Jupiter-C

Jupiter-C
	Jupiter-C on the launch pad at Cape Canaveral
Function	Sounding rocket
Manufacturer	Chrysler for the ABMA
Country of origin	United States
Size
Height	69.9 feet (21.3 m)
Diameter	5.8 feet (1.8 m)
Mass	64,000 pounds (29,000 kg)
Stages	3
Capacity
Payload to Sub-orbital
Mass	11 kg (24 lb)
Launch history
Status	Retired
Launch sites	LC-5 and 6, Cape Canaveral Missile Annex, Florida
Total launches	3 (all suborbital)
Success(es)	1 (suborbital)
Failure(s)	1 (suborbital)
Partial failure(s)	1 (suborbital)
First flight	September 20, 1956
Last flight	August 8, 1957
First stage – Redstone (stretched)
Powered by	1 North American Aviation (Rocketdyne) 75-110-A-7
Maximum thrust	93,560 lbf; 416.18 kN (42,439 kgf)
Specific impulse	235 s (2.30 km/s)
Burn time	155 s
Propellant	LOX/Hydyne
Second stage – Sergeant cluster
Powered by	11 Solid
Maximum thrust	16,500 lbf; 73.4 kN (7,480 kgf)
Specific impulse	214 s (2.10 km/s)
Burn time	6 s
Third stage – Sergeant cluster
Powered by	3 Solid
Maximum thrust	2,040 kgf (4,500 lbf; 20.0 kN)
Specific impulse	214 s (2.10 km/s)
Burn time	6 s
	[edit on Wikidata]

The Jupiter-C was an American research and development vehicle^[1]^[2] developed from the Jupiter-A.^[3] Jupiter-C was used for three uncrewed sub-orbital spaceflights in 1956 and 1957 to test re-entry nosecones that were later to be deployed on the more advanced PGM-19 Jupiter mobile missile. The recovered nosecone was displayed in the Oval Office as part of President Dwight D. Eisenhower's televised speech on November 7, 1957.^[4]

A member of the Redstone rocket family, Jupiter-C was designed by the U.S. Army Ballistic Missile Agency (ABMA), under the direction of Wernher von Braun.^[5] Three Jupiter-C flights were made. These were followed by satellite launches with the vehicle designated as Juno I (see Juno I below or the Juno I article).^[6]^[7] All were launched from Cape Canaveral, Florida.

Description

Each vehicle consisted of a modified Redstone ballistic missile with two solid-propellant upper stages. The tanks of the Redstone were lengthened by 8 ft (2.4 m) to provide additional propellant. The instrument compartment was also smaller and lighter than the Redstone's. The second and third stages were clustered in a "tub" atop the vehicle.

Redstone, **Jupiter-C** and Mercury-Redstone rockets compared

The second stage was an outer ring of eleven scaled-down Sergeant rocket engines; the third stage was a cluster of three scaled-down Sergeant rockets grouped within. These were held in position by bulkheads and rings and surrounded by a cylindrical outer shell. The webbed base plate of the shell rested on a ball bearing shaft mounted on the first-stage instrument section. Two electric motors spun in the tub at a rate varying from 450 to 750 rpm to compensate for thrust imbalance when the clustered motors fired. The rate of spin was varied by a programmer so that it did not couple with the changing resonance frequency of the first stage during flight.^[8]

The upper-stage tub was visibly spun-up before launch. During first-stage flight, the vehicle was guided by a gyro-controlled autopilot controlling both air-vanes and jet vanes on the first stage by means of servos. Following a vertical launch from a simple steel table, the vehicle was programmed so that it was traveling at an angle of 40 degrees from the horizontal at burnout of the first stage, which occurred 157 seconds after launch.^[9]

At first-stage burnout, explosive bolts fired and springs separated the instrument section from the first-stage tankage. The instrument section and the spinning tub were slowly tipped to a horizontal position by means of four air jets located at the base of the instrument section. When the apex of the vertical flight occurred after a coasting flight of about 247 seconds, a radio signal from the ground ignited the eleven-rocket cluster of the second stage, separating the tub from the instrument section. The third stage then fired to raise the apogee. Through this system, designed by Wernher von Braun in 1956 for his proposed Project Orbiter, the Jupiter-C obviated the need for a guidance system in the upper stages.^[10]

Juno I

The Juno I was a satellite launch vehicle based on the Jupiter-C, but with the addition of a fourth stage, atop the "tub" of the third stage and the use of Hydyne as fuel. The Juno name derived from Von Braun wishing to make the satellite launch appear as peaceable as the Vanguard rocket, which was not a weapon, but was developed from a weather study rocket, the Viking. Since the Juno I was the same height as the Jupiter-C (21.2 meters), with the added fourth stage being hidden inside the shell, this vehicle which successfully launched the first orbital satellite of the United States is often incorrectly referred to as a Jupiter-C.

Encrypted serial number

The Jupiter-C was part of the IRBM project, and the sequence of manufacture of the rockets (which are not necessarily launched in order, and may be uprated as solutions to technical problems are worked out in tests) was considered a military secret. So the designation painted on the sides of the rocket was not a serial number in clear text, but employed a simple transformation cypher that the staff would be sure not to forget. The key was taken from the name of the design and test base: Huntsville, Alabama, giving HUNTSVILE, with duplicated letters dropped: H was used for 1, U for 2, ..., E for 9 and X for 0. For example, the Jupiter-C / Juno I modified to launch Explorer 1 had "UE" painted on the side, indicating it was S/N 29 (U→2, E→9).^[11]^[12]

General characteristics

Weight as configured for Explorer 1 launch, loaded/empty
- Overall, takeoff: 64,000 lb (29,000 kg)/10,230 lb (4640 kg)
- Stage 1 62,700 lb (28,400 kg)/9,600 lb (4,400 kg)
- Stage 2 1,020 lb (460 kg)/490 lb (220 kg)
- Stage 3 280 lb (130 kg)/140 lb (64 kg)
Propulsion
- Stage 1: Rocketdyne A-7 engine
  - Thrust, 83,000 lbf (370 kN)
  - burning time, 155 s
  - specific impulse, 235 s (2.30 kN·s/kg)
  - propellants, liquid oxygen, as oxidizer, and alcohol as fuel
  - propellant feed, turbopump type
  - turbopump drive, 90% hydrogen peroxide decomposed by catalyst bed to produce steam
- Stage 2: Eleven JPL scaled-down Baby Sergeant rockets
  - Thrust, 16,500 lbf (73 kN)
  - burning time, 6.5 s
  - specific impulse, 220 s (2.16 kN·s/kg)
  - propellant, polysulfide-aluminum and ammonium perchlorate (solid propellant)
- Stage 3: Three JPL scaled-down Baby Sergeant rockets
  - Thrust, 4,500 lbf (24 kN)
  - burning time, 6.5 s
  - specific impulse, 235 s (2.30 kN·s/kg)
  - propellant, same as for Stage 2

Flight history

September 20, 1956: Jupiter-C RS-27, lifted an 86.5-lb (39.2 kg) payload (including a 30-lb (14 kg) dummy satellite) to an altitude of 680 mi (1,100 km), a speed of 16,000 mph (7 km/s), and a range of 3,300 mi (5,300 km) from Cape Canaveral, Florida.^[5]^[13]
May 15, 1957: Jupiter-C RS-34, lifted a 300 lb (140 kg) scale Jupiter ablative nose cone to an altitude of 350 mi (560 km) and a range of 710 mi (1,100 km).^[5]^[13]
August 8, 1957: Jupiter-C RS-40, lifted a 1/3-scale Jupiter nose cone to an altitude of 285 mi (460 km) and a range of 1,330 mi (2,140 km); Juno I (four-stage configuration).^[5]^[13]

References

^ "Redstone Arsenal Historical Information – 1957". United States Army. Archived from the original on 2015-05-18. Retrieved 2015-05-15.
^ "Redstone Arsenal Historical Information – Jupiter". United States Army. Archived from the original on 2015-05-18. Retrieved 2015-05-15.
^ "Rockets and Missiles". SpaceLine.org. Retrieved 2018-04-19.
^ Yanek Mieczkowski, 'Cheerleader in Chief, in Eisenhower’s Sputnik Moment: The Race for Space and World Prestige, pp. 105–106.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Jupiter-C Explorer-I". NASA.
^ "Redstone Arsenal Historical Information – Redstone Rocket". United States Army. Archived from the original on 2015-05-18. Retrieved 2015-05-15.
^ "Redstone Arsenal Historical Information – Explorer I". United States Army. Archived from the original on 2015-07-03. Retrieved 2015-05-15.
^ "ABMA Juno I". Designation-systems.net. Retrieved 2013-03-25.
^ Juno V Space Vehicle Development Program Report No. DSP-TM-10-58, NASA, October, 1958.
^ Juno V Space Vehicle Development Program Status Report, DSP-TM-11-58, NASA, November, 1958.
^ "Rockets and Missiles / Jupiter C Fact Sheet". www.spaceline.org. Retrieved 2018-04-19.
^ "SP-4402 Origins of NASA Names". history.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2018-12-26.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Jupiter-C". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 2023-10-14.

[1] "Redstone Arsenal Historical Information – 1957". United States Army. Archived from the original on 2015-05-18. Retrieved 2015-05-15.

[2] "Redstone Arsenal Historical Information – Jupiter". United States Army. Archived from the original on 2015-05-18. Retrieved 2015-05-15.

[3] "Rockets and Missiles". SpaceLine.org. Retrieved 2018-04-19.

[4] Yanek Mieczkowski, 'Cheerleader in Chief, in Eisenhower’s Sputnik Moment: The Race for Space and World Prestige, pp. 105–106.

[expinfo-5] "Jupiter-C Explorer-I". NASA.

[6] "Redstone Arsenal Historical Information – Redstone Rocket". United States Army. Archived from the original on 2015-05-18. Retrieved 2015-05-15.

[7] "Redstone Arsenal Historical Information – Explorer I". United States Army. Archived from the original on 2015-07-03. Retrieved 2015-05-15.

[8] "ABMA Juno I". Designation-systems.net. Retrieved 2013-03-25.

[9] Juno V Space Vehicle Development Program Report No. DSP-TM-10-58, NASA, October, 1958.

[10] Juno V Space Vehicle Development Program Status Report, DSP-TM-11-58, NASA, November, 1958.

[11] "Rockets and Missiles / Jupiter C Fact Sheet". www.spaceline.org. Retrieved 2018-04-19.

[12] "SP-4402 Origins of NASA Names". history.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2018-12-26.

[skyrocket-13] "Jupiter-C". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 2023-10-14.

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v t e Orbital launch systems
List of orbital launch systems Comparison of orbital launch systems
Current	Angara 1.2 A5 Ariane 6 Atlas V Ceres 1 1S Chollima-1 Electron Falcon 9 Block 5 Falcon Heavy Firefly Alpha Gravity-1 GSLV H-IIA H3 Hyperbola-1 Jielong 1 3 KAIROS^† Kaituozhe 2 Kinetica 1 Kuaizhou 1 1A 11 Long March 2C 2D 2F 3A 3B/E 3C 4B 4C 5 5B 6 6A 7 7A 8 11 11H LVM3 Minotaur I IV V C Nuri OS-M1^† Pegasus XL Proton-M PSLV Qaem 100 Qased RS1^† Shavit 2 Simorgh SLS Block 1 Soyuz-2 2.1a / STA 2.1b / STB 2-1v SSLV Starship Tianlong-2 Unha Vega C Vulcan Centaur Zhuque 2
In development	Antares 330 Bloostar Cyclone-4M Deca Epsilon S Eris Gravity-2 Hyperbola-2 Irtysh Kuaizhou 21 31 Long March 9 10 12 Miura 5 MLV Neutron New Glenn New Line 1 NGLV Nova OS-M 2 4 Orbex Prime Pallas-1 Red Dwarf SLS Block 1B Block 2 Soyuz-7 Terran R Tianlong-3 VLM Vega E Zero Zhuque 3 Zuljanah
Retired	Antares 110 120 130^† 230 230+ Ariane 1 2 3 4 5 ASLV Athena I II Atlas B D E/F G H I II III LV-3B SLV-3 Able^† Agena Centaur Black Arrow Conestoga^† Delta A B C D E G J L M N 0100 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 II III IV IV Heavy Diamant Dnepr Energia Epsilon Europa I^† II^† Falcon 1 Falcon 9 v1.0 v1.1 v1.2 "Full Thrust" Feng Bao 1 GSLV Mk I H-I H-II H-IIB Juno I Juno II Kaituozhe-1 Kosmos original 1 2/2I 3 3M Lambda 4S LauncherOne Long March 1 1D^† 2A 2E 3 3B 4A Mu 4S 3C 3H 3S 3SII V N1^† N-I N-II Naro-1 Paektusan^† Pilot-2^† R-7 Luna Molniya M L Polyot Soyuz original FG L M U U2 Soyuz/Vostok Sputnik Voskhod Vostok L K 2 2M R-29 Shtil' Volna^† Rocket 3 Safir 1 1A 1B Saturn I IB V Scout X-1 Blue Scout II^† X-2^† X-2M X-3 X-3M X-4 X-2B^† B A B-1 D-1 A-1 E-1 F-1 G-1 Shavit original 1 SLV Space Shuttle SPARK^† Sparta SS-520 Start-1 Terran 1^† Thor Able Ablestar 1 2 Agena A B D Burner 1 2 Delta DSV-2U Thorad-Agena SLV-2G SLV-2H Titan II GLV IIIA IIIB IIIC IIID IIIE 34D 23G CT-3 IV Tsyklon R-36-O original 2 3 Universal Rocket UR-500 Proton Proton-K Rokot Strela Vanguard Vega original VLS-1^† Zenit 2 2M 2FG 3SL 3SLB 3F Zhuque 1^†
Classes	Sounding rocket Small-lift launch vehicle Medium-lift launch vehicle Heavy-lift launch vehicle Super heavy-lift launch vehicle
This Template lists historical, current, and future space rockets that at least once attempted (but not necessarily succeeded in) an orbital launch or that are planned to attempt such a launch in the future Symbol ^† indicates past or current rockets that attempted orbital launches but never succeeded (never did or has yet to perform a successful orbital launch)