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Erris

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Erris
Iorras
Barony
Location of Erris (Green) within County Mayo
Location of Erris (Green) within County Mayo
CountryIreland
ProvinceConnacht
CountyCounty Mayo
Municipal districtBelmullet
Dáil ÉireannMayo
EU ParliamentMidlands–North-West
Area
 • Total932.6 km2 (360.1 sq mi)
Population
 (Census 2016)
 • Total8,278
 • Density8.9/km2 (23/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+0 (GMT (UTC))
 • Summer (DST)UTC-1 (IST (WEST))
Dialing code+353 41

Erris is a barony in northwestern County Mayo in Ireland consisting of over 230,452 acres (932.61 km2), much of which is mountainous blanket bog.[1] It has extensive sea coasts along its west and north boundaries. The main towns are Belmullet and Bangor Erris. The name Erris derives from the Irish 'Iar Ros' meaning 'western promontory'. The full name is the Iorrais Domnann, after the Fir Bolg tribe, the Fir Domnann.[2] To its north is the wild Atlantic Ocean and the bays of Broadhaven and Sruth Fada Conn and to its west is Blacksod Bay. Its main promontories are the Doohoma Peninsula, Mullet Peninsula, Erris Head, the Dún Chiortáin and Dún Chaocháin peninsulas and Benwee Head.[3]

There are five Catholic parishes in Erris: Kilcommon, Kilmore, Kiltane, Belmullet and Ballycroy.

Gaeltacht

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The Stags of Broadhaven Bay with Benwee Head in the foreground

Parts of Erris are in a Gaeltacht area, with first-language speakers of Irish in the following areas of the barony: An Fál Mór, Tamhaiin na hUltaí, Glais, Eachléim, Tearmann, Tránn, An Mullach Rua, Cartúr, An Baile Úr, Cill Ghallagáin, An Corrán Buí, Ceathrú na gCloch, Port a' Chluaidh, Ros Dumhach and Ceathrú Thaidhg. The area with the most Irish speakers is Ceathrú Thaidhg.[4] There are between 3,500-5,000 native Irish speakers in Erris.[citation needed]

Geography

[edit]

Topography and geology

[edit]
Bangor Way way-marked walking trail

Much of inland Erris is covered with blanket bog. A triangle between Ballycroy, Bellacorick and Bangor Erris consists of little else over its surface. Blanket bog, unlike raised bog, grows slowly across the landscape like a blanket covering the ground, due to a continuous supply of water from rainfall, maintaining waterlogged conditions on the ground. The bog is acidic with a pH of between 3.5 and 4.2. This is Atlantic blanket bog and it provides a suitable habitat for many species of flora, particularly small species of mosses, bryophytes, carnivorous plants and delicate flowers such as the scarlet pimpernel. Species of fauna found on Atlantic blanket bog, include smaller varieties such as frogs and insects as well as many bird varieties, not common elsewhere.[5][6]

Dolphins in Sruwaddacon Bay August 2010

Several areas of the blanket bog are protected under European legislation such as Special Areas of Conservation, Special Protection Areas (Birds Directive) and Natural Heritage Areas. These include the Glenamoy Bog Complex, Ballycroy National Park and Bellacorick.

Erris has a large range of habitats including blanket bogs, estuaries, salt marshes, fresh water lakes, coasts, cliffs, machair, sand dunes, sandy beaches and rocky shores. It is an important area for bird watchers as the largely treeless landscape allows relatively easy access for birdwatching. Brent geese overwinter here feeding along the estuaries,[6] and corncrake, chough, rock dove and twite are sometimes seen at Erris Head.[7] Sightings of rarer birds, such as the grey phalarope, booted warbler and Wilson's petrel, have also been recorded.[7][6]

The oldest rocks in Ireland, some 1.8 billion years old, are to be found on the west coasts of Erris.[8] Pink or orange striped gneisses are found along the beaches of Elly Bay and Annagh Head where they have become separated from the same rocks on the east coast of Northern Canada over hundreds of millions of years by the separation of tectonic plates in the mid Atlantic Ocean.[9][10][11] "Erris Head" (Irish: Ceann Iorrais) is a promontory at the northernmost tip of the Mullet Peninsula. It is a landmark known well by mariners and is one of the sea areas cited by Met Éireann's weather forecasters.[12] The coastline of Erris has some of "the grandest sea cliffs in Ireland"[13] over the Atlantic Ocean from where the next stop is the east coast of America. Erris Head is not served by any road and can only be reached by crossing a number of fields from the hamlet of Glenlara where the road ends.

Settlements and islands

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Main article: List of towns, villages and places of interest in the Barony of Erris

Along the coast there are several uninhabited islands. These include the Inishkea Islands,[14][15] Inishglora,[16] Duvillaun,[17] the Stags of Broadhaven Bay and other smaller islands.[18]

View across Erris blanket bog southwards from Carrowmore Lake
An Dúna at Kilgalligan, Kilcommon, Erris

Archaeology and history

[edit]
A little stone circle at Gortbrack, Kilcommon parish, Erris.

Erris, in common with most of inland Ireland, became covered in extensive native woodland a few thousand years after the last Ice Age retreated (approx 15,000 years ago) but its northern and western shores remained relatively lightly afforested. Across inland Erris, the remains of these forests can be seen across the blanket bog landscape in the form of fossilised greying tree stumps which are mainly the remains of ancient Scots pine trees. These become most obvious where there has been harvesting of turf (peat) for fuel. The odd petrified bog oak can be found too.

During the Neolithic period, starting about 6,000 years ago, the first people living in Ireland whose ancestors had hunted and gathered along the coastlines of Erris from about 9,000 years ago, began to cut down the forestry to clear land for growing crops and grazing livestock. Because the underlying rock type was ancient and heavily weathered schists the soil was thin and easily eroded by inclement weather. After a couple of years the crops began to fail and the Neolithic people had to clear the native woodlands further and further inland to clear more land for their crops.[19] With minor changes in climate and high rainfall levels the land became blanketed by the bog and remains that way to the current day.[citation needed] When present-day turf cutters harvest the bog for fuel, archaeological remains, mainly from the Neolithic and early Bronze Age, which have become buried under the bog often come to light.[20] Some archaeological sites are marked on Ordnance Survey maps.

The period of Early Christianity saw several small churches set up but no major religious houses came to the area. During the Plantations of Ireland, there were two major landlords in the area - the Binghams and the Carters. Oliver Cromwell's policy (mid 17th century) of sending the native Irish who refused to bow down to him "to hell or to Connaught" saw a large influx of population into Erris where the disinherited native Irish tried to eke a living from very poor quality agricultural land under the tenancy of the landlords and their agents.[citation needed] During the Irish Famine of 1845 - '47 many died in Erris despite the close proximity of the sea, because they could not raise the cash to fund a passage to America.

Some 19th- and early 20th-century antiquarians and surveyors visited the Erris area and wrote about their experiences and thoughts on the area at that time. These include works by Patrick Knight (Erris in the Irish Highlands), Caesar Otway (Sketches in Erris and Tyrawley) and Thomas Johnson Westropp (The Promontory Forts and Early Remains of the Coast of Mayo).[21] The Ulster Cycle legend of the Táin Bó Flidhais concerns the Barony of Erris in the time period of approx the 1st century AD.

[edit]

The community of Erris gave support to the extensive search and rescue operation following the 2017 Irish Coast Guard Rescue 116 crash. For its efforts, the community and the Irish Coast Guard were awarded a People of the Year Award in 2018.[22]

Legend and folklore

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Folklore is an important part of the culture of Erris.[23][24]

A number of well-known folklore tales have their origins in (or are associated with) the area. The Children of Lir, according to tradition, are buried on the island of Inisglora. The children were turned into swans by their jealous stepmother and doomed to spend the next 900 years on lakes and waters in Ireland. When they finally reclaimed their human form on Inisglora, they were so old that they died and were buried there.

Táin Bó Flidhais is the tale of a cattle raid in which raiders came to Erris from the Royal site at Cruachán (Rathcroghan) at Tulsk, County Roscommon to Rathmorgan Fort (Iorras Domhnann) at the south end of Carrowmore Lake in the centre of the Barony. The remains of Rathmorgan fort on top of the mountain can be seen from the road below.[25]

Brian Rua U'Cearbhain from Inver is remembered in folklore as the prophet of Erris.

The small village of Glencastle has some large mounds in the narrow valley that are not naturally occurring. They can be seen on the right hand side, close to the roadside on the approach to Belmullet from the east. These have never been archaeologically investigated but folklore legends recall that this was the old gateway into the Mullet and a toll had to be paid for each traveller who passed through or the traveller may never be seen again. There were no roads through this area of Mayo until less than two hundred years ago. In recent years the Glencastle Valley has been drastically altered by extensive quarrying.[26]

Water sports

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Kite buggying fun at Claggan Island tombola, Erris

Erris is a popular location for many types of watersports ranging through fishing, sailing, surfing, swimming, wind surfing, kiteboarding and kite surfing.[27]

Walking trails

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There are a number of walking trails in Erris. These include cliff walks above the Atlantic at Broadhaven Bay along Benwee Head, Glinsk and the North Mayo coastline, as well as mountain walks across uninhabited natural wilderness, and long distance walks such as the Bangor Trail and the Western Way.[28][29]

In 1993, the Tír Sáile Sculpture Trail project was carried out to commemorate 5,000 years of habitation in County Mayo.[30] This trail extends through parts of Erris from the tip of the Mullet Peninsula, through Kilcommon, Belderrig and Ballycastle. The first sculptures along this trail were erected in 1993, with several more added subsequently. The creation of the sculpture trail took the form of the Meitheal, a traditional method of working where a group of workers come together to achieve a common objective.[30]

Natural resources

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Erris has considerable potential for ocean energy[31] in terms of its location next to the Atlantic Ocean and constant winds from the sea.[32] These resources have been earmarked for development.[33] There are opportunities for the development of ocean wave power projects, tidal power, hydroelectric schemes, and, wind farms amongst other clean, alternative energy generation opportunities for which the area is eminently suitable.[34][35]

Corrib gas field

[edit]
Garda Síochána at Bellanaboy
Main articles: Corrib gas project and Corrib gas controversy

The discovery of the Corrib gas field in the Atlantic Ocean some 85 km off Broadhaven Bay has led to the Corrib gas project and ensuing controversy. Raw, unodourised natural gas from fields under the Atlantic Ocean is planned to be piped at high pressure at Glengad and through the townlands of Kilcommon, to a refinery 10 km inland. Documentaries have been made on the subject .[36] A documentary film, The Pipe by local film-maker, Richard O'Donnell, had its first showing at the Galway Film Festival on Thursday 8 July 2010, went on general release in cinemas nationwide from 3 December 2010.[37]

Elly Bay on the Mullet peninsula

Further reading

[edit]
  • Cronin, Phil. Traditional Cures and Gifted People (2000) Crossmolina
  • Noone, Fr. S. Where the Sun Sets] (1991) Erris [1]
  • Pipe Down - A documentary which won best feature documentary award at the Waterford Film Festival (2009)[2]

References

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  1. ^ "From Ireland Genealogy & Family History". from-ireland.net. Archived from the original on 17 December 2010. Retrieved 28 July 2010.
  2. ^ Koch, John T. (2006). Celtic Culture: a historical encyclopedia. p. 750. ISBN 1851094407.
  3. ^ Ireland's History in Maps - Baronies page 3
  4. ^ "School of Celtic Studies - The Irish of Erris, Co. Mayo: a phonemic study". Celt.dias.ie. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
  5. ^ "IPCC information sheets - Blanket Bogs". Ipcc.ie. 15 June 1919. Archived from the original on 2 October 2010. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
  6. ^ a b c "BirdWatch Mayo". BirdWatch Mayo. Archived from the original on 27 October 2010. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
  7. ^ a b "The Mullet Peninsula". birdwatchmayo.org. BirdWatch Mayo. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2018.
  8. ^ "Irish Geological Association". Geology.ie. 22 June 2008. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 5 June 2010 – via Wayback Machine.Free access icon
  9. ^ "U-Pb zircon geochronology from the Precambrian Annagh Division gneisses and the Termon Granite, NW County Mayo, Ireland - AFTALION and MAX 144 (3): 401". Journal of the Geological Society. Jgs.geoscienceworld.org. doi:10.1144/gsjgs.144.3.0401. S2CID 130753066. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
  10. ^ Harris, Anthony Leonard; Gibbons, Wes (1994). A revised correlation of Precambrian ... ISBN 9781897799116. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
  11. ^ Daly, J. Stephen (1996). "Pre-Caledonian History of the Annagh Gneiss Complex North-Western Ireland, and Correlation with Laurentia-Baltica". Irish Journal of Earth Sciences. 15: 5–18. JSTOR 30002311.
  12. ^ "Sea Area Forecast - Met Éireann - The Irish Meteorological Service Online". Met.ie. 6 May 2010. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
  13. ^ "Mayo". Libraryireland.com. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
  14. ^ "Insihkea Islands". Irishislands.info. 28 October 1927. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
  15. ^ "Beautiful isles". Mayonews.ie. 5 August 2008. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
  16. ^ "Inishglora". Irishislands.info. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
  17. ^ "Duvillaun". Irishislands.info. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
  18. ^ Erris Islands: moduvill, glora, inishkea
  19. ^ "IPCC information sheets - Pollen History Preserved in Bogs". Ipcc.ie. Archived from the original on 9 December 2010. Retrieved 5 June 2010 – via Wayback Machine.Free access icon
  20. ^ For information on the archaeology of Kilcommon parish, see Comhar Dún Chaocháin Teo in Carrowteige.[not specific enough to verify]
  21. ^ "The Promontory Forts and Early Remains of the Coasts of County Mayo". Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland. JSTOR 25514241.
  22. ^ "Coast Guard and Catherine Corless honoured at People Of The Year awards". RTÉ.ie. 15 April 2018. Archived from the original on 16 April 2018. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
  23. ^ "Submission To Environment Protection Agency & Oral Hearing Request" (PDF). Erris Inshore Fisherman's Association. 15 February 2007 – via epa.ie.
  24. ^ "Irish Press Releases » Island Culture and Arts 24–26 July 2008 Belmullet". Irishpressreleases.ie. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 5 June 2010 – via Wayback Machine.Free access icon
  25. ^ "The Driving of Flidais' Cattle". Corona.edu. Archived from the original on 14 May 2010. Retrieved 5 June 2010 – via Wayback Machine.Free access icon
  26. ^ "About". Lennonquarries.com. Archived from the original on 14 February 2015. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
  27. ^ "Erris Beo". Errisbeo.ie. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
  28. ^ "Mayo Walks - Erris Head Loop Walk". Mayowalks.ie. Archived from the original on 2 September 2010. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
  29. ^ "Walking book from Dun Chaochain area of North Mayo, Ireland". Mayo-ireland.ie. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
  30. ^ a b "Tír Sáile - The North Mayo Sculpture Trail". northmayoarttrail.com. 9 January 2018. Retrieved 30 October 2018.
  31. ^ "Wave power has potential to light up Ireland". MayoNews.ie. 9 December 2008. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
  32. ^ "€160m wind farm to be built in Mayo". Farmers Journal. 24 May 2018. Archived from the original on 24 May 2018.
  33. ^ Western People - Wave farm in pipeline for Erris - October 2009
  34. ^ "SEAI - Sustainable Energy Ireland Commences Wave Energy Monitoring". Seai.ie. 23 February 2010. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
  35. ^ "Renewable Energy Strategy". mayococo.ie. Mayo County Council. Archived from the original on 17 April 2010.
  36. ^ "Prime Time". RTÉ News. 5 July 2015. Archived from the original on 2 November 2012.
  37. ^ "The Pipe". Undergroundfilms.ie. Archived from the original on 12 March 2010.


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