Medea hypothesis
The Medea hypothesis is a term coined by paleontologist Peter Ward[1] for a hypothesis that contests the Gaian hypothesis and proposes that multicellular life, understood as a superorganism, may be self-destructive or suicidal. The metaphor refers to the mythological Medea (representing the Earth), who kills her own children (multicellular life).
In this view, microbial-triggered mass extinctions result in returns to the microbial-dominated state it has been for most of its history.[2][3][4]
Examples
[edit]Possible examples of extinction events induced entirely or partially by biotic activities include:
- The Great Oxidation Event, 2.45 billion years ago, believed to be responsible for the mass poisoning of anaerobic microbes to which oxygen was toxic,[5] and for the Huronian glaciation that resulted from the reaction of methane with oxygen to form carbon dioxide (a less potent greenhouse gas than methane) and subsequent depletion of atmospheric carbon dioxide by aerobic photosynthesisers[6]
- The Sturtian and Marinoan Snowball Earth glaciations, 715 to 680[7] and 650 to 632.3 million years ago,[8] respectively, resulting from the sequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide during the Neoproterozoic Oxygenation Event
- The Late Ordovician Mass Extinction (LOME), 445.2 million years ago to 443.8 million years ago, suggested by some studies to have been caused by glaciation resulting from carbon dioxide depletion driven by the radiation of land plants[9]
- Euxinic events, such as during the Great Dying, 251.9 million years ago,[10] and the aforementioned LOME,[11][12] caused by sulphur-reducing prokaryotes that produce hydrogen sulphide
The list excludes the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, since this was, at least partially, externally induced by a meteor impact.
Current status and future extinctions
[edit]Peter Ward proposes that the current man-made climate change and mass extinction event may be considered to be the most recent Medean event. As these events are anthropogenic, he postulates that Medean events are not necessarily caused by microbes, but by intelligent life as well and that the final mass extinction of complex life, roughly about 500–900 million years in the future, can also be considered a Medean event: "Plant life that still exists then will be forced to adapt to a warming and expanding Sun, causing them to remove even more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere (which in turn will have already been lowered due to the increasing heat from the Sun gradually speeding up the weathering process that removes these molecules from the atmosphere), and ultimately accelerating the complete extinction of complex life by making carbon dioxide levels drop down to just 10 ppm, below which plants can no longer survive." However, Ward simultaneously argues that intelligent life such as humans may not necessarily just trigger future Medean events, but may eventually prevent them from occurring.[citation needed]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Ward, Peter (2009). The Medea Hypothesis: Is life on Earth ultimately self-destructive?. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13075-0.
- ^ "Gaia's evil twin: Is life its own worst enemy?". The New Scientist (cover story). Vol. 202, no. 2713. 17 June 2009. pp. 28–31.
- ^ Bennett, Drake (11 January 2009). "Dark green: A scientist argues that the natural world isn't benevolent and sustaining: It's bent on self-destruction". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 26 February 2010.
- ^ Grey, William (February 2010). "Gaia theory – reflections on life on Earth". Australian Review of Public Affairs. University of Sydney. Retrieved 26 February 2010.
- ^ Hodgskiss, Malcolm S. W.; Crockford, Peter W.; Peng, Yongbo; Wing, Boswell A.; Horner, Tristan J. (27 August 2019). "A productivity collapse to end Earth's Great Oxidation". PNAS. 116 (35): 17207–17212. Bibcode:2019PNAS..11617207H. doi:10.1073/pnas.1900325116. PMC 6717284. PMID 31405980.
- ^ Kopp, Robert (14 June 2005). "The Paleoproterozoic snowball Earth: A climate disaster triggered by the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis". PNAS. 102 (32): 11131–6. Bibcode:2005PNAS..10211131K. doi:10.1073/pnas.0504878102. PMC 1183582. PMID 16061801.
- ^ Stern, R.J.; Avigad, D.; Miller, N.R.; Beyth, M. (2006). "Geological Society of Africa Presidential Review: Evidence for the Snowball Earth Hypothesis in the Arabian-Nubian Shield and the East African Orogen". Journal of African Earth Sciences. 44 (1): 1–20. Bibcode:2006JAfES..44....1S. doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2005.10.003.
- ^ Rooney, Alan D.; Strauss, Justin V.; Brandon, Alan D.; Macdonald, Francis A. (2015). "A Cryogenian chronology: Two long-lasting synchronous Neoproterozoic glaciations". Geology. 43 (5): 459–462. Bibcode:2015Geo....43..459R. doi:10.1130/G36511.1.
- ^ Lenton, Timothy M.; Crouch, Michael; Johnson, Martin; Pires, Nuno; Dolan, Liam (1 February 2012). "First plants cooled the Ordovician". Nature Geoscience. 5 (2): 86–89. Bibcode:2012NatGe...5...86L. doi:10.1038/ngeo1390. ISSN 1752-0908. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
- ^ Cao, Changqun; Gordon D. Love; Lindsay E. Hays; Wei Wang; Shuzhong Shen; Roger E. Summons (2009). "Biogeochemical evidence for euxinic oceans and ecological disturbance presaging the end-Permian mass extinction event". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 281 (3–4): 188–201. Bibcode:2009E&PSL.281..188C. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2009.02.012.
- ^ Zou, Caineng; Qiu, Zhen; Wei, Hengye; Dong, Dazhong; Lu, Bin (15 December 2018). "Euxinia caused the Late Ordovician extinction: Evidence from pyrite morphology and pyritic sulfur isotopic composition in the Yangtze area, South China". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 511: 1–11. Bibcode:2018PPP...511....1Z. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.11.033. ISSN 0031-0182. S2CID 134586047.
- ^ Zou, Caineng; Qiu, Zhen; Poulton, Simon W.; Dong, Dazhong; Wang, Hongyan; Chen, Daizhou; Lu, Bin; Shi, Zhensheng; Tao, Huifei (2018). "Ocean euxinia and climate change "double whammy" drove the Late Ordovician mass extinction" (PDF). Geology. 46 (6): 535–538. Bibcode:2018Geo....46..535Z. doi:10.1130/G40121.1. S2CID 135039656.
External links
[edit]- Ward, Peter. TED talk. ted.com (video lecture). Archived from the original on 16 October 2011. Retrieved 20 February 2009.
- "The Medea Hypothesis: A response to the Gaia hypothesis". Christian Science Monitor (book review). 12 February 2010.
- "Paleontologist Peter Ward's "Medea hypothesis": Life is out to get you". Scientific American (book review). 13 January 2010.
- "The Medea Hypothesis" (book review). Astrobiology Society of Britain. Archived from the original on 25 February 2013. Retrieved 6 January 2012.
- "The Medea hypothesis: Is life on Earth ultimately self-destructive? Outlook for the world is still grim". Times Educational Supplement (Review). The London Times. 24 September 2009.