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Seven churches of Asia

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This article is about the seven churches mentioned in the Book of Revelation. For other uses, see Seven Churches (disambiguation).
Map of western Anatolia showing the island Patmos and the locations of the cities housing the seven churches

The Seven Churches of Revelation, also known as the Seven Churches of the Apocalypse and the Seven Churches of Asia, are seven churches of early Christianity mentioned in the New Testament Book of Revelation. All of them are located in Asia Minor, present-day Turkey.

Description

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According to Revelation 1:11, on the island of Patmos in the far east of the Aegean Sea, Jesus instructed John of Patmos to "[w]rite in a book what you see, and send it to the seven churches, to Ephesus, to Smyrna, to Pergamum, to Thyatira, to Sardis, to Philadelphia, and to Laodicea."[a] The churches in this context refers to the community or local congregations of Christians living in each city.[1][2]

The seven churches

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The seven churches are named for their locations. The Book of Revelation provides descriptions of each Church.

  • Ephesus (Revelation 2:1–7): known for having laboured hard and not fainted, and separating themselves from the wicked; admonished for having forsaken its first love (2:4)
  • Smyrna (Revelation 2:8–11): admired for its tribulation and poverty; but for which it is foretold that it will suffer persecution (2:10)
  • Pergamon (Revelation 2:12–17): located where 'Satan's seat' is; needs to repent of allowing false teachers (2:16)
  • Thyatira (Revelation 2:18–29): known for its charity, whose "latter works are greater than the former"; tolerates the teachings of a false prophetess (2:20)
  • Sardis (Revelation 3:1–6): admonished for – in contrast to its good reputation – being dead; cautioned to fortify itself and return to God through repentance (3:2–3)
  • Philadelphia (called Alaşehir since 1390; Revelation 3:7–13): known as steadfast in faith, keeping God's word and enduring patiently (3:10)
  • Laodicea on the Lycus, near Denizli (see Laodicean Church) (Revelation 3:14–22): called lukewarm and insipid (3:16)

Seven messages

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The letters follow a common pattern. For example: the Lord first addresses each church and identifies Himself,[3] then defines things that He knows about the church in question.[4] After this, a challenge or reproach is given,[5] followed by a promise.[6] In all seven cases the admonition, "He who has an ear, let him hear what the Spirit says to the churches",[7] is appended, although sometimes this comes before the promise and sometimes after.

Although the letters differ in length in accord with the needs of each community, all conclude with an appeal to hold fast and to listen to what the Spirit is saying to the churches. Each church is promised that everyone who conquers will be rewarded by Christ.[citation needed]

Some historicists typically interpret the seven churches as representing seven different periods in the history of the Western Church from the time of Paul until the return of Jesus Christ.[8] Scofield states that "these messages by their very terms go beyond the local assemblies mentioned."[9] He is of the opinion that the letters have a prophetic purpose disclosing the seven phases of the spiritual history of the Church. Other writers, such as Clarence Larkin,[10] Henry Hampton Halley,[11] Merrill Unger,[12] and William M. Branham[13] also have put forward the view that the seven churches preview the history of the global Church.

Mosaic in St Mark's Basilica of the seven angels

Historicism has been criticised by the Eastern Orthodox priest Dimitri Cozby, who writes that historicists take a greatly oversimplified view of church history: "Since dispensationalism is Protestant in origin its 'Church history' is strictly Western. The dispensations take into account almost nothing of Orthodox history after the period of the early councils which we share with the West."[14]

Angels of the churches

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Chapters 2–3 of the Revelation have specific messages for each of the seven angels of the seven churches. The message of each of the seven letters is directed to the angel of the particular church that is mentioned.

Origen[15] explains that these "angels" are the guardian angels of the churches, a view upheld by Henry Alford. But Epiphanius[16] explicitly rejects this view, and, in accordance with the imagery of the passage, explains it as the bishops.

John sees a vision of the Son of man, who walks among seven lampstands and has seven stars in his right hand. Revelation 1:20 states that "The seven stars are the angels of the seven churches, and the seven lampstands are the seven churches." The comparison of a teacher to a star is scriptural.[17]

Augustine of Hippo's reason for interpreting angels of the churches as the prelates of the church is that St. John speaks of them as falling from their first charity, which is not true of the angels.[18][19] Others would say that the falling away relates to the churches, not to the messengers, as each of the seven letters conclude with the words "He who has an ear, let him hear what the Spirit says to the churches."

The Amplified Bible states that Revelation 2:2 through to 3:18, "your" and "you" are in the singular, referring to the angel of each church. Much of what is said is rebuke and admonishment, so if the angels are heavenly beings, they may serve in some way as representatives of the sinful people in their churches. Jewish tradition maintained that every nation and individual has a guardian angel, and that when God is about to punish a nation, He first punishes its angel. There is even a story of Michael, the guardian angel of Israel, being rebuked by God for the sins committed in the time of Ezekiel. [citation needed] So the original readers of Revelation might have assumed that the angels here are the guardian angels of the individual churches, sharing responsibility for the actions of the members.

In the New Testament, the Greek word for angels (άγγελος) is not only used for heavenly angels, but also used for human messengers, such as John the Baptist (Matthew 11:10, Mark 1:2, Luke 7:27) and God's prophets (Revelation 22:8–9)[20] C.I. Scofield has noted that "The natural explanation of the 'messengers' is that they were men sent by the seven churches to ascertain the state of the aged apostle ... but they figure any who bear God's messages to a church."[21]

The Seven Churches of Asia by Alexander Svoboda

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In 1869, the London publishing firm Sampson Low, Son, and Marston published Alexander Svoboda's The Seven Churches of Asia.[22] The Seven Churches of Asia is divided into three primary sections: an introduction written by English clergyman and Biblical scholar H. B. Tristram, Svoboda's personal travel account visiting the Seven Churches sites, and an itinerary detailing Svoboda's route. The book also includes twenty full-page photographs of the Seven Churches sites, photographed by Svoboda. These images are the first produced and published photographs of the Seven Churches. Photographs from Svoboda's Seven Churches project were exhibited in the rooms of the Arundel Society in London in 1868.[23]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ NA28: λεγούσης Ὃ βλέπεις γράψον εἰς βιβλίον καὶ πέμψον ταῖς ἑπτὰ ἐκκλησίαις, εἰς Ἔφεσον καὶ εἰς Σμύρναν καὶ εἰς Πέργαμον καὶ εἰς Θυάτειρα καὶ εἰς Σάρδεις καὶ εἰς Φιλαδελφίαν / Φιλαδέλφειαν καὶ εἰς Λαοδικίαν / Λαοδίκειαν.

References

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  1. ^ John (1994). Barbara Aland; Kurt Aland; Johannes Karavidopoulos; Carlo M. Martini; Bruce M. Metzger (eds.). The Greek New Testament. Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft.
  2. ^ Walter Bauer (1979). William F. Arndt; F. Wilbur Gingrich; Frederick W. Danker (eds.). A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature. University of Chicago Press.
  3. ^ 2:1, 8, 12, 18; 3:1, 7, 14
  4. ^ 2:2–3, 9, 13, 19; 3:1, 8, 15–17
  5. ^ 2:4–5, 10, 14–16, 20–25; 3:2–3, 9–11, 18–20
  6. ^ 2:7, 10–11, 17, 26–28; 3:4–5, 12, 20–21.
  7. ^ 2:7, 11, 17, 29; 3:6, 13, 22
  8. ^ Unger's Bible Dictionary (Chicago: Moody Press, 1975), p924
  9. ^ Scofield, W. I., The Scofield Study Bible (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996) p1331
  10. ^ "Chapter XXII". www.preservedwords.com. Archived from the original on 2018-01-04. Retrieved 2017-01-06.
  11. ^ Halley, H. H., Halley's Bible Handbook (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1978), p688
  12. ^ Unger, M. F., Unger's Bible Dictionary (Chicago: Moody Press, 1975), p924
  13. ^ Branham, W. M., An Exposition of the Seven Church Ages (Jeffersonville, Indiana: Voice of God Recordings) 2005
  14. ^ "WHAT IS 'THE RAPTURE'? (PART 1 OF 2)".
  15. ^ Hom., xiii in Luc., and Hom., xx in Num.
  16. ^ Hær., xxv.
  17. ^ Dan., xii, 3.
  18. ^ Ep., xliii (al. clxii), n. 22.
  19. ^ Angels of the Churches, Catholic Encyclopedia
  20. ^ Merrill Unger, Unger's Bible Dictionary, (Chicago: Moody Press, 1975) p52
  21. ^ Scofield, W. I., The Scofield Study Bible (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996) p1331
  22. ^ Svoboda, A. The Seven Churches of Asia: with Twenty Full-Page Photographs Taken on the Spot, Historical Notes, and Itinerary. Introduction by H. B. Tristram. London: Sampson Low, Son, and Marston, 1869.
  23. ^ "Photographs From the Seven Churches of Asia". The Art Journal. 74: 29. February 1868.

Further reading

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 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Apocalypse". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

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