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John Dixon Butler
RA FRIBA
Dixon Butler, pictured in a 1920 edition of The Builder
BornDecember 1860
Died27 October 1920
Alma materUniversity College London
Architectural Association
OccupationArchitect
PracticeSurveyor to the Metropolitan Police (1895–1920)

John Dixon Butler RA, FRIBA (December 1860[1] – 27 October 1920) was a British architect and surveyor who had a long, professional association with London's Metropolitan Police. During his 25-year career with the police, he completed the designs and alterations to around 200 police buildings, including ten courts; as of 2022, about 58 of his buildings survive. Historic England describes him as "one of the most accomplished Metropolitan Police architects" and have included around 25 of his buildings on the National Historic List of England and Wales.

Dixon Butler was born in London and studied architecture under Richard Norman Shaw, with whom he would later work on the designs for Canon Row Police Station (1898), and the Scotland Yard (south building) (1906) on London's Embankment. Dixon Butler became Architect and Surveyor to the Metropolitan Police in 1885, making him the fifth such architect to hold the post. Dixon Butler's designs were usually in a domestic style, sensitive to the context of newly-developed suburban areas in which stations were often located, but with strong municipal qualities such as iron railings, inscribed lintels identifying the building as a police station, and other stone dressings.

Elected a fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) in 1906, Dixon Butler worked up until his death in 1920. He was succeeded in the role of surveyor to the Metropolitan Police by Gilbert Mackenzie Trench, the same year.

Early life

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Dixon Butler was born in December 1860[1] at 11 Redcliffe Gardens, Chelsea, London.[2] He was the only son and the second of two children to John Butler (1828–1900), an architect and surveyor, and his wife, Hannah née Deavin.[3] Dixon Butler studied at University College London and then the Architectural Association, before being articled to his father, from whom he learnt about the design and planning of police buildings.[4]

Dixon Butler's father was Deputy Surveyor to the Metropolitan Police and was the first witness called in the trial of the murderers of Harriet Lane in 1875.[5][6] He designed the police station on Bethnal Green Road in Tower Hamlets in East London in 1892 and his son refaced it in 1917, making it a rare example of both their work.[7] Another example is the North Building at Scotland Yard where R. Norman Shaw first worked up a preliminary design by John Butler, and subsequently completed the building with assistance from Dixon Butler.[8]}}[4] Both father and son worked under Richard Norman Shaw on the designs for Scotland Yard; Butler on the North building, Dixon Butler on the South.[9] The position was later reversed at Canon Row on London's Embankment, on which Dixon Butler was the lead architect and Norman Shaw acted as consultant.[10]

Surveyor to the Metropolitan Police

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The Metropolitan Police Force Surveyorship was established in 1842;[a][b][11] the force's first purpose-built station was built at Bow Street, erected two years after Sir Robert Peel's Metropolitan Police Act of 1829.

There was a boom in police stations during the 1880s following the political unrest of that decade and high-profile events such as the Whitechapel Murders.[14] Cherry, O'Brien and Pevsner, in their London: East volume of the Buildings of England series, record Dixon Butler's "unique" riverside police stations for the Thames River Police, founded in 1798 to combat piracy,[15] including his station at Wapping which now houses the Thames River Police Museum.[16][17]

Under Dixon Butler, after 1895, police station interiors in London became more domesticated and an effort was made to make them more approachable to the public, including their relocation into more public areas. After a violent demonstration outside the station in Bow Street, the Metropolitan Police decided to have separate entrances at their stations for constables, away from the public, and to have officers live at the stations under the supervision of senior colleagues. Extra provisions were also made for the care of prisoners, including the introduction of ablution areas and exercise yards.[14] Externally, Dixon Butler was careful to design them in a similar style to the surrounding, newly developed suburban areas in which they served.[15]

Dixon Butler's designs included features which give his buildings strong municipal accents, such as iron railings and lintels inscribed "Police" or "Police Station", set in stone dressings, and his frequent use of elaborate consoles to doors and windows.[18] These elements give his designs their architectural quality[14] creating a "characteristic type which can be recognised all over London".[18] Historic England describes him as "one of the most accomplished Metropolitan Police architects".[4]

Buildings

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Tower Bridge Magistrates' Court and Police Station, now the Dixon Hotel. Named in honour of Dixon Butler, Cherry and Pevsner call it "quite spectacular of its date".[19]

Dixon Butler completed about 200 buildings during his career, nearly all police stations,[20] and around 10 courthouses;[21] around 58 buildings survive.[20] He designed Northwood Police Station in the Old English style, sensitive to the fact that at that time, Northwood was semi-rural, whilst acknowledging the proximity to London, through its station on the London Underground Metropolitan line.[14] He designed similar police stations at Pinner and Kew, with the one at Pinner, designed in 1897, being the most domesticated of all his stations; it was equipped with living quarters for a married sergeant and his family, including two bedrooms, a living room, a scullery and a larder, a lobby, waiting room, inspector's office, charge room, parade room, three cells, a stable for two horses and an attached ambulance shed.[3]

A number of Dixon Butler's existing buildings have been converted to other uses, including three, Tower Bridge Magistrates Court and Police Station (now The Dixon),[20] Marlborough Street Magistrates Court (now The Courthouse Hotel)[22] and Shoreditch Magistrates Court and Police Station (now The Courthouse, Shoreditch),[23] which have been converted to hotels. Historic England have included 32 of these buildings on the National Historic List of England and Wales.[4] All are listed Grade II, with the exception of Canon Row Police Station which is given the higher grading of II*.[24]

Known existing buildings

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Former Canon Row Police Station, Victoria Embankment
Former Marlborough Street Magistrates Court, now the Courthouse Hotel

Personal life and death

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In his spare time Dixon Butler was actively engaged in amateur dramatics. In an April 1890 edition of the Croydon Guardian and Surrey County Gazette, he is shown as being part of the Selwood Operatic Company, performing in a small concert in aid of St James's Church, Croydon.[84] Five years later, according to The Stage, he, along with a group of other architects, including George Baron Carvill, took part in a production of King Arthur [c] at the London Scottish Reserves HQ in Buckingham Gate. The play was advertised as being "a burlesque written for architects by architects" and featured an architectural-themed twist to its plot; the part of the King (played by Dixon Butler) was a district surveyor who had, under his care, three articled pupils, Sirs Lancelot (Albert L. Harris) Mordred (Herbert Phillips Fletcher, brother to Banister Fletcher) and Percival (C.V Cable).[86]

Like his father, Dixon Butler was an active Freemason and became a member of the Baldwin Lodge in Dalton-in-Furness on 11 June 1890;[87] five years later, he was initiated at the Mount Moriah Lodge, Tower Hill.[88] He married Hannah Frazer (1854–1924)[89] in March 1901;[90] they had no children.[citation needed] He was elected a fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) in 1906.[4]

Dixon Butler retired to Molesey, Surrey, where he died on 27 October 1920. He was interred in the churchyard of St John's in Woking.[91] He was succeeded in the role of surveyor to the Metropolitan Police by Gilbert Mackenzie Trench, the same year. Dixon Butler's Tower Bridge Police Station and Court, now a hotel, is named The Dixon in commemoration of him.[92]

Notes

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  1. ^ The post of Surveyor to the Metropolitan Police has been held by only nine people since its establishment in 1842, with five of the surveyors serving for terms of over twenty years; Charles Reeves (1842–1866), John Dixon Butler (1895–1920), Gilbert Mackenzie Trench (1921–1947), John Innes Elliott (1947–1974) and T. Lawrence from 1988.[11]
  2. ^ Gilbert Mackenzie Trench was the designer of the Metropolitan Police box which was subsequently the inspiration for the TARDIS.[12][13]
  3. ^ King Arthur (also King Arthur: A Drama in a Prologue and Four Acts) was a play by Joseph Comyns Carr, produced by Henry Irving at the Lyceum Theatre, London, in 1895.[85]

References

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  1. ^ a b "England & Wales, Civil Registration Birth Index, 1837-1915". FreeBMD. ONS. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  2. ^ Census of 1861: Class: RG 9; Piece: 22; Folio: 10; Page: 12; GSU roll: 542558
  3. ^ a b c Historic England. "Pinner Police Station including stable block, boundary wall, gate pier and fences, bollards and police lamps (Grade II) (1411163)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Historic England. "Former Police Station and Courthouse, including stable and harness room, railings and lamps (Grade II) (1130397)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
  5. ^ "HENRY WAINWRIGHT. THOMAS GEORGE WAINWRIGHT. Killing; murder. 22nd November 1875".
  6. ^ Bradley & Pevsner 2003, xv.
  7. ^ a b Cherry, O'Brien & Pevsner 2005, p. 578.
  8. ^ Bradley & Pevsner 2003, p. 248.
  9. ^ Saint 2010, pp. 291–295.
  10. ^ "John Dixon Butler (1861—1920)". Oxford Reference. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
  11. ^ a b Cherry & Pevsner 2002b, p. 21.
  12. ^ Historic England. "Metropolitan Police Box at National Tramway Museum (1109166)". National Heritage List for England.
  13. ^ Roberts, Andrew (1 October 2019). "What Was The London Police Box". The Oldie.
  14. ^ a b c d Historic England. "Police Station (Grade II) (1393152)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
  15. ^ a b Cherry, O'Brien & Pevsner 2005, p. 73.
  16. ^ Cherry, O'Brien & Pevsner 2005, p. 507.
  17. ^ "Thames Police – The Museum". www.thamespolicemuseum.org.uk. Thames Police. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
  18. ^ a b Cherry & Pevsner 2002c, p. 52.
  19. ^ Cherry & Pevsner 2002a, p. 602.
  20. ^ a b c O’Flaherty, Mark C. (27 March 2019). "Hotel Hit Squad: A hotel in a former magistrate's court? The Dixon is judged to be a guilty pleasure, but the witticisms are criminal". The Telegraph. Retrieved 27 November 2020.
  21. ^ Graya: A Magazine for Members of Gray's Inn, Issue 111, published 2000, p. 88.
  22. ^ Valentine, Hannah (27 November 2018). "The Courthouse Hotel: Law and Luxury comes to Soho". Glass Magazine.
  23. ^ "A Contemporary Design Hotel with History", Courthouse Hotel, accessed 13 June 2021.
  24. ^ "Dixon Butler Search". Historic England. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
  25. ^ "Former Greenford Police Station", Mayor of London: London Assembly, accessed 8 July 2024.
  26. ^ Historic England. "Former New Scotland Yard, Norman Shaw South Building (Grade II*) (1357349)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
  27. ^ Historic England. "Camberwell Police Station and attached lamp bracket (Grade II) (1378397)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
  28. ^ Historic England. "Canon Row Police Station (Grade II*) (1357244)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
  29. ^ Historic England. "Police Station (Grade II) (1079979)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
  30. ^ Sanderson 2021, pp. 51.
  31. ^ Cherry, O'Brien & Pevsner 2005, p. 373.
  32. ^ Cherry & Pevsner 2002a, p. 453.
  33. ^ Bradley & Pevsner 2003, p. 660.
  34. ^ Historic England. "Police Station (Grade II) (1271080)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
  35. ^ "Vincent Square", John Simpson Architects, accessed on 28 December 2022.
  36. ^ Protesters 'disappointed' Sidcup police station set to close, News Hopper, 9 March 2012, accessed 28 December 2022
  37. ^ Historic England. "Court House and Police Station, Old Street (Grade II) (1376533)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
  38. ^ Historic England. "Police Station (Grade II) (1079980)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 27 February 2023.
  39. ^ Sanderson 2021, p. 50.
  40. ^ Historic England. "Police Station and stables (Grade II) (1393152)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
  41. ^ Historic England. "Former Magistrate's Court, 69 Rochester Row (Grade II) (1246992)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
  42. ^ Historic England. "Newham Police Station (Grade II) (1253087)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
  43. ^ "Axed East Ham police station sold for £3.4m", Newham Recorder, 3 September 2018, accessed 28 December 2022.
  44. ^ Historic England. "Gates and Piers to entrance to Derby Gate (Grade II) (1066344)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
  45. ^ Historic England. "The Police Station, Lower Clapton (Grade II) (1264866)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
  46. ^ Cherry, O'Brien & Pevsner 2005, p. 312.
  47. ^ "THE POLICE STATION, Hackney - 1264866 | Historic England". historicengland.org.uk. Retrieved 30 April 2021.
  48. ^ "Hackney Central Police Station sold to free school trust for £7.6 million". Hackney Citizen. 17 March 2014. Retrieved 30 April 2021.
  49. ^ Cherry & Pevsner 2002c, p. 431.
  50. ^ Cherry, O'Brien & Pevsner 2005, p. 342.
  51. ^ Historic England. "Former Clerkenwell Magistrates Court and attached railings (Grade II) (1195651)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
  52. ^ Cherry & Pevsner 2002c, p. 520.
  53. ^ Historic England. "Tower Bridge Magistrates Court, Police Station and railings (Grade II) (1385973)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
  54. ^ Historic England. "Wapping Police Station (Grade II) (1242394)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
  55. ^ a b Bradley & Pevsner 2003, p. 576.
  56. ^ Historic England. "Sutton Police Station, gate piers and police lamps (Grade II) (1244322)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
  57. ^ Historic England. "Wealdstone Police Station (Grade II) (1245418)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
  58. ^ Historic England. "Greenwich Magistrates Court (Grade II) (1272459)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
  59. ^ Bradley & Pevsner 2003, p. 397.
  60. ^ "Golden Square Area: Beak Street". Survey of London. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
  61. ^ "Beak Street London", Price Myers, accessed 11 January 2023.
  62. ^ Historic England. "Police Station (Grade II) (1391898)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
  63. ^ Cherry, O'Brien & Pevsner 2005, p. 127.
  64. ^ Rasiah, Janine; Silverman, Anna (29 May 2015). "Poll: Flats plan for former Barking police station". Barking and Dagenham Post.
  65. ^ Cherry & Pevsner 2002b, p. 130.
  66. ^ Historic England. "NORTHWOOD POLICE STATION INCLUDING POLICE LAMP, CALL BOX, BOUNDARY FENCE AND GATES (Grade II) (1392966)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 20 February 2023.
  67. ^ Sanderson 2021, pp. 82–3.
  68. ^ Historic England. "Harrow Road Police Station including stable block, boundary wall, gate pier and fences, bollards and police lamps (Grade II) (1263477)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
  69. ^ Historic England. "Police station (Grade II) (1080026)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 20 February 2023.
  70. ^ "Former Deptford Police Station, 114-116 Amersham Vale, London", Historic England, accessed 20 February 2023.
  71. ^ Sanderson 2021, pp. 47–8.
  72. ^ Cherry & Pevsner 2002a, p. 391.
  73. ^ "Huge Cannabis farm ‘worth a million pounds’ discovered in south London police station", London Evening Standard, 23 December 2022, accessed 12 November 2022.
  74. ^ Cherry, O'Brien & Pevsner 2005, p. 253.
  75. ^ Historic England. "Woolwich Magistrates Court (Grade II) (1391897)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
  76. ^ "London flat available to rent for £1,800 a month slammed for having one narrow bedroom that ‘looks like a prison cell’", Metro, 29 May 2022, accessed 29 May 2022.
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  78. ^ Bradley & Pevsner 2003, pp. 410–411.
  79. ^ Historic England. "19–21 Great Marlborough Street (Grade II) (1066742)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
  80. ^ Sanderson 2021, p. 49.
  81. ^ Historic England. "West London Magistrates Court (Grade II) (1379935)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
  82. ^ Historic England. "Police Station (Grade II) (1189172)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 27 February 2023.
  83. ^ a b Cherry, O'Brien & Pevsner 2005, p. 451.
  84. ^ "Concert", Croydon Guardian and Surrey County Gazette, 19 April 1890, p. 5.
  85. ^ "King Arthur", Victoria and Albert Museum, assessed 1 April 2021.
  86. ^ "Architectural Association", The Stage, 23 May 1895, p. 12.
  87. ^ Library and Museum of Freemasonry; London, England; Freemasonry Membership Registers; Description: Membership Registers: Country Q 1391–1482 to Country R 1486–1575; Reel Number: 16.
  88. ^ Library and Museum of Freemasonry; London, England; Freemasonry Membership Registers; Description: Membership Registers: London A Lodges Grand Stewards Lodge to 87; Reel Number: 1.
  89. ^ Surrey History Centre; Woking, Surrey, England; Surrey Church of England Parish Registers; Reference: WOKJ/4/6
  90. ^ "Index entry". FreeBMD. ONS. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  91. ^ "Deaths", Ealing Gazette and West Middlesex Observer, 6 November 1920, p. 4.
  92. ^ Leahy, Kate (27 January 2019). "The Dixon: London's converted courtroom hotel". The Times.

Sources

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