Pahoturi languages
Pahoturi | |
---|---|
Paho River | |
Geographic distribution | Pahoturi River, New Guinea |
Linguistic classification | Trans-Fly or independent language family
|
Subdivisions | |
Glottolog | paho1240 |
![]() Map: The Pahoturi languages of New Guinea |
The Pahoturi River languages are a small family of Papuan languages spoken around the Pahoturi (Paho River). This family includes eight language varieties including Agöb (Dabu), Em,[1] Ende, Idan,[2] Idi, Idzuwe,[3] Kawam, and Taeme, which are spoken in the Pahoturi River area south of the Fly River, just west of the Eastern Trans-Fly languages. Idzuwe is no longer spoken. Ross (2005) tentatively includes them in the proposed Trans-Fly – Bulaka River family,[4] though more recent work has classified Pahoturi River as an independent family within the region.[5]
Some Pahoturi River speakers were originally hunter-gatherers, but have recently shifted to becoming gardeners.[5]: 649
Classification
[edit]Wurm (1975) and Ross (2005) suggest that the Pahoturi languages may be related to the Tabo (Waia) language just north of the Fly delta. However, they present no evidence, and the pronouns do not match.[6]
Evans and colleagues (2018) classify the Pahoturi River languages as an independent language family.[5]
Languages
[edit]Five of the varieties have traditionally been grouped[5] into the following two language groups:
Preliminary work on the language family suggests that these varieties form a dialect chain. It is assumed that Em is more closely related to Agob and Ende, while Idan and Idzuwe are more closely related to Idi and Taeme.
Pahoturi River languages and respective demographic information listed by Evans (2018) are provided below.[5]
List of Pahoturi River languages Language Location Population Alternate names Idi central-east Morehead Rural LLG 774 Taeme northeast Morehead Rural LLG 834 Tame, Kondobol, Yao Agob southeast Morehead Rural LLG 1,437 Bugi, Dabu Ende east Morehead Rural LLG 542 Kawam east Morehead Rural LLG and west Oriomo-Bituri Rural LLG 457 Wipim
Phonemes
[edit]Usher (2020) reconstructs the consonant inventory as follows:[7]
*m *mʷ *n *ŋ [*ŋʷ] *p *pʷ *t *ʈ *ts *k *kʷ *b *bʷ *d *ɖ *dz *g *gʷ *mb *mbʷ *nd *ɳɖ *ndz *ŋg *ŋgʷ *l *ɭ *w *r *ɽ *j
Pronouns
[edit]The pronouns Ross reconstructs for the family are:[4]
Proto-Pahoturi River
I *ŋa-na we ? thou *ba or *be you *-bi s/he *bo they ?
Lindsey lists the following pronouns for each of the language varieties in the family.[8]
Case | English | Agob | Em | Ende | Kawam | Idi | Taeme |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | I (1sg) | ŋəna | ŋəna | ŋəna | ŋəna | ŋən | ŋən |
thou (2sg) | boŋo | boŋo | boŋo | buŋo | bæ | bæ | |
s/he (3sg) | bo | bogo | bogo | bo | bo | bo | |
we exclusive
(1.nsg.excl) |
ŋumi | ŋumi | ŋəmi | ŋəmi | ŋəmi/bi | bi | |
we inclusive
(1.nsg.incl) |
ibi | ibi | ibi | ibi | jɪbi | jəbi | |
you (2nsg) | bibi | bibi | bibi | bibi | bæ | bæ | |
they (3nsg) | ubi | ubi | ubi | ubi | bo/wɪbi | bo/ubi | |
Accusative | I (1sg) | ŋənam | ŋənam | ŋənəm | ŋonom | bom | ŋənəm |
thou (2sg) | bæm | bæm | bam | bæm | babom | babom | |
s/he (3sg) | obom | obom | obom | obom | obom | obom | |
we exclusive
(1.nsg.excl) |
ŋənam | ŋumim | ŋəmim | ŋəmim | bim | ŋəmim | |
we inclusive
(1.nsg.incl) |
ibom | ibam | ibim | ibim | jəbim | jɪbim | |
you (2nsg) | bæm | bæm | bibim | bibim | bibim | bibim | |
they (3nsg) | obam | obæm | ubim | ubim | ubim/wəbim | ubim | |
Dative | I (1sg) | ŋɵmɽe | ŋəmɽe | ŋəmɽe | ŋəmre | blæ | ŋəmʎæ |
thou (2sg) | bæɽe | babɽe | babɽe | bæbre | bæblæ | bæbʎe | |
s/he (3sg) | obɽe | obɽe | obɽe | obo | oblæ | obʎe | |
we exclusive
(1.nsg.excl) |
ŋɵmra | ŋumra | ŋəmira | ŋəmira | bli | ŋəmʎi | |
we inclusive
(1.nsg.incl) |
ibra | ibra | ibra | ibra | jəbli | jɪbʎi | |
you (2nsg) | bæra | babra | bibra | bibra | bibli | bibʎi | |
they (3nsg) | obra | obra | ubira | ubira | ubli | ubʎi | |
Possessive | I (1sg) | ŋɵmo | ŋəmo | ŋəmo | ŋomo | bo/bænæ | ŋəmo |
thou (2sg) | bəne | bəne | bəne | bəne | bənæ | bənæ | |
s/he (3sg) | obo | obo | obo | obo | obo/obænæ | obo | |
we exclusive
(1.nsg.excl) |
ŋəma | ŋəma | ŋəma | ŋəma | ba | ŋəma | |
we inclusive
(1.nsg.incl) |
iba | iba | iba | iba | jəba | jəba | |
you (2nsg) | bina | bina | bina | bina | bəna | bəna | |
they (3nsg) | oba | oba | oba | oba | oba | wəba |
Documentation status
[edit]The Pahoturi River languages are all under various states of documentation. The following table lists some general lexical, grammatical, textual, and typological resources that have been identified for each of the currently spoken Pahoturi River languages.
Resource | Agob | Em | Ende | Idan | Idi | Kawam | Taeme |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yamfinder wordlist | 1[9] | 1[10] | 4[11][12][13][14] | N | 2 | 3[15][16][17] | 1[18] |
Swadesh list | Y[19] | N | N | N | Y | N | N |
Dictionary | N | N | Y[20] | N | Y | N | N |
Resource | Agob | Em | Ende | Idan | Idi | Kawam | Taeme |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Language data corpus (any) | Y[21][22] | Y[22] | Y[22][23][24] | N | Y[25][26][22][27][28][29] | Y[22] | Y[22] |
North Wind and the Sun text | N | N | Y[30] | N | Y[31] | N | N |
The Pear Story | N | N | N | N | N | N | N |
Bible translation | N | N | Y (Mark)[32] | N | N | Y (Mark)[33] | Y (Luke) |
Bible stories/Words of Life | Y[34] | N | Y[35] | N | Y[36] | N | Y[37] |
Resource | Agob | Em | Ende | Idan | Idi | Kawam | Taeme |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Leipzig Valency Questionnaire | N | N | Elicited the verbs in the Q, not online | N | Elicited the verbs in the Q, not online | N | N |
Social Cognition Parallax Interview Corpus | N | N | 5[22] | N | Y | N | N |
Grambank | N | N | Y[38] | N | Y[39] | N | N |
Intercontinental Dictionary Series | N | N | Y[40] | N | N | N | N |
Numeral Systems of the World's Languages | N | N | Y | N | Y | N | Y |
PR Verbal Number questionnaire | N | N | Y[41] | N | Y | N | N |
References
[edit]- ^ Lindsey, Kate (2017). "A first look at the Pahoturi River family". Austronesian and Papuan Languages and Linguistics Conference.
- ^ Scanlon, Catherine (2023). "Idan: a hidden language variety steps into the open (Pahoturi River family)". Current Trends in Papuan Linguistics II.
- ^ Lindsey, Kate; Schokkin, Dineke; Wu, Nairan (2022). "The Pahoturi River language family, with special reference to its verbal puzzles". Linguistic Typology.
- ^ a b Ross, Malcom. "Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages". Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Pacific Linguistics: 15–66.
- ^ a b c d e Evans, Nicholas; et al. (Wayan Arka, Matthew Carroll, Yun Jung Choi, Christian Döhler, Volker Gast, Eri Kashima, Emil Mittag, Bruno Olsson, Kyla Quinn, Dineke Schokkin, Philip Tama, Charlotte van Tongeren and Jeff Siegel) (2018). "The languages of Southern New Guinea". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 641–774. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
- ^ Hammarström, Harald. "Tabo". Glottolog. Retrieved January 5, 2019.
- ^ New Guinea World, Paho River
- ^ Lindsey, Kate L. (April 16, 2018). "Language Corpus of Ende and other Pahoturi River Languages". PARADISEC. doi:10.26278/5c1a5cfcaacde. LSNG08. Retrieved January 5, 2019.
- ^ Gurel, Nugan Paal (2018). "Yamfinder and Proto PR Survey (Agob)".
- ^ Bolet, Sawe (2017). "Yamfinder Survey (Em)".
- ^ "Nabu - Yamfinder survey (Ende)". catalog.paradisec.org.au. Retrieved 2023-08-18.
- ^ "Nabu - Yamfinder survey (Ende)". catalog.paradisec.org.au. Retrieved 2023-08-18.
- ^ "Nabu - Yamfinder survey (Ende)". catalog.paradisec.org.au. Retrieved 2023-08-18.
- ^ "Nabu - Yamfinder survey (Ende)". catalog.paradisec.org.au. Retrieved 2023-08-18.
- ^ "Nabu - Yamfinder Survey (Kawam)". catalog.paradisec.org.au. Retrieved 2023-08-18.
- ^ "Nabu - Yamfinder Survey (Kawam) - Mamena Agesa". catalog.paradisec.org.au. Retrieved 2023-08-18.
- ^ "Nabu - Yamfinder Survey (Kawam) - George Yagai". catalog.paradisec.org.au. Retrieved 2023-08-18.
- ^ "Nabu - Yamfinder survey (Tame)". catalog.paradisec.org.au. Retrieved 2023-08-18.
- ^ "Agob Swadesh List". www.language-archives.org. Retrieved 2023-08-18.
- ^ "CV & Publications". Kate Lynn Lindsey. Retrieved 2023-08-18.
- ^ "Nabu - Australia, PNG, Solomon Islands". catalog.paradisec.org.au. Retrieved 2023-08-18.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Nabu - Language Corpus of Ende and other Pahoturi River Languages". catalog.paradisec.org.au. Retrieved 2023-08-18.
- ^ "Nabu - Ende Recordings". catalog.paradisec.org.au. Retrieved 2023-08-18.
- ^ "Nabu - CoEDL Corpora Collection". catalog.paradisec.org.au. Retrieved 2023-08-18.
- ^ "Nabu - Recordings of the Idi language". catalog.paradisec.org.au. Retrieved 2023-08-18.
- ^ "Nabu - Idi Field Methods, LSA Linguistic Institute". catalog.paradisec.org.au. Retrieved 2023-08-18.
- ^ "Nabu - Languages of Southern New Guinea: Idi". catalog.paradisec.org.au. Retrieved 2023-08-18.
- ^ "Nabu - Languages of Southern New Guinea: Coconut Interviews". catalog.paradisec.org.au. Retrieved 2023-08-18.
- ^ "Nabu - Social Cognition Project". catalog.paradisec.org.au. Retrieved 2023-08-18.
- ^ Kaoga Dobola, Andrew (2018). "Kämag a Yäbäd".
- ^ Schokkin, Dineke; Gast, Volker; Evans, Nicholas; Döhler, Christian (2021). 5. Phonetics and phonology of Idi. University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 978-0-9979673-2-6.
- ^ "Mak Bine Yesu Bo Pallall Mer Abal Ttam Eka Buk (Ende Eka Walle): The Gospel of Mark in Ende Language: Fine Soft cover (2010) | Masalai Press". www.abebooks.com. Retrieved 2023-08-18.
- ^ "Mak Bo Peba: Kawam Ekä Arong (The Book of Mark in Kawam Language) - Wycliffe Bible Translators; The Lewada Bible Translation Centre: 9789980035240 - AbeBooks". www.abebooks.com. Retrieved 2023-08-18.
- ^ "Agob language". globalrecordings.net. Retrieved 2023-08-18.
- ^ "Agob: Ende language". globalrecordings.net. Retrieved 2023-08-18.
- ^ "Idi". globalrecordings.net (in German). Retrieved 2023-08-18.
- ^ "Taeme language". globalrecordings.net. Retrieved 2023-08-18.
- ^ "Grambank - Language Agob-Ende-Kawam". grambank.clld.org. Retrieved 2023-08-18.
- ^ "Grambank - Language Idi-Taeme". grambank.clld.org. Retrieved 2023-08-18.
- ^ "IDS - Ende (Papua New Guinea)". ids.clld.org. Retrieved 2023-08-18.
- ^ "Nabu - Filming aspectual and pluractional video stimuli". catalog.paradisec.org.au. Retrieved 2023-08-18.
External links
[edit]- Timothy Usher, New Guinea World, Paho River