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Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami
বাংলাদেশ জামায়াতে ইসলামী
Abbreviation
  • Jamaat-e-Islami (formal)
  • Jamaat (informal)
  • JI (informal)
AmeerShafiqur Rahman
Secretary GeneralMia Golam Parwar
FounderAbul A'la Maududi
Founded1941; 83 years ago (1941) (original party)
1975 (current Bangladeshi faction)
Split fromJamaat-e-Islami Pakistan[1]
Headquarters505, Elephant Road, Mogbazar, Dhaka
NewspaperThe Daily Sangram
Student wingBangladesh Islami Chhatrashibir
(de facto)
IdeologyIslamism[2]
Islamic fundamentalism
Pan-Islamism[3]
Social conservatism
Right-wing populism[4]
Indoscepticism[5]
Political positionFar-right[6]
ReligionIslam[3]
International affiliationMuslim Brotherhood[7]
JI (Pakistan)[7]
JI (India)[7]
AKP (Turkey)[7]
Colors  Light green
MPs in the
Jatiya Sangsad		Parliament dissolved
Mayors in the
City Corporations		Post dissolved
Councillors in the
City Corporations		Post dissolved
Chairmans in the
District Councils		Post dissolved
Chairmans in the
Subdistrict Councils		Post dissolved
Election symbol
Party flag
Website
jamaat-e-islami.org
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Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami (Bengali: বাংলাদেশ জামায়াতে ইসলামী, lit. 'Bangladesh Islamic Congress'), previously known as Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh,[8] is the largest Islamist political party in Bangladesh.[a]

The origin of the party can be traced back to the original Jamaat-e-Islami party founded by Abul A'la Maududi in 1941. Its predecessor, the Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan, strongly opposed the independence of Bangladesh and break-up of Pakistan. In 1971, paramilitary forces linked to the party collaborated with the Pakistan Army in mass killings of Bangladeshi nationalists and intellectuals.[b]

Upon the independence of Bangladesh in 1971, the new government banned Jamaat-e-Islami from political participation since the government was secular and some of its leaders went into exile in Pakistan. Following the assassination of the first president and the military coup in 1975, the ban on the Jamaat was lifted and the new party Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh was formed. Exiled leaders were allowed to return. Abbas Ali Khan was the acting Amir of Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh. In the 1980s, the Jamaat joined the multi-party alliance for the restoration of democracy. It later allied with the Bangladesh Nationalist Party and Jamaat leaders became ministers in the two BNP-led governments of prime minister Begum Khaleda Zia (from 1991 to 1996 and from 2001 to 2006). Awami League also got involved with Jamaat to come to power in 1996.[19] In 2008, it won two of 300 elected seats in Parliament. In 2010, the government led by the Awami League, began prosecution of war crimes committed during the 1971 war under the International Crimes Tribunal. By 2012, two leaders of the BNP, one leader from Jatiya Party and eight from Jamaat had been charged with war crimes and by March 2013, three Jamaat leaders were convicted of crimes.[20] On 1 August 2013, the Bangladesh Supreme Court cancelled the registration of the Jamaat-e-Islami, ruling that the party is unfit to contest national elections.[c] With the surge of July Revolution, then Sheikh Hasina government banned the party fully on 1 August 2024.[25][26] However, after the fall of Sheikh Hasina, The decision was reversed on 28 August by the interim government.[27][28]

History

[edit]

In British India (1941–1947)

[edit]

The Jamaat-e-Islami was founded in pre-partition British India by Syed Abul A'la Maududi at Islamia Park, Lahore on 26 August 1941 as a movement to promote social and political Islam. Jamaat opposed the creation of a separate state of Pakistan for the Muslims of India. It also did not support the Muslim League, then the largest Muslim party in the election of 1946. nor did it support the "Composite Nationalism" (Muttahida Qaumiyat Aur Islam) of the Jamiat Ulama e-Hind. Maulana Abul Ala Maududi, the founder of Jamaat-e-Islami, actively worked to prevent the partition of India, arguing that concept violated the Islamic doctrine of the ummah.[29] Maulana Maududi saw the partition as creating a temporal border that would divide Muslims from one another.[30] He advocated for the whole of India to be reclaimed for Islam.[31]

In Pakistan (1947-1971)

[edit]

After the creation of Pakistan, Jamaat-e-Islami divided into separate Indian and Pakistani national organisations. When East Pakistan became independent as Bangladesh, the East Pakistan wing of Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan became Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami.[citation needed]

Jamaat-e-Islami participated in the democratic movement in Pakistan during the Period of Martial Law declared by Ayub Khan. An all-party democratic alliance (DAC) was formed in 1965. Jamaat head of East Pakistan, Ghulam Azam was a member of the alliance, which also included Maulana Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani and Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.[citation needed]

As an Islamist party, JI was uninterested in ethnic issues or local languages but strongly supported Islamic unity, and so supported the Pakistani military in their campaign. East Pakistan JI head Ghulam Azam coordinated the development and operation of paramilitary forces during the war, including Razakar, Al-Shams, and Al-Badr in collaboration with the Pakistan Army. These units committed the Bangladesh genocide and other war crimes at the time, most notorious of which was the systematic execution of Bengali pro-liberation intellectuals on 14 December 1971. As the war neared its end, a final effort to wipe off as many intellectuals as possible took place, to eliminate the future leaders of the new nation. On 14 December 1971, over 200 of East Pakistan's intellectuals including professors, journalists, doctors, artists, engineers, and writers were picked up from their homes in Dhaka by the Al-Badr militias. Notable novelist Shahidullah Kaiser and playwright Munier Choudhury were among the victims. They were taken blindfolded to torture cells in Mirpur, Mohammadpur, Nakhalpara, Rajarbagh and other locations in different sections of the city. Later, they were executed en masse, most notably at Rayerbazar and Mirpur.[citation needed]

In Bangladesh (1971–present)

[edit]

Jamaat was banned after the independence of Bangladesh in December 1971, and its top leaders fled to West Pakistan. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the first president of Bangladesh, also cancelled the citizenship of Ghulam Azam, the leader of Jamaat-e-Islami who moved to Pakistan, the Middle East and the UK.[32] Azam first fled to Pakistan and organised an "East Pakistan Recovery Week". As information about his participation in the killing of civilians came to light "a strong groundswell of resentment against" East Pakistan JI leadership developed and Azam and Maulana Abdur Rahim were sent to Saudi Arabia. In Saudi Arabia, Azam and some of his followers successfully appealed for donations to "defend Islam" in Bangladesh, asserting that the Hindu minority there were "killing Muslims and burning their homes."[33]

President Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was assassinated in August 1975 by a small group of Bangladesh Army officers. post-Mujibur governments were immediately recognised by both Saudi Arabia and Pakistan, and Jamaat-e-Islami once again resumed political activities in Bangladesh. Ziaur Rahman also allowed Azam to return to Bangladesh as the leader of Jamaat-e-Islami.[32]

After the end of military rule in 1990, mass protests began against Azam and Jamaat-e-Islami, who were accused by the protesters of committing war crimes. The protests were headed by Jahanara Imam, an author who lost her elder son, Shafi Imam Rumi, in the liberation war. Azam's citizenship was challenged in a case that went to the Bangladesh Supreme Court, as he held only a Pakistani passport. Absent prosecution of Azam for war crimes, the Supreme Court ruled that he had to be allowed a Bangladeshi passport and the freedom to resume his political activities.[citation needed]

Bangladesh Police arrested Jamaat-e-Islami chief and former Industry Minister Motiur Rahman Nizami from his residence in the capital in a graft case on 19 May 2008 and was charged with war crimes in 2009. He was hanged to death on 11 May 2016.[34] Earlier, two former Cabinet Ministers of the immediate past BNP-led alliance government, Abdul Mannan Bhuiyan and Shamsul Islam were sent to Dhaka Central Jail, after they surrendered before the court.[citation needed] As a result, in the parliamentary elections of December 2008, Jamaat-e-Islami garnered fewer than 5 seats out of the total 300 that constitute the national parliament. The Bangladesh Nationalist Party was concerned, as Jamaat-e-Islami had been their primary political partner in the Four-Party Alliance.[35]

On 27 January 2009, the Bangladesh Supreme Court issued a ruling after 25 people from different Islamic organisations, including Bangladesh Tariqat Federation's Secretary General Syed Rezaul Haque Chandpuri, Jaker Party's Secretary General Munshi Abdul Latif and Sammilita Islami Jote's President Maulana Ziaul Hasan, filed a joint petition. Jamaat e Islami chief Motiur Rahman Nizami, Secretary General Ali Ahsan Mujaheed and the Election Commission Secretary were given six weeks time to reply, but they did not. The ruling asked to explain as to "why the Jamaat's registration should not be declared illegal". As a verdict of the ruling, High Court cancelled the registration of the Jamaat-e-Islami on 1 August 2013,[36][37] ruling that the party is unfit to contest national polls because its charter puts God above democratic process.[d]

On 5 August 2013, the Supreme Court rejected Jamaat's plea against the High Court. The chamber judge of the Appellate Division Justice AHM Shamsuddin Choudhury Manik while rejecting the Jamaat's petition seeking stay on the High Court verdict, said that the Jamaat could move a regular appeal before the Appellate Division against the verdict after getting its full text.[39]

In February 2013, following the verdict by the International Crimes Tribunal (ICT), and the announcement of death sentence of Delwar Hossain Sayidee (a leader of Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami,[13] during the Bangladesh liberation war of 1971[40]), supporters of Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami and its student wing Islami Chhatra Shibir were involved in country-wide resistance and police killed 44 protesters and wounding 250.[e] More than 50 temples were damaged, and more than 1,500 houses and business establishments of Hindus were torched in Gaibandha, Chittagong, Rangpur, Sylhet, Chapainawabganj, Bogra and in many other districts of the country,[f] By March 2013, at least 87 people killed by the government security forces.[48] The Jamaat-e-Islami supporters called for the fall of the government.[48][additional citation(s) needed] Supporters of Jamaat and its student wing Shibir have been involved in violence.[g]

As a result of involvement of Jamaat-e Islami in Bangladesh Quota protest, the Bangladesh government under Hasina Administration decided to fully ban the party on 1 August 2024.[h] However, it was reversed on 28 August 2024.[55]

Ideology

[edit]

The Jamaat agenda is the creation of an "Islamic state" with the Sharia legal system, and outlawing "un-Islamic" practices and laws. For this reason, it interpretes their central political concept Iqamat-e-Deen as establishing Islamic state by possession of state power.[56] However in 2012, after an amendment to the party's constitution, the party omitted references to the God and the Prophet Muhammad and now cites to establish an equality and justice-based society.[citation needed]

List of Ameers

[edit]
Main article: Ameer of Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami
Year Office Holder
1956–1960 Mawlana Muhammad Abdur Rahim
1960–2000 Professor Ghulam Azam
1979-1994 Abbas Ali Khan (Acting)
2000–2016 Motiur Rahman Nizami
2016–2019 Mawlana Maqbul Ahmed
2019–present Dr. Shafiqur Rahman

Controversies

[edit]

Accusations of war crimes

[edit]

Many of Jamaat's leaders are accused of committing war crimes and genocide during the liberation war of Bangladesh in 1971 and several have been convicted by the International Crimes Tribunal.[57]

International Crimes Tribunal

[edit]
Main article: International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh)

The International Crimes Tribunal was formed in 2009, shortly after the Awami League came to power with a view to punish its political opponent.

By November 2011, the International Crimes Tribunal had charged two BNP leaders and ten Jamaat leaders with war crimes committed during the Bangladesh liberation war and 1971 Bangladesh genocide.

Abul Kalam Azad, a nationally known Islamic cleric and a former member of Jamaat, was charged with genocide, rape, abduction, confinement and torture. He was tried in absentia after having fled the country; police believe he is in Pakistan.[58] In January 2013, Azad was the first suspect to be convicted in the trials; he was found guilty of seven of eight charges and sentenced to death by hanging.[59] Azad's defence lawyer, a prominent Supreme Court lawyer appointed by the state, did not have any witnesses in the case; he said Azad's family failed to cooperate in helping locate witnesses and refused to testify as there was no chance of a fair trial.[60]

The summary of verdict in the conviction of Abdul Quader Mollah recognised the role played by Jamaat-e-Islami and its student wing ('Islami Chatra Sangha') as collaborators with the Pakistan Army in 1971. The party was found guilty of forming paramilitary forces, such as Razakar and Al-Badr. It was said to have taken part in the systematic genocide of the Bangladeshi people and other violent activities.[61]

As a result of the trials, the activists of the 2013 Shahbag Protest have demanded that the government ban Jamaat from Bangladeshi politics.[62][63] In response, the government started drafting a bill to ban Jamaat-e-Islami from Bangladeshi politics.[64]

On 28 February 2013, Delwar Hossain Sayeedi, the deputy of Jamaat, was found guilty of genocide, rape and religious persecution. He was sentenced to death by hanging.[65] His defence lawyer had earlier complained that a witness who was supposed to testify for him was abducted from the gates of the courthouse on 5 November 2012, reportedly by police, and has not been heard from since. The government did not seem to take the issue seriously after the prosecution denied there was a problem. It is presumed that the security forces killed the witness as the entire judicial process was to vanish the opposition.[66]

Muhammad Kamaruzzaman, senior assistant secretary general of Jamaat-e-Islami was indicted on 7 June 2012 on 7 counts of crimes against humanity.[67] On 9 May 2013, he was convicted and given the death penalty on five counts of mass killings, rape, torture and kidnapping.[68]

Ghulam Azam, ameer of Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh until 2000 was found guilty by the ICT on five counts. Incitement, conspiracy, planning, abatement and failure to prevent murder. He was sentenced on 15 July 2013 to 90 years imprisonment.[69]

Ali Ahsan Mohammad Mojaheed, Secretary General of Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami was sentenced to death by hanging on 22 November 2015.[70]

Chowdhury Mueen-Uddin, who fled to the UK after the liberation of Bangladesh and a leader of the London-based Jamaat organisation Dawatul Islam,[71] was indicted for crimes against humanity and genocide and being a leader of the Al-Badr militia. He is also accused of the murder of Bangladesh's top intellectuals during the war, although he has denied all charges.[72]

Student wing

[edit]
Main article: Bangladesh Islami Chhatrashibir

Bangladesh Islami Chhatrashibir, an independent student organisation, works as the de facto student wing[73] of Jamaat-e-Islami. The organisationhas significant presence at many colleges and universities of Bangladesh, including the Chittagong College, Government Bangla College,Dhaka College, Government Titumir College, University of Chittagong, University of Dhaka, Rajshahi University, Islamic University, Begum Rokeya University, Carmichael College etc. It is also influential in the madrassa system. It's the successor of East Pakistan Islami Chatra Shangha, the East Pakistani wing of Islami Jamiat-e-Talaba.[i] It is a member of the International Islamic Federation of Student Organisations and the World Assembly of Muslim Youth.[80][81]

Election results

[edit]
Election year Party leader Votes % of Percentage Seats +/– Position Government
1986 Ghulam Azam 13,14,057 4.60%
10 / 300
 Increase 10 Increase 3rd Opposition
1988 Boycotted
0 / 300
 Decrease 10 — Extra-parliamentary
1991 4,117,737 12.2%
18 / 300
 Increase 18 Increase 3rd Opposition
February 1996 Boycotted
0 / 300
 Decrease 18 — Extra-parliamentary
June 1996 3,653,013 8.6
3 / 300
 Increase 3 Decrease 4th Opposition
2001 Motiur Rahman Nizami 2,385,361 4.28
17 / 300
 Increase 14 Steady 4th Coalition government
2008 3,186,384 4.6%
2 / 300
 Decrease 15 Steady 4th Opposition
2014 Did not contest
0 / 300
 Decrease 2 — Extra-parliamentary
2018 Maqbul Ahmed Did not contest
0 / 300
 Steady 0 — Extra-parliamentary
2024 Shafiqur Rahman Did not contest
0 / 300
 Steady 0 — Extra-parliamentary
The Jamaat in parliamentary elections
Year Results
1973 Party banned because it was an Islamist party and so was a threat to Secularism
1979 Party legalized under the name "Islamic Democratic League"
Together with larger Muslim League won 20 seats.
1986 10 seats.[8]
1991 18 seats.[8]
1996 3 seats.[8]
2001 17 seats. (took part by forming alliance with 3 other parties.)[8]
2008 2 seats.[82](took part by forming alliance with 3 other parties.)
2013 The Bangladesh Supreme Court declared the registration of the Jamaat-e-Islami illegal,
ruling that the party is unfit to contest national polls.[21][22][23][24]

1991 Election

[edit]
# Constituency Member Vote Percentages
1 Dinajpur-6 Azizur Rahman Chowdhury 28.7%
2 Bogra-2 Shahaduzzaman 34.0%
3 Chapai Nawabganj-3 Latifur Rahman 35.3%
4 Naogaon-4 Nasir Uddin 49.8%
5 Natore-3 Md. Abu Bakar 36.0%
6 Pabna-1 Motiur Rahman Nizami 36.9%
7 Pabna-5 Abdus Sobhan 47.3%
8 Chuadanga-2 Habibur Rahman 36.6%
9 Jessore-6 Md. Shakhawat Hossain 47.3%
10 Bagerhat-4 Abdus Sattar Akon 42.9%
11 Khulna-6 Shah Md. Ruhul Quddus 40.5%
12 Satkhira-1 Ansar Ali 39.5%
13 Satkhira-2 Kazi Shamsur Rahman 38.6%
14 Satkhira-3 AM Riasat Ali Biswas 33.1%
15 Satkhira-5 Gazi Nazrul Islam
16 Rajbari-2 AKM Aszad
17 Chittagong-14 Shajahan Chowdhury 46.2%
18 Cox's Bazar-1 Enamul Haq Manju 35.0%

June 1996 Election

[edit]
# Constituency Member Vote Percentages
1 Nilphamari-3 Mizanur Rahman Chowdhury 31.3%
2 Satkhira-2 Kazi Shamsur Rahman 31.9%
3 Pirojpur-1 Delwar Hossain Sayeedi 37.0%

2001 Election

[edit]
# Constituency Member Vote Percentages
1 Dinajpur-1 Abdullah Al Kafi 44.9%
2 Dinajpur-6 Azizur Rahman Chowdhury 39.8%
3 Nilphamari-3 Mizanur Rahman Chowdhury 38.0%
4 Gaibandha-1 Abdul Aziz Mia 40.9%
5 Pabna-1 Motiur Rahman Nizami 57.7%
6 Pabna-5 Abdus Sobhan 56.8%
7 Jessore-2 Abu Sayeed Md. Shahadat Hussain 52.3%
8 Narail-2 Shahidul Islam 48.2% (96.6% by election)
9 Bagerhat-4 Abdus Sattar Akon 48.1%
10 Khulna-5 Mia Golam Porwar 49.6%
11 Khulna-6 Shah Md. Ruhul Quddus 56.9%
12 Satkhira-2 Abdul Khaleque Mondal 60.0%
13 Satkhira-3 AM Riasat Ali Biswas 55.0%
14 Satkhira-5 Gazi Nazrul Islam 54.9%
15 Pirojpur-1 Delwar Hossain Sayeedi 57.2%
16 Sylhet-5 Farid Uddin Chowdhury 49.1%
17 Comilla-12 Dr. Syed Abdullah Muhammad Taher 66.0%

2008 Election

[edit]
# Constituency Member Vote Percentages
1 Chittagong-14 Samsul Islam 51.1%
2 Cox's Bazar-2 A. H. M. Hamidur Rahman Azad 53.9%

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]

Footnotes

  1. ^ Multiple references:[9][10][11]
  2. ^ Multiple references:[12][13][14][15][16][17][18]
  3. ^ Multiple references:[21][22][23][24]
  4. ^ Multiple references:[22][23][24][38]
  5. ^ Multiple references:[8][41][42][43]
  6. ^ Multiple references:[44][45][46][47]
  7. ^ Multiple references:[49] They have been accused widely from murdering opponent political party activists to instigating riots by spreading fraudulent news.[49][50][51]
  8. ^ Multiple references:[52][53][54]
  9. ^ Multiple references:[74][75][76][77][78][79]

Citations

  1. ^ Haqqani, Husain (2005). Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. p. 171. ISBN 978-0-87003-214-1.
  2. ^ Riaz, Ali (2008). Islamist Militancy in Bangladesh: A Complex Web. Routledge. pp. 16, 19. ISBN 978-0-415-45172-7.
  3. ^ a b Campo, Juan Eduardo (2009). Encyclopedia of Islam. Infobase Publishing. p. 390. ISBN 978-1-4381-2696-8.
  4. ^ "Mapping Global Populism - Panel #9: Civilizational Populism and Religious Authoritarianism in Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and the Maldives". European Center for Populism Studies. 16 January 2024.
  5. ^ "Bangladesh: The Wind in Jamaat-e-Islami's Sails is Worrying for India". 28 June 2023.
  6. ^ "A Islamist political party with no link to terrorism and militancy". The Hindu. 28 August 2024.
  7. ^ a b c d জামায়াতে ইসলামীর বিদেশী বন্ধু কারা? [Who are the foreign allies of Jamaat-e-Islami?]. BBC Bangla (in Bengali). 11 May 2016. Retrieved 1 September 2024.
  8. ^ a b c d e f Sirajul Islam; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir, eds. (2012). "Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh". Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN 984-32-0576-6. OCLC 52727562. OL 30677644M. Retrieved 3 November 2024.
  9. ^ "Bangladesh's election: The tenacity of hope". The Economist. 30 December 2008. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 26 January 2015. [The BNP] seems also to have been hurt by its alliance with Islamist parties, the largest of which, Jamaat-e-Islami, was reduced from 17 seats to just two.
  10. ^ "Jamaat almost finalizes constitution of its new party". Dhaka Tribune. 17 July 2020.
  11. ^ "Bangladesh and war crimes: Blighted at birth". The Economist. 1 July 2010. West [Pakistan]'s army had the support of many of East Pakistan's Islamist parties. They included Jamaat-e-Islami, still Bangladesh's largest Islamist party ... reinstating and enforcing that original constitution might amount to an outright ban on Jamaat, the standard bearer in Bangladesh for a conservative strain of Islam.
  12. ^ Rubin, Barry A. (2010). Guide to Islamist Movements. M.E. Sharpe. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-7656-1747-7.
  13. ^ a b "Bangladesh party leader accused of war crimes in 1971 conflict". The Guardian. 3 October 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2013.
  14. ^ "Charges pressed against Ghulam Azam". New Age (Bangladesh). Dhaka. 12 December 2011. Archived from the original on 16 December 2013. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
  15. ^ "Ghulam Azam was 'involved'". The Daily Star. 2 November 2011. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
  16. ^ "Bangladesh: Abdul Kader Mullah gets life sentence for war crimes". BBC News. 5 February 2013. Retrieved 5 February 2013.
  17. ^ ভারতীয় চক্রান্ত বরদাস্ত করব না [We will never tolerate Indian conspiracy]. The Daily Sangram. 13 April 1971.
  18. ^ Fair, C. Christine (2010). Pakistan: Can the United States Secure an Insecure State?. Rand Corporation. pp. 21–22. ISBN 978-0-8330-4807-3.
  19. ^ "Then with AL, now with BNP". The Daily Star (Bangladesh). 5 January 2014.
  20. ^ "Supporters of Awami League-Supporters of Jamaat-e-Islami". Uppsala Conflict Data Project. Archived from the original on 1 October 2017. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
  21. ^ a b "Jamaat loses registration". bdnews24.com. 1 August 2013. Archived from the original on 18 March 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
  22. ^ a b c "Bangladesh court declares Jamaat illegal". Al Jazeera. 1 August 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
  23. ^ a b c "Bangladesh high court restricts Islamist party Jamaat". BBC News. 1 August 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
  24. ^ a b c Farid Ahmed; Saeed Ahmed (1 August 2013). "Bangladesh high court declares rules against Islamist party". CNN. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
  25. ^ "Bangladesh bans Jamaat-e-Islami party following violent protests that left more than 200 dead". The Washington Post. 1 August 2024. Archived from the original on 2 August 2024.
  26. ^ "Jamaat condemns ban on its activities, says govt wants to 'divert attention from student movement'". The Business Standard. 1 August 2024.
  27. ^ "Govt issues gazette lifting ban on Jamaat". The Daily Star. 28 August 2024. Archived from the original on 28 August 2024.
  28. ^ "Govt issues gazette withdrawing ban on Jamaat-Shibir". The Business Standard. 28 August 2024. Archived from the original on 28 August 2024.
  29. ^ Oh, Irene (2007). The rights of God : Islam, human rights, and comparative ethics. Georgetown University Press. p. 45. ISBN 978-1-58901-463-3. In the debate over whether Muslims should establish their own state, separate from a Hindu India, Maududi initially argued against such a creation and asserted that the establishment of a political Muslim state defined by borders violated the idea of the universal umma. Citizenship and national borders, which would characterize the new Muslim state, contradicted the notion that Muslims should not be separated by one another by these temporal boundaries. In this milieu, Maududi founded the organization Jama'at-e Islami. ... The Jama'at for its first few years worked actively to prevent the partition, but once partition became inevitable, it established offices in both Pakistan and India.
  30. ^ Rasheed, Nighat (2007). A critical study of the reformist trends in the Indian Muslim society during the nineteenth century (PDF) (PhD). Aligarh Muslim University. p. 336. Retrieved 2 March 2020. The Jama'at -i-Islami was founded in 1941. Maulana Maududi being its founder strongly opposed the idea of creating Pakistan, a separate Muslim country, by dividing India, but surprisingly after the creation of Pakistan, he migrated to Lahore. Again in the beginning, he was opposed to and denounced the struggle for Kashmir as un-Islamic, for which he was imprisoned in 1950, but later on in 1965, he changed his views and endorsed the Kashmir war as Jihad. Maulana Maududi took an active part in demanding discriminative legislation and executive action against the Ahmadi sect leading to widespread rioting and violence in Pakistan. He was persecuted arrested and imprisoned for advocating his political ideas through his writings and speeches. During the- military regime from 1958 the Jama'at-iIslami was banned and was revived only in 1962, Maududi was briefly imprisoned. He refused to apologize for his actions or to request clemency from the government. He demanded his freedom to speak and accepted the punishment of death as the will of God. His fierce commitment to his ideals caused his supporters worldwide to rally for his release and the government acceded commuting his death sentence to a term of life imprisonment. Eventually, the military government pardoned Maulana Maududi completely
  31. ^ Esposito, John L.; Sonn, Tamara; Voll, John Obert (2016). Islam and Democracy After the Arab Spring. Oxford University Press. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-19-514798-8. Mawdudi (d. 1979) was opposed to the partition of India, preferring that Muslims reclaim all of India for Islam.
  32. ^ a b "Bangladesh war crimes trial: Key accused". BBC News. 16 June 2015.
  33. ^ Karlekar, Hiranmay (2005). Bangladesh: The Next Afghanistan?. SAGE Publishing. p. 48.
  34. ^ "Nizami executed". Prothom Alo. Archived from the original on 11 May 2016. Retrieved 10 May 2016.
  35. ^ Azad, M Abul Kalam (30 December 2008). "Jamaat in checkmate". The Daily Star (Bangladesh). Retrieved 30 October 2024.
  36. ^ Writ Petition 630/2009 Archived 8 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  37. ^ "HC declares Jamaat registration illegal". The Independent (Bangladesh). Dhaka. 1 August 2013. Archived from the original on 17 December 2013.
  38. ^ "Bangladesh's volatile politics: The battling begums". The Economist. 10 August 2013. Archived from the original on 11 August 2013.
  39. ^ Habib, Haroon (5 August 2013). "Bangladesh SC rejects Jamaat's plea against disqualification". The Hindu. Press Trust of India. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
  40. ^ "Tribunal hears war crimes of Sayedee". The Daily Star. 5 August 2010.
  41. ^ "Bagerhat, Barisal Hindu temples set ablaze". Bdnews24.com. 2 March 2013. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
  42. ^ "At Least 44 Dead in Bangladesh Clashes". Voice of America News. 1 March 2013. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
  43. ^ Ahmed, Anis (28 February 2013). "Bangladesh Islamist's death sentence sparks deadly riots". Reuters. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
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