Dielectric gas
A dielectric gas, or insulating gas, is a dielectric material in gaseous state. Its main purpose is to prevent or rapidly quench electric discharges. Dielectric gases are used as electrical insulators in high voltage applications, e.g. transformers, circuit breakers (namely sulfur hexafluoride circuit breakers), switchgear (namely high voltage switchgear), radar waveguides, etc.
For high voltage applications, a good dielectric gas should have high dielectric strength, high thermal stability and chemical inertness against the construction materials used, non-flammability and low toxicity, low boiling point, good heat transfer properties, and low cost.[1]
The most common dielectric gas is air, due to its ubiquity and low cost. Another commonly used gas is a dry nitrogen.
In special cases, e.g., high voltage switches, gases with good dielectric properties and very high breakdown voltages are needed. Highly electronegative elements, e.g., halogens, are favored as they rapidly recombine with the ions present in the discharge channel. The halogen gases are highly corrosive. Other compounds, which dissociate only in the discharge pathway, are therefore preferred; sulfur hexafluoride, organofluorides (especially perfluorocarbons) and chlorofluorocarbons are the most common.
The breakdown voltage of gases is roughly proportional to their density. Breakdown voltages also increase with the gas pressure. Many gases have limited upper pressure due to their liquefaction.
The decomposition products of halogenated compounds are highly corrosive, hence the occurrence of corona discharge should be prevented.
Build-up of moisture can degrade dielectric properties of the gas. Moisture analysis is used for early detection of this.
Dielectric gases can also serve as coolants.
Vacuum is an alternative for gas in some applications.
Mixtures of gases can be used where appropriate. Addition of sulfur hexafluoride can dramatically improve the dielectric properties of poorer insulators, e.g. helium or nitrogen.[2] Multicomponent gas mixtures can offer superior dielectric properties; the optimum mixtures combine the electron attaching gases (sulfur hexafluoride, octafluorocyclobutane) with molecules capable of thermalizing (slowing) accelerated electrons (e.g. tetrafluoromethane, fluoroform). The insulator properties of the gas are controlled by the combination of electron attachment, electron scattering, and electron ionization.[3]
Atmospheric pressure significantly influences the insulation properties of air. High-voltage applications, e.g. xenon flash lamps, can experience electrical breakdowns at high altitudes.
| Gas | Formula | Breakdown voltage relative to air | Molecular weight (g/mol) | Density* (g/L) | ODP | GWP | Electron-attaching | Properties |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sulfur hexafluoride | SF 6 |
3.0 | 146.06 | 6.164 | 22800 | The most popular insulating gas. It is dense and rich in fluorine, which is a good discharge quencher. Good cooling properties. Excellent arc quenching. Corrosive decomposition products. Although most of the decomposition products tend to quickly re-form SF 6, arcing or corona can produce disulfur decafluoride (S 2F 10), a highly toxic gas, with toxicity similar to phosgene. Sulfur hexafluoride in an electric arc may also react with other materials and produce toxic compounds, e.g. beryllium fluoride from beryllium oxide ceramics. Frequently used in mixtures with e.g. nitrogen or air. | ||
| Nitrogen | N 2 |
1.15 | 28 | 1.251 | – | – | not | Often used at high pressure. Does not facilitate combustion. Can be used with 10–20% of SF6 as a lower-cost alternative to SF6. Can be used standalone or in combination with CO2. Non-electron attaching, efficient in slowing electrons. |
| Air | 29/mixture | 1 | 1.2 | – | – | Breakdown voltage 30 kV/cm at 1 atm. Very well-researched. When subjected to an electrical discharge, forms corrosive nitrogen oxides and other compounds, especially in presence of water. Corrosive decomposition products. Can facilitate combustion, especially when compressed. | ||
| Ammonia | NH 3 |
1 | 17.031 | 0.86 | ||||
| Carbon dioxide | CO 2 |
0.95 | 44.01 | 1.977 | – | 1 | weak | |
| Carbon monoxide | CO | 1.2[4] | weak | Effective in slowing electrons. Toxic. | ||||
| Hydrogen sulfide | H 2S |
0.9 | 34.082 | 1.363 | ||||
| Oxygen | O 2 |
0.85 | 32.0 | 1.429 | – | – | Very effectively facilitates combustion. Dangerous especially when high-concentration or compressed. | |
| Chlorine | Cl 2 |
0.85 | 70.9 | 3.2 | ||||
| Hydrogen | H 2 |
0.65 | 2.016 | 0.09 | virtually not | Low breakdown voltage but high thermal capacity and very low viscosity. Used for cooling of e.g. hydrogen-cooled turbogenerators. Handling and safety problems. Very fast deexcitation, can be used in high repetition rate spark gaps and fast thyratrons. | ||
| Sulfur dioxide | SO 2 |
0.30 | 64.07 | 2.551 | ||||
| Nitrous oxide | N 2O |
~1.3 | weak | Weakly electron-attaching. Efficient in slowing electrons.[4] | ||||
| 1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane (R-114) | CF 2ClCF 2Cl |
3.2 | 170.92 | 1.455 | ? | strong | Saturated pressure at 23 °C is about 2 atm, yielding breakdown voltage 5.6 times higher than nitrogen at 1 atm. Corrosive decomposition products. | |
| Dichlorodifluoromethane (R-12) | CF 2Cl 2 |
2.9 | 120.91 | 6 | 1 | 8100 | strong | Vapor pressure 90 psi (6.1 atm) at 23 °C, yielding breakdown voltage 17 times higher than air at 1 atm. Higher breakdown voltages can be achieved by increasing pressure by adding nitrogen. Corrosive decomposition products. |
| Trifluoromethane | CF 3H |
0.8 | weak | |||||
| 1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoropropane (R-236fa) | CF 3CH 2CF 3 |
152.05 | 6300 | strong | Corrosive decomposition products. | |||
| Carbon tetrafluoride (R-14) | CF 4 |
1.01[1] | 88.0 | 3.72 | – | 6500 | Poor insulator when used alone. In mixture with SF6 somewhat decreases sulfur hexafluoride's dielectric properties, but significantly lowers the mixture's boiling point and prevents condensation at extremely low temperatures. Lowers the cost, toxicity and corrosiveness of pure SF6.[5] | |
| Hexafluoroethane (R-116) | C 2F 6 |
2.02[1] | 138 | 5.734 | – | 9200 | strong | |
| 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (R-134a) | C 2H 2F 4 |
strong | Possible alternative of SF6.[6] Its arc-quenching properties are poor, but its dielectric properties are fairly good. | |||||
| Perfluoropropane (R-218) | C 3F 8 |
2.2[1] | 188 | 8.17 | – | ? | strong | |
| Octafluorocyclobutane (R-C318) | C 4F 8 |
3.6[1] | 200 | 7.33 | – | ? | strong | Possible alternative of SF6. |
| Perfluorobutane (R-3-1-10) | C 4F 10 |
2.6[1] | 238 | 11.21 | – | ? | strong | |
| 30% SF 6/70% air |
2.0[1] | |||||||
| Helium | He | Not | Non-electron attaching, not efficient in slowing electrons. | |||||
| Neon | Ne | 0.02[4] | Not | Non-electron attaching, not efficient in slowing electrons. | ||||
| Argon | Ar | 0.2[4] | Not | Non-electron attaching, not efficient in slowing electrons. | ||||
| vacuum | High vacuum is used in capacitors and switches. Problems with vacuum maintenance. Higher voltages may lead to production of x-rays.[7][8] |
* The density is approximate; it is normally specified at atmospheric pressure, the temperature may vary, though it is mostly 0 °C.
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g M S Naidu; NAIDU M S (22 November 1999). High Voltage Engineering. McGraw-Hill Professional. pp. 35–. ISBN 978-0-07-136108-8. Retrieved 17 April 2011.
- ^ Paul G. Slade (2008). The vacuum interrupter: theory, design, and application. CRC Press. pp. 433–. ISBN 978-0-8493-9091-3. Retrieved 17 April 2011.
- ^ Ramapriya Parthasarathy Use of Rydberg Atoms as a Microscale Laboratory to Probe Low-Energy Electron-Molecule Interactions
- ^ a b c d Loucas G. Christophorou Research and Findings on Alternatives to Pure SF6. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Gaithersburg, MD. EPA.gov
- ^ Loucas G. Christophorou; James K. Olthoff (1 January 1998). Gaseous Dielectrics VIII. Springer. pp. 45–. ISBN 978-0-306-46056-2. Retrieved 17 April 2011.
- ^ Gaseous dielectrics with low global warming potentials – US Patent Application 20080135817 Description Archived October 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. Patentstorm.us (2006-12-12). Retrieved on 2011-08-21.
- ^ Hans R. Griem; Ralph Harvey Lovberg (1970). Plasma physics. Academic Press. pp. 201–. ISBN 978-0-12-475909-1. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
- ^ Ravindra Arora; Wolfgang Mosch (25 February 2011). High Voltage and Electrical Insulation Engineering. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 249–. ISBN 978-1-118-00896-6. Retrieved 9 January 2012.