abdul_aziz_international_airport_hajj_terminal/ ]{{dead link|date=December 2013}}</ref>

Khan also designed the [[King Abdulaziz University]], the [[United States Air Force Academy]] in Colorado Springs and the [[Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome]] in Minneapolis.{{cn|date=March 2014}} With Bruce Graham, Khan developed a cable-stayed roof system for the Baxter Travenol Laboratories in Deerfield.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lehigh.edu/~infrk/2011.08.article.html |title=Lehigh University: Fazlur Rahman Khan Distinguished Lecture Series |publisher=Lehigh.edu |date= |accessdate=2014-02-17}}</ref>

Khan and Mark Fintel conceived ideas of shock absorbing soft-stories, for protecting structures from abnormal loading, particularly strong earthquakes, over a long period of time. This concept was a precursor to modern [[seismic isolation]] systems.<ref name="proceedings">{{cite web|url=http://books.google.com.bd/books?id=DI_nbAYQvqsC&pg=PA4&lpg=PA3&focus=viewport&vq=khan&dq=fazlur+khan%27s+legacy+towers+of+the+future&output=html_text|title=Life-Cycle and Sustainability of Civil Infrastructure Systems: Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Life-Cycle Civil Engineering (IALCCE'12), Vienna, Austria, October 3-6, 2012 |publisher=CRC Press |date=2012-10-18 |accessdate=2014-03-12}}</ref>

==Computers for structural engineering and architecture==
In the 1970s, engineers were just beginning to use computer structural analysis on a large scale. SOM was at the center of these new developments, with undeniable contributions from Khan. Graham and Khan lobbied SOM partners to purchase a mainframe computer, a risky investment at a time when new technologies were just beginning to take shape. The partners agreed, and Khan began programming the system to calculate structural engineering equations and, later on, to develop architectural drawings.<ref name="gostructural.com"/><ref>[http://www.som.com/content.cfm/blackbox_technological_trajectory_3 ]{{dead link|date=December 2013}}</ref>


==Professional milestones==
==Professional milestones==
[[File:OnterieCenter-Aug08-008a.jpg|170px|thumbnail|right|Onterie Center]]
===List of buildings===
===List of buildings===
Buildings on which Khan was structural engineer include:
Some the most famous buildings Khan was responsible for performing as structural engineer include the following:


*[[DeWitt-Chestnut Apartments]], Chicago, 1963
*[[DeWitt-Chestnut Apartments]], [[Chicago]], 1963
*Brunswick Building, Chicago, 1965
*[[John Hancock Center]], Chicago, 1965–1969
*[[John Hancock Center]], Chicago, 1965–1969
*[[One Shell Square]], New Orleans, Louisiana, 1972
*[[140 William Street]] (formerly BHP House), Melbourne, 1972
*[[Sears Tower]], Chicago, 1970–1973
*[[Sears Tower]], Chicago, 1970–1973
*[[U.S. Bank Center (Milwaukee)|U.S. Bank Center]], [[Milwaukee]], 1973
*Hajj Terminal, [[King Abdulaziz International Airport]], [[Jeddah]], 1974–1980
*Hajj Terminal, [[King Abdulaziz International Airport]], [[Jeddah]], 1974–1980
*[[King Abdulaziz University]], Jeddah, 1977–1978
*[[King Abdulaziz University]], Jeddah, 1977–1978
*[[Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome]], Minneapolis, Minnesota, 1982
*[[One Magnificent Mile]], Chicago, completed 1983
*[[One Magnificent Mile]], Chicago, completed 1983
*[[Onterie Center]], Chicago, completed 1986
*[[Onterie Center]], Chicago, completed 1986
*[[U.S. Bank Center (Milwaukee)|U.S. Bank Center]], [[Milwaukee]], 1973
*[[United States Air Force Academy]], Colorado Springs, Colorado


===Awards and chair===
===Other honors===
Among Khan's other accomplishments, he received the Wason Medal (1971) and Alfred Lindau Award (1973) from the American Concrete Institute (ACI); the Thomas Middlebrooks Award (1972) and the Ernest Howard Award (1977) from ASCE; the Kimbrough Medal (1973) from the American Institute of Steel Construction; the Oscar Faber medal (1973) from the Institution of Structural Engineers, London; the International Award of Merit in Structural Engineering (1983) from the [[International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering]] IABSE; the AIA Institute Honor for Distinguished Achievement (1983) from the American Institute of Architects; and the John Parmer Award (1987) from Structural Engineers Association of Illinois and Illinois Engineering Hall of Fame from Illinois Engineering Council (2006).<ref>(Engineering Legends, Richard Weingardt)</ref>
Among Khan's other accomplishments, he received the Wason Medal (1971) and Alfred Lindau Award (1973) from the American Concrete Institute (ACI); the Thomas Middlebrooks Award (1972) and the Ernest Howard Award (1977) from ASCE; the Kimbrough Medal (1973) from the American Institute of Steel Construction; the Oscar Faber medal (1973) from the Institution of Structural Engineers, London; the International Award of Merit in Structural Engineering (1983) from the [[International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering]] IABSE; the AIA Institute Honor for Distinguished Achievement (1983) from the American Institute of Architects; and the John Parmer Award (1987) from Structural Engineers Association of Illinois (Engineering Legends, Richard Weingardt).

Khan was cited five times by Engineering News-Record as among those who served the best interests of the construction industry, and in 1972 he was honoured with ENR's Man of the Year award. In 1973 he was elected to the [[National Academy of Engineering]]. He received Honorary Doctorates from [[Northwestern University]], [[Lehigh University]], and the [[Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich|Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich]].<ref name="lehigh.edu"/>

The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat named the [[CTBUH Skyscraper Award|''Fazlur Khan Lifetime Achievement Medal'']] after him,<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=https://ialcce2012.boku.ac.at/keynote_details.php?profile=5 |title=IALCCE 2012: Keynote Speakers Details |publisher=Ialcce2012.boku.ac.at |date= |accessdate=2013-12-22}}</ref> and other awards have been established in his honour, along with a chair at Lehigh University. Promoting educational activities and research, the Fazlur Rahman Khan Endowed Chair of Structural Engineering and Architecture honours Khan's legacy of engineering advancement and architectural sensibility. [[Dan M. Frangopol|Dan Frangopol]], the first holder of the chair, said, "Dr. Khan's legacy is the creativity, practicality, efficiency and cost-effectiveness of his work. I try to incorporate these same qualities into my own work."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lehigh.edu/~incee/frangopol_Q&A.html |title=A Conversation with Dan Frangopol |publisher=Lehigh.edu |date= |accessdate=2014-03-12}}</ref>

==Charity==
In 1971 the [[Bangladesh liberation war]] brokeout. Khan was heavily involved with creating public opinion and garnering emergency funding for Bengali people during the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War. He created the Chicago-based organisation known as'' Bangladesh Emergency Welfare Appeal''.


==Death==
==Death==
Khan died of a heart attack on 27 March 1982 while on a trip in [[Jeddah]], Saudi Arabia, at the age of 52. He was the general partner in SOM, the only engineer holding that high position at the time. His body was returned to the United States and was buried in Chicago.<ref name="structuremag.org"/>
Khan died of a heart attack on March 27, 1982 while on a trip in [[Jeddah]], Saudi Arabia, at age 52. He was a general partner in SOM, the only engineer holding that high position at the time. His body was returned to the USA and was buried in Chicago.<ref>http://www.structuremag.org/article.aspx?articleID=1211</ref>

==See also==
*[[Engineering Legends]], a 2005 book
*[[Chicago school (architecture)]]
*[[Architecture of Bangladesh]]


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|33em}}
{{Reflist|2}}


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
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==External links==
==External links==
*[http://fazlurrkhan.wordpress.com/ Website dedicated to Fazlur Rahman Khan]
*{{cite news| title = Evolution of Concrete Skyscrapers | work=Electronic Journal of Structural Engineering | volume= 1 | issue = 1 | year=2001 | first=Mir M. | last = Ali |accessdate = 2007-05-14 | url = http://www.civenv.unimelb.edu.au/ejse/Archives/Fulltext/200101/01/20010101.htm}}
*{{cite web
*{{cite web | url = http://www.lehigh.edu/~infrk/2011.08.article.html lehigh.edu | title = Dr. Fazlur R. Khan (1929–1982): Engineering Pioneer of Modern Architecture | first= Yasmin S.| last= Khan | publisher= [[Lehigh University]] | accessdate= 2014-03-07}}
| title = Evolution of Concrete Skyscrapers
*{{cite web | url = http://www.constructionweekonline.com/article-9180-top-10-worlds-tallest-steel-buildings/ | publisher = ConstructionWeekOnline.com | title = Top 10 world's tallest steel buildings | date= September 27, 2010 | accessdate= 2014-03-07}}
| accessdate = 2007-05-14
| url = http://www.civenv.unimelb.edu.au/ejse/Archives/Fulltext/200101/01/20010101.htm
}}
* {{Structurae person|id=d000021|name=Fazlur Rahman Khan}}
* {{Structurae person|id=d000021|name=Fazlur Rahman Khan}}
*[http://www.saadigitalarchive.org/collection/fazlur-rahman-khan/items Fazlur Rahman Khan Collection in the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)]
{{Architecture of Bangladesh}}


*[http://www.lehigh.edu/~infrk/about.html Fazlur Rahman Khan Distinguished Lecture Series]
*[http://www.ctbuh.org/Awards/AllPastWinners/tabid/6210/language/en-US/Default.aspx#awards-for-category/fazlur-r-khan-medal-award Fazlur khan lifetime achievement medal]
*[http://www.ialcce.org/IALCCE_Awards.html Fazlur R. Khan Life-Cycle Civil Engineering Medal]
*[http://www.saadigitalarchive.org/item/20120322-688 Letter from Bill Clinton]
*[http://www.saadigitalarchive.org/item/20120322-689 Letter from Governor Jim Edgar recognizing Fazlur Khan]
*[http://www.saadigitalarchive.org/item/20120731-878 Honorary Fazlur R. Khan Way]
*[http://www.saadigitalarchive.org/item/20120322-687 Chicago City Council Resolution honoring Fazlur Rahman Khan]
*[http://khan.princeton.edu/exhibition.html Exhibition at Princeton University]
{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
| NAME = Khan, Fazlur Rahman
| NAME = Khan, Fazlur Rahman
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Bangladeshi architect
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1929-04-03
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1929-04-03
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Dhaka]], [[Bengal]]
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Dhaka]], [[Bengal]]
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[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:1982 deaths]]
[[Category:1982 deaths]]
[[Category:Aga Khan Award for Architecture winners]]
[[Category:American Muslims]]
[[Category:American architects]]
[[Category:American architects]]
[[Category:American Muslims]]
[[Category:American people of Pakistani descent]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi architects]]
[[Category:Bengali people]]
[[Category:Bengali people]]
[[Category:Burials at Graceland Cemetery (Chicago)]]
[[Category:Burials at Graceland Cemetery (Chicago)]]
[[Category:Civil engineers]]
[[Category:Civil engineers]]
[[Category:People from Chicago, Illinois]]
[[Category:Structural engineers]]
[[Category:Structural engineers]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:University of Dhaka alumni]]
[[Category:University of Dhaka alumni]]
[[Category:University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign alumni]]
[[Category:University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign alumni]]

[[Category:Bangladeshi engineers]]
[[bn:ফজলুর রহমান খান]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Independence Day Award (Bangladesh)]]
[[de:Fazlur Khan]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi emigrants to the United States]]
[[ka:ფაზლურ ხანი]]
[[Category:Wason Medalists]]
[[ru:Фазлур Хан]]
[[tr:Fazlur Khan]]

Revision as of 15:58, 29 July 2014

Fazlur Rahman Khan
Fazlur Rahman Khan
BornApril 3, 1929
Dhaka, Bangladesh
DiedMarch 27, 1982(1982-03-27) (aged 52)
Jeddah, Saudia Arabia
Cause of deathHeart Attack
Resting placeGraceland Cemetery,
Chicago, Illinois
NationalityBangladeshi American
EducationBangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
OccupationEngineer
Engineering career
DisciplineArchitectural, civil, structural
Significant designJohn Hancock Center, Willis Tower, Hajj Terminal, King Abdulaziz University, One Magnificent Mile, Onterie Center
AwardsAga Khan Award for Architecture, Independence Day Award, AIA Institute Honor for Distinguished Achievement

Fazlur Rahman Khan (Template:Lang-bn, Fozlur Rôhman Khan) (April 3, 1929 - March 27, 1982) was a Bangladeshi American architect and structural engineer. He is a central figure behind the "Second Chicago School" of architecture,[1] and is regarded as the "Father of tubular design for high-rises".[2] Khan, "more than any other individual, ushered in a renaissance in skyscraper construction during the second half of the twentieth century."[3] He has been called the "Einstein of structural engineering" and the "Greatest Structural Engineer of the 20th Century" for his innovative use of structural systems that remain fundamental to modern skyscraper construction.[4] He is widely known for his work on the John Hancock Center and the Willis Tower (formerly Sears Tower), which was the world's tallest building for several decades.

Biography

Fazlur Rahman Khan was born on April 3, 1929 in Dhaka, British India. He was brought up in the village of Bhandarikandii near Dhaka. His father, Khan Bahadur Abdur Rahman Khan, BES was ADPI of Bengal and after retirement served as Principal of Jagannath College, Dhaka.

Education

Khan received his matriculation from Armanitola Government High School, in Dhaka. He received his bachelors degree from Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET),Dhaka,Bangladesh. He received a Fulbright Scholarship and a Pakistani government scholarship enabled him to travel to the United States in 1952 where he pursued advanced studies at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He was able to travel because he finally had enough money. In three years Khan earned two Master's degrees — one in structural engineering and one in theoretical and applied mechanics — and a PhD in structural engineering.

Career

In 1955, employed by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, he began working in Chicago, Illinois. He was made a partner in 1966 and became a naturalized American citizen in 1967.[5] During the 1960s and 1970s, he became noted for his designs for Chicago’s 100-story John Hancock Center and 108-story Sears Tower, the tallest building in the world in its time and still the tallest in the United States since its completion in 1974. He is also responsible for designing notable buildings in Bangladesh and Saudi Arabia.

Fazlur Khan's personal papers, the majority of which were found in his office at the time of his death, are held by the Ryerson & Burnham Libraries at the Art Institute of Chicago. The Fazlur Khan Collection includes manuscripts, sketches, audio cassette tapes, slides and other materials regarding his work.

Personal interests

Outside of work, Khan enjoyed spending time with his family (wife Liselotte and daughter Yasmin). He enjoyed singing, poetry, and table tennis.

Innovations

Khan realized that the rigid steel frame structure that had "dominated tall building design and construction so long was not the only system fitting for tall buildings", marking "the beginning of a new era of skyscraper revolution in terms of multiple structural systems."[6] Khan's design innovations significantly improved the construction of high-rise buildings, enabling them to withstand enormous forces generated on these super structures. These new designs opened an economic door for contractors, engineers, architects, and investors, providing vast amounts of real estate space on minimal plots of land.

Tube structural systems

See also: Tube (structure)

Khan's central innovation in skyscraper design and construction was the idea of the "tube" structural system for tall buildings, including the "framed tube", "trussed tube" and "bundled tube" variations. His "tube concept," using "all the exterior wall perimeter structure of a building to simulate a thin-walled tube, revolutionized tall building design."[7] The constructions of most supertall skyscrapers since the 1960s, including the construction of the World Trade Center, Petronas Towers and Jin Mao Building, employ a tube structural system.[8]

Framed tube

Since 1963, the new structural system of framed tubes became highly influential in skyscraper design and construction. Khan defined the framed tube structure as "a three dimensional space structure composed of three, four, or possibly more frames, braced frames, or shear walls, joined at or near their edges to form a vertical tube-like structural system capable of resisting lateral forces in any direction by cantilevering from the foundation."[9] Closely spaced interconnected exterior columns form the tube. Horizontal loads, for example from wind and earthquakes, are supported by the structure as a whole. About half the exterior surface is available for windows. Framed tubes allow fewer interior columns, and so create more usable floor space. The bundled tube structure is more efficient for tall buildings, lessening the penalty for height. The structural system also allows the interior columns to be smaller and the core of the building to be free of braced frames or shear walls that use up valuable floor space. Where larger openings like garage doors are required, the tube frame must be interrupted, with transfer girders used to maintain structural integrity.[8]

The first building to apply the tube-frame construction was the DeWitt-Chestnut Apartments building that Khan designed and was completed in Chicago in 1963.[10] This laid the foundations for the framed tube structure used in the construction of the World Trade Center.

The John Hancock Center, designed by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill with chief designer Bruce Graham and structural engineer Fazlur Khan.[11][12] The building was completed in 1969.

Trussed tube and X-bracing

Khan pioneered several other variations of the tube structure design. One of these was the concept of X-bracing, or the "trussed tube", first employed for the John Hancock Center. This concept reduced the lateral load on the building by transferring the load into the exterior columns. This allows for a reduced need for interior columns thus creating more floor space. This concept can be seen in the John Hancock Center, designed in 1965 and completed in 1969. One of the most famous buildings of the structural expressionist style, the skyscraper's distinctive X-bracing exterior is actually a hint that the structure's skin is indeed part of its 'tubular system'. This idea is one of the architectural techniques the building used to climb to record heights (the tubular system is essentially the spine that helps the building stand upright during wind and earthquake loads). This X-bracing allows for both higher performance from tall structures and the ability to open up the inside floorplan (and usable floor space) if the architect desires. Original features such as the skin, pioneered by Fazlur Khan, have made the John Hancock Center an architectural icon.[8][13]

In contrast to earlier steel-frame structures, such as the Empire State Building (1931), which required about 206 kilograms of steel per square metre and Chase Manhattan Bank Building (1961), which required around 275 kilograms of steel per square metre, the John Hancock Center was far more efficient, requiring only 145 kilograms of steel per square metre.[10] The trussed tube concept was applied to many later skyscrapers, including the Onterie Center, Citigroup Center and Bank of China Tower[disambiguation needed].

Sears Tower (now Willis Tower), designed by Bruce Graham and Fazlur Khan[14] and completed in 1974, was the tallest building in the world at the time of its construction

Bundle tube

One of Khan's most important variations of the tube structure concept was the "bundled tube," which he used for the Sears Tower and One Magnificent Mile. The bundle tube design was not only the most efficient in economic terms, but it was also "innovative in its potential for versatile formulation of architectural space. Efficient towers no longer had to be box-like; the tube-units could take on various shapes and could be bundled together in different sorts of groupings."[13][15]

Concrete tube structures

The last major buildings engineered by Khan were the One Magnificent Mile and Onterie Center in Chicago, which employed his bundled tube and trussed tube system designs respectively. In contrast to his earlier buildings, which were mainly steel, his last two buildings were concrete. His earlier DeWitt-Chestnut Apartments building, built in 1963 in Chicago, was also a concrete building with a tube structure.[8]

Influence

The influence of Khan's tube structure design can be seen in numerous buildings built since the 1960s. Tube structures have since been used in many skyscrapers, including the construction of the World Trade Center, Petronas Towers, Jin Mao Building, and most other supertall skyscrapers since the 1960s.[8] The strong influence of tube structure design is also evident in the world's current tallest skyscraper, the Burj Khalifa in Dubai. According to Stephen Bayley of The Daily Telegraph:

Khan invented a new way of building tall. [...] So Fazlur Khan created the unconventional skyscraper. Reversing the logic of the steel frame, he decided that the building's external envelope could – given enough trussing, framing and bracing – be the structure itself. This made buildings even lighter. The "bundled tube" meant buildings no longer need be boxlike in appearance: they could become sculpture. Khan's amazing insight – he was name-checked by Obama in his Cairo University speech last year – changed both the economics and the morphology of supertall buildings. And it made Burj Khalifa possible: proportionately, Burj employs perhaps half the steel that conservatively supports the Empire State Building. [...] Burj Khalifa is the ultimate expression of his audacious, lightweight design philosophy.[16]

Sky lobby

The first sky lobby was also designed by Khan for the John Hancock Center. Later buildings with sky lobbies include the World Trade Center, Petronas Twin Towers and Taipei 101. The 44th-floor sky lobby of the John Hancock Center also features the first high-rise indoor swimming pool, which remains the highest in America.[17] This was the first time that people could have the opportunity to work and live "in the sky".[13]

Professional milestones

List of buildings

Some the most famous buildings Khan was responsible for performing as structural engineer include the following:

Other honors

Among Khan's other accomplishments, he received the Wason Medal (1971) and Alfred Lindau Award (1973) from the American Concrete Institute (ACI); the Thomas Middlebrooks Award (1972) and the Ernest Howard Award (1977) from ASCE; the Kimbrough Medal (1973) from the American Institute of Steel Construction; the Oscar Faber medal (1973) from the Institution of Structural Engineers, London; the International Award of Merit in Structural Engineering (1983) from the International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering IABSE; the AIA Institute Honor for Distinguished Achievement (1983) from the American Institute of Architects; and the John Parmer Award (1987) from Structural Engineers Association of Illinois (Engineering Legends, Richard Weingardt).

Death

Khan died of a heart attack on March 27, 1982 while on a trip in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, at age 52. He was a general partner in SOM, the only engineer holding that high position at the time. His body was returned to the USA and was buried in Chicago.[18]

References

  1. ^ Billington, David P. (1985). The Tower and the Bridge: The New Art of Structural Engineering. Princeton University Press. pp. 234–5. ISBN 0-691-02393-X.
  2. ^ Weingardt, Richard (2005). Engineering Legends. ASCE Publications. p. 75. ISBN 0-7844-0801-7.
  3. ^ Weingardt, Richard (2005). Engineering Legends. ASCE Publications. p. 78. ISBN 0-7844-0801-7.
  4. ^ Ali Mir (2001), Art of the Skyscraper: the Genius of Fazlur Khan, Rizzoli International Publications, ISBN 0-8478-2370-9
  5. ^ "Obama Mentions Fazlur Rahman Khan". The Muslim Observer. June 19, 2009. Retrieved October 11, 2011.
  6. ^ Mir M. Ali, Kyoung Sun Moon. "Structural developments in tall buildings: current trends and future prospects". Architectural Science Review (September 2007). Retrieved 2008-12-10.
  7. ^ Weingardt, Richard (2005). Engineering Legends. ASCE Publications. p. 76. ISBN 0-7844-0801-7.
  8. ^ a b c d e Ali, Mir M. (2001). "Evolution of Concrete Skyscrapers: from Ingalls to Jin mao". Electronic Journal of Structural Engineering. 1 (1): 2–14. Retrieved 2008-11-30.
  9. ^ "Evolution of Concrete Skyscrapers". Retrieved 2007-05-14.
  10. ^ a b Alfred Swenson & Pao-Chi Chang (2008). "Building construction: High-rise construction since 1945". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2008-12-09.
  11. ^ p. 422, American Architecture: A History, Leland M. Roth, Westview Press, 2003, ISBN 0-8133-3662-7
  12. ^ "John Hancock Center". Emporis.com. Retrieved 2009-05-19.
  13. ^ a b c "Khan, Fazlur Rahman". Banglapedia. Retrieved 2008-12-09.
  14. ^ Environment: The Tallest Skyscraper, Time, June 11, 1973.
  15. ^ "Fazlur R. Khan". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-10.
  16. ^ Stephen Bayley (5 January 2010). "Burj Dubai: The new pinnacle of vanity". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 2010-02-26.
  17. ^ John Hancock Center, Emporis
  18. ^ http://www.structuremag.org/article.aspx?articleID=1211

Further reading

  • Weingardt, Richard G. "Engineering Legends: Great American Civil Engineers." ASCE Press, 2005.
  • Khan, Y. S. "Engineering Architecture: the vision of Fazlur R. Khan." New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2004.

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