Philippine kinship

Philippine kinship uses the generational system in kinship terminology to define family. It is one of the most simple classificatory systems of kinship. One's genetic relationship or bloodline is often overridden by the desire to show proper respect that is due in the Philippine culture to age and the nature of the relationship, which are considered more important.

In it, the literal differences are distinguished by generation, age, and in some cases by gender. However, non-Filipinos can be confused by apparently similar relationships being handled verbally differently by the same person, which generally occurs because of the circumstantial relationship or because some authority is represented by the addressee. Other factors that affect how a person is addressed are whether the two are familiar with each other, new to each other's acquaintance, or perhaps involved in a secondary relationship that imparts authority, such as one person being the supervisor of another at work.

Tito is commonly known as 'warrior' in the early 1800s and would be given to sons of soldiers that would enter battle and is a symbolization of death in historical mythology in foreign entities. Simply put, "Kuya" is used to address an older male relative or friend (especially one's own brother), and means "brother". "Ate", is in reference to an older female relative or respected friend (especially one's own sister or kapatid), and means "Sister". All of this respect should be greeted back by younger children or a younger adults with "anak" for children.

As an example, a teenage girl would call her older brother "kuya" and the older "kuya" can answer back with "ate" to level-up or equalize degree of her sister in the family treating her as an equal, the same. She would also tend to call her older male cousin "kuya" also can be answered back to the girl "ate" to equalize the degree of being a family member by his older male cousin. The term kuya is actually likely to be applied to any older male who is within her generation and should be treated with respect, perhaps even the very close friends of her brother. Thus, the terms used are often intended to show the degree of the relationship and the type of relationship, rather than literal biological relationship.

This can be seen in social settings like Facebook, where Filipino teenagers include contemporaries in the "brothers" and "sisters" categories (the equivalent of a "best friend" in U.S. culture).

Influences on language

Over 170 languages are recognized but do not have official status; Tagalog and English are the official languages of the Philippines, and basic English is more effective for communicating with far-flung peoples in the Philippines than any one dialect, including Tagalog. English's prominence is a reflection of the Philippines' close relationship with the United States, especially since World War II, and a testament to the broad reach of television, which broadcasts in a mix of Tagalog and English.

Tagalog is an Austronesian language that has borrowed heavily from the Philippines' geographical neighbors (other Malayo-Polynesian languages and Chinese) as well as from Spanish, a legacy of Spain's prolonged colonization. For example, Tagalog has incorporated words like the greeting "Kumusta", from the Spanish "Cómo está". Familial greetings tend to be borrowed from Chinese.

Terms based on biological relationships

Ego's generation

English	Tagalog	Bikol	Cebuano	Waray	Hiligaynon	Ilocano	Kapampangan	Tausug	Ibanag
I	ako	akó	akó	ako	ako	siák, ak	aku	aku	sakan
Sibling	kapatid	túgang1	igsúon	bugtó	utod	kabsát1 áding2	kapatad	langgud taymanghud	wagi
Brother	kapatid na lalaki lalaking kapatid	manoy	igsúon nga laláki	mano	mánong	mánong	aputul kapatad a lalaki	langgung usog	wagi nga lalaki
Sister	kapatid na babae babaing kapatid	manay	igsúon nga babáye	mana	mánang	mánang	kaputul kapatad a babai	langgung babai	wagi nga babay
Cousin	pinsan (primo/prima)	pínsan	ig-ágaw, ágaw	patúd	pakaisa	kasinsín	pisan	pangtangud	kapitta
Male cousin	pinsan na lalaki pinsang lalaki						pisan a lalaki
Female cousin	pinsan na babae pinsang babae						pisan a babai
Notes: 1 General term for older sibling. 2 General term for younger sibling.

As a child, one would refer to one's parents as "Ama" or "Tatay" ("Father", in formal and informal Filipino, respectively) and "Ina" or "Nanay" (Mother, in formal and informal Filipino, respectively). One's parents' siblings and their cousins would be called "mga Tiyo" ("uncles"), or "Tiyo" ("uncle") or "mga Tiya" ("aunts") or "Tiya" ("aunt"). One would call one's godparents "Ninong" and "Ninang", meaning godfather and godmother, respectively.

Family friends one generation above, like parent's friends, are called "Tito" (for males) and "Tita" (for females), although they should not be confused with Tiyo and Tiya which are for blood relatives. However, "Tito" and "Tita" are also sometimes used to reference blood relatives as well. Filipinos are very clannish and are known for recognizing relatives up to the 10th or even the 20th degree.

A person's siblings ("mga kapatid") would be one's brothers or sisters. The terms "Kuya" and "Ate" are used to address an older brother and sister respectively as a sign of respect. Any children of their Tiyo (Uncle) or Tiya (Aunt) would be called "mga pinsan" (cousins) so one can either address them as "pinsan" or use the more commonly used "Kuya [cousin's first name]" or "Ate [cousin's first name]" if they are older, or simply address them with their first name or nickname. Their godparents' children are called kinakapatid, which literally means someone made into a sibling. The term "Kuya" is used in Filipino for older brother and "Ate" is used in Filipino for older sister, and those terms are what one also usually uses to refer to or show respect to other people (including cousins and other strangers) who are in the same generation but a little older, or one could use the older term Manong ("big brother") and Manang ("big sister") for much older people that one does not know up to two generations above, unless they are old enough, in which case they should be called Lolo and Lola.

The children of one's "mga kapatid" (siblings) and "mga pinsan" (cousins) would be called "mga pamangkin" (nephews/nieces).

If a person is a "Amang" or "Lolo" ("Grandfather", in formal and informal Filipino, respectively) or "Inang" or "Lola" ( "Grandmother", in formal and informal Filipino, respectively), those called "mga apo" ("grandchildren") would be the offspring, not only of their children ("mga anak") but also the offspring of their children's cousins ("mga pinsan"). Unless a person has a different title (like "Attorney"/"Atty.", "Dr.", "Mayor", etc.) that one is known for, one may also be addressed as "Lolo" or "Lola" by complete strangers or neighbors just by virtue of their age (usually when they are above 60 years old or already considered a senior citizen), as a form of respect.

Representation

The following tree represents the Philippine kinship system, focusing on SECOND UNCLE and YOU.

Philippine kinship
Ninuno 1 Ancestor Ninuno 2 Ancestor Lolo Grandfather Lola Grandmother Tiyo Uncle Tiya Aunt Ama Father Ina Mother Hipag Sister-in-law Kuya Elder brother Ate Elder sister Bayaw Brother-in-law YOU Bana/Maybahay/Asawa Husband/Wife Toto Younger brother Hipag Sister-in-law Nene Younger sister Bayaw Brother-in-law Pamangkin Nephews/Nieces Anak Son/Daughter/Children Manugang Son-in-law/ Daughter-in-law Apo Grandchild Apo sa tuhod Great grandchild Apo sa takong Great-great grandchild Apo sa talampakan Great-great-great grandchild Apo sa kalingkingan Great-great-great-great grandchild
Notes:

Members of the family

Relation		English equivalent
Lalaki	Babae	Male	Female
Ninunò		Ancestor
lolo, ingkong	lola, impo	grandfather	grandmother
Magulang		Parent
amá, tatay, tatang	iná, nanay, inang	father	mother
Biyenán		Parents-in-law
biyenáng lalaki	biyenáng babae	father-in-law	mother-in-law
Asawa		Spouse
esposo, bana	esposa, maybahay	husband	wife
Balo
biyudo	biyuda	widower	widow
Anák		Child
anák na lalaki, iho	anák na babae, iha	son	daughter
Manugang		Children-in-law
manugang na lalaki	manugang na babae	son-in-law	daughter-in-law
Balae		child in-law's parents
Bilás		Spouse of one's sibling in-law
Apó		Grandchild
apong lalaki	apong babae	grandson	granddaughter
Kapatíd		Sibling
kuya, manong (Ilokano)	ate, manang (Ilokano)	elder brother	elder Sister
diko	ditse	second older brother	second older sister
sangko	sanse	third older brother	third older sister
siko	sitse	fourth older brother	fourth older sister
Pate, Ading (Ilokano)		Younger sibling
totò	nenè	younger brother	younger sister
Bunso		Youngest sibling, Baby
siyaho	inso	elder sister's husband	elder brother's wife
bayáw	hipag	brother-in-law	sister-in-law
Pinsan		Cousin
tiyo, tiyong, tsong, tito	tiya, tiyang, tsang, tita	uncle	aunt
pamangkíng lalaki	pamangkíng babae	nephew	niece
kamag-anak		relatives
ninong	ninang	godfather	godmother
kinakapatid na lalaki	kinakapatid na babae	godbrother	godsister

Non-literal usage of familiar terms

"Kuya" and "Ate" are also titles used to address older male and female cousins (regardless if they are the eldest or not, but older than cousin addressing them) as a sign of respect. It may also be used for people who aren't necessarily relatives but are older. The criteria would be gender (first), age (second), degree of affiliation (third), with actual blood or non-blood relationship being the least important.

"Tiyo" and "Tiya", used literally for uncle and aunt, are often confused with "Tito" and "Tita" which are used in reference to your parents' close friends. Again, the degree of affiliation in the relationship overrides the literal meaning.

This hierarchy of conditions would be consistently applied to other familial terms that are used for relationship of further distance, such as "Ninang" and "Ninong", which are the honorific titles given to godparents or signing witnesses of either a child's religious christening/dedication or a married couple's marriage officiation.

Filipinos would generally greet each other using their title like: "Kumusta Ate Jhen", or "Kumusta Kuya Jay" and "Kumusta Te Jhen / Kumusta T'Jhen" or "Kumusta Ya Jay / Kumusta Y'Jay" when messaging or writing online; because doing otherwise is considered rude and disrespectful. However, Filipino Quakers, even within their families, address one another by given name regardless of age, in line with their religion's teachings on equality, and conversely, foreign nationals of Filipino descent are or can be addressed in the same manner as they prefer.

References

• Barton, R.F. (1941), "Reflection in Two Kinship Terms of the Transition to Endogamy", American Anthropologist, 43 (4): 540–549, doi:10.1525/aa.1941.43.4.02a00040
• Cannell, Fenella (1999), Power and Intimacy in the Christian Philippines, Volume 109 of Cambridge Studies in Social and Cultural Anthropology, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-64622-7 ISBN 978-0-521-64622-2
• Espiritu, Precy (1984), Let's Speak Ilokano, University of Hawaii Press, ISBN 0-8248-0822-3 ISBN 978-0-8248-0822-8
• Kikuchi, Yaseda, The Social Role of Filipino Kinship Ritual System (Through the Theoretical Issues of Cognatic Kinship Form) (PDF), Waseda University
• MacDonald, Charles J.H.; Guillermo M. Pesigan (2000), Old Ties and New Solidarities: Studies on Philippine Communities, Ateneo de Manila University Press, ISBN 971-550-351-9 ISBN 978-971-550-351-8
• Ocampo, Ambeth (2015), "A Few of My Favorite Things", Sky and Telescope, 130 (4): 32, Bibcode:2015S&T...130d..32F
• Ooi, Keat Gin (2004), Southeast Asia: a Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor, vol. 2, ABC-CLIO, ISBN 1-57607-770-5 ISBN 978-1-57607-770-2
• Steffen, Tom (1997), Socialization Among the Ifugao: Guidelines for Curriculum Development (PDF)
• Tanangkingsing, Michael (2009), A Functional Reference Grammar of Cebuano (PDF), National Taiwan University, archived from the original (PDF) on July 11, 2011