Prairie warbler

Prairie warbler
Male S. d. paludicola Jamaica
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Parulidae
Genus:	Setophaga
Species:	S. discolor
Binomial name
Setophaga discolor (Vieillot, 1809)
Range of S. discolor   Breeding range   Winter range
Synonyms
Dendroica discolor

The prairie warbler (Setophaga discolor) is a small songbird of the New World warbler family.

Description

These birds have yellow underparts with dark streaks on the flanks, and olive overparts with rusty streaks on the back; they have a yellow line above the eye, a dark line through it, and a yellow spot below it. These birds have black legs, long tails, two pale wing bars, and thin pointed bills. Coloring is duller in female and immatures.

Measurements

Standard Measurements
length	4.3–5.2 in (110–130 mm)
weight	7.7 g (0.27 oz)
wingspan	7 in (180 mm)
wing	54.4–58.2 mm (2.14–2.29 in)
tail	47.5–50.5 mm (1.87–1.99 in)
culmen	9–10.2 mm (0.35–0.40 in)
tarsus	17–19 mm (0.67–0.75 in)

Vocalizations

Prairie warblers have two categories of songs, referred to as Type A and Type B. Type A songs are typically a series of ascending buzzy notes. The B songs are an ascending series of whistled notes that often contain some buzzy notes. Compared to A songs, the B songs are lower in pitch, have fewer, longer notes. The total song length is longer as well in Type B songs. The use of these two song categories is associated with certain contexts. A songs are sung throughout the day when males first arrive on their breeding grounds. Once males are paired they begin to sing B songs during the dawn chorus and then will intersperse A songs in their singing during the rest of the day. During this later period of singing A songs are typically used near females, near the nest, and in the center of their territories. In contrast B songs are used when interacting or fighting with other males and near the borders of their territories.

Part of their call note repertoire is a tsip call. During dawn, chorus B songs are interspersed with rapid loud "check" calls.

Distribution and habitat

These birds are permanent residents in the southern parts of their range. Other birds migrate to north-eastern Mexico and islands in the Caribbean.

Behaviour and ecology

Breeding

Their breeding habitats are brushy areas and forest edges in eastern North America. The prairie warbler's nests are open cups, which are usually placed in a low area of a tree or shrub. Incubation period is 12 to 13 days.

Feeding

Prairie warblers forage actively on tree branches, and sometimes fly around with the purpose of catching insects, which are the main food source of these birds.

Behaviour

These birds wag their tails frequently.

Status

The numbers of these birds are declining due to habitat loss; this species also suffers from nest parasitism by the brown-headed cowbird.

Gallery

• 
  In Everglades National Park.
• 
• 
  At Castellow Hammock, Miami, FL.

References

• Houlihan, Peter W. (2000). The Singing Behavior of Prairie Warblers (Dendroica discolor) (Ph.D.). University of Massachusetts - Amherst. Retrieved 27 October 2014.

External links

• Prairie warbler - Dendroica discolor - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
• Prairie warbler species account - Cornell Lab of Ornithology
• Prairie warbler Stamps^[usurped] from Barbados, British Virgin Islands, Grenada, St. Kitts at bird-stamps.org^[usurped]
• "Prairie warbler media". Internet Bird Collection.
• Prairie warbler photo gallery at VIREO (Drexel University)
• Prairie warbler bird sound at Florida Museum of Natural History
• BirdLife species factsheet for Dendroica discolor
• Interactive range map of Dendroica discolor at IUCN Red List maps
• Audio recordings of Prairie warbler on Xeno-canto.