South Gippsland railway line

South Gippsland
South Gippsland
Overview
Status	Operational from Dandenong to Cranbourne, closed beyond Cranbourne
Owner	VicTrack
Locale	Victoria, Australia
Termini	Dandenong; Port Albert;
Service
Type	Heavy rail
Services	Cranbourne
Operator(s)	Metro Trains
History
Commenced	1888; 136 years ago
Completed	1892; 132 years ago
Technical
Line length	187.6 km (116.6 mi)
Number of tracks	1
Track gauge	1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in)
Electrification	1500 V DC overhead between Dandenong and Cranbourne
Route map
Route map
	Legend
	Cranbourne, Gippsland & Pakenham lines
	to Flinders Street
	Gippsland & Pakenham lines
	to Pakenham
	Strzelecki line
	to Strzelecki
	Wonthaggi line
	to Wonthaggi
	Outtrim line
	to Outtrim
	Welshpool Jetty line
	to Port Welshpool
	Woodside line
	to Woodside
	This diagram: view; talk; edit;

The South Gippsland railway line is a partially closed railway line in Victoria, Australia. It was first opened in 1892, branching from the Orbost line at Dandenong, and extending to Port Albert. Much of it (the section up to Leongatha) remained open until December 1994 (passenger services finished the previous July). Today, only the section between Dandenong and Cranbourne remains open for use. The section of the line from Nyora to Leongatha was used by the South Gippsland Tourist Railway until it ceased operations in 2016. The section from Nyora to Welshpool, with extension trail to Port Welshpool and a portion of the former line at Koo Wee Rup, have been converted into the Great Southern Rail Trail.

History

The Melbourne and Suburban Railway Company opened a line from Princes Bridge railway station to Punt Road (Richmond) and South Yarra in 1859 and extended to Dandenong in 1879. The South Gippsland railway line was opened from Dandenong to Cranbourne in 1888 and extended to Koo Wee Rup, Nyora and Loch in 1890, Korumburra and Leongatha in 1891 and Welshpool, Alberton and Port Albert in 1892. The section from Alberton to Port Albert was closed in the 1940s. A branch line was built from Alberton to Yarram and Woodside in 1921.

The line was well known for its sharp curves and spectacular scenery and was also one of the last lines to offer a 'Mixed Passenger and Goods' service in Victoria. The section from Yarram to Woodside was closed on 26 May 1953, and the section from Welshpool to Yarram closed on 26 October 1987, when superphosphate freight services ceased. From then until 30 June 1992, the track beyond Agnes, referred to as Barry Beach Junction, received minimal usage, although a short branch leading from Agnes to Barry Beach was used extensively for goods traffic to serve the oil platforms in Bass Strait. After the withdrawal of the freight service, the line beyond Leongatha was booked out of use for all rail traffic.^[1] That section of track was dismantled in 1994, which required the strengthening of the line's derelict trestle bridges to allow the track removal machine to operate.^[2]

On 24 July 1993, the last regular V/Line passenger train operated to Leongatha, with locomotive P18 hauling the return passenger train comprising four H type carriages. Following the withdrawal of all rail services beyond Koala Siding, the section of track from Nyora to Leongatha was transferred to the South Gippsland Railway on 15 December 1994. On 15 January 1998, all regular V/Line services ceased on the line after the withdrawal of the Australian Glass Manufacturing sand train that operated between the sand mine at Koala Siding, situated between Lang Lang and Nyora railway stations, and the AGM siding at Spotswood. Since December 1999, no trains have operated beyond Cranbourne.^[3]

Branch lines

A 5 km-long narrow-gauge horse-drawn tramway was opened from Welshpool to Welshpool Jetty in 1905. It was closed in 1941.

The mountainous Strzelecki branch line, which opened in 1922, ran from Koo Wee Rup to Strzelecki. The line was closed in stages throughout the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s.

The Wonthaggi branch line, from Nyora to Wonthaggi, opened in 1910, to serve the State Coal Mine. A small extension of the line was opened in 1917. The Wonthaggi railway was closed in 1978.

The Outtrim branch line was built in two stages from Korumburra to the coal mine at Outtrim: the initial stage to Jumbunna was opened in 1894, and the final section to Outtrim opened in 1896. The line was also closed in two stages: the first from Jumbunna to Outtrim on 4 September 1951, and from Jumbunna to Korumburra on 1 October 1953.

Services

Passenger

Passenger services operated on the line from its opening. Services from Melbourne to Leongatha and Yarram were withdrawn on 6 June 1981, with replacement buses starting three days later.^[4] As of July 1980, there was one loco-hauled Yarram service per day (except Sundays), with at least one air-conditioned carriage, running to Melbourne in the morning and to Yarram in the evening; this typically featured former Restaurant carriage 1BG, but a BE was substituted in December 1973 and 15BS was regularly used in February 1974, the latter marking the first regular use of a steel air-conditioned carriage on the line.^[5] There were also railcar services from Leongatha to Melbourne in the early morning and afternoon, and from Melbourne to Leongatha in the morning and between midday and the evening, depending on the day. ^[6] To fill the gaps between those services, local trains were introduced on a three-month trial from Dandenong to Lang Lang, but they were withdrawn on 3 October 1981, due to insufficient patronage ^{[citation needed]}.

Services to Leongatha were restored on 9 December 1984, with free train shuttles to Korumburra being provided to mark the occasion.^[7] The 1984 timetable included two round trips per day from Monday to Saturday, and one round trip on Sundays.^[7] However, the passenger service was again withdrawn on 24 July 1993.^[4]

In 1995, the section of track between Dandenong and Cranbourne was electrified and a station added at Merinda Park, as part of a $27 million Federal Government-funded project.^[8]

Freight

A significant portion of traffic on the line was superphosphate fertiliser to serve farms along the route; one particularly heavy train recorded on 14 February 1974 conveyed over 900 tonnes (including the weight of the wagons and Guard's van) between Monomeith and Nyora, then over 1000 tonnes to Korumburra including loading attached from the Wonthaggi line. This trip required the use of three locomotives (T399, T368 and Y145) for the latter portion, to manage the 1-in-40 slopes beyond Loch.^[9]

With the ending of freight services from Koala siding in January 1998, the line became unused beyond Cranbourne. The exception was a tourist railway operation, which commenced operation between Nyora and Leongatha, and later became known as the South Gippsland Railway.

The Barry Beach freight service ceased in 1992. The line beyond Leongatha was booked out of service on 30 June 1992,^[1] effectively ending all traffic on the line beyond Leongatha. V/Line passenger services ceased to Leongatha on 24 July 1993, after last train to Melbourne. By the mid-1990s only T, Y and P class diesel locomotives were used on the line, due to their low axle loads, with a 15 km/h speed limit applying to parts of the track.^[3] That continued until 15 January 1998, when the Koala Siding (near Nyora) to Spotswood sand train ceased operation.^[3] On average, it took a passenger train 2 hours and 15 minutes to travel from Spencer Street station to Leongatha during the final 10 years of service, with the replacement bus service completing the journey in an average time of 2 hours and 30 minutes.

Enthusiast trains

Given that the line was facing near closure, a number of special railway enthusiast services were operated along it during the 1980s and 1990s. Notable special journeys included K153 hauling the last steam special to Yarram on 24 October 1987, as well as an earlier Vintage Train journey to Foster and return on 6 September 1987.^[10] The last steam hauled train to run beyond Leongatha was on 13 November 1988, when steam locomotives D3.639 and K153 travelled to Foster. That was the last time the locomotive turntable at Foster was available for use prior to its relocation to Korumburra railway station for the South Gippsland Tourist Railway in 1994. Local Melbourne community groups continued to organise chartered special diesel and railcar-hauled trains beyond Leongatha until 1991.^[11] A steam and diesel special operated to Barry Beach and Welshpool on 11 November 1989, which was organised to celebrate the centenary of the opening of the Dandenong to Nyora section of the Great Southern Railway. Heritage steam locomotive J515 hauled the special to Leongatha and return, while then V/Line diesel locomotive T368 took over for the section of track beyond Leongatha, due to the turntable at Foster not being available for operation. On 12 May 1990, DERM58 ran the last advertised special train available to the public beyond Leongatha, to Welshpool and Barry Beach.

During the 1990s, steam tours only operated as far as Leongatha, with the first being run on 9 September 1990, again hauled by steam locomotive K153, which coincided with the 50th anniversary of the steam locomotive being introduced into service.^[12] In 1993, there were two notable steam-hauled trips to Leongatha. Both were operated by Steamrail Victoria, and comprised 11-car consists of Victorian Railways E-Type and W-Type wooden carriages, which ran numerous shuttles between Korumburra and Leongatha stations. The first one was on 2 May, which was supposed to be a triple header of K Class steam locomotives. However, one of the scheduled locomotives, K190, suffered a defective main internal steampipe failure at Caulfield, leaving locomotives K153 and K183 to double-head the train.^[13] On 25 July 1993, the apparent "Last Lament to Leongatha" was run, operated by K190 and K183.

After the withdrawal of passenger services to Leongatha, a few more steam-hauled trips were organised before the line was booked out of regular use between Cranbourne and Nyora. On 17 April 1994, K190 and K183 again travelled to Leongatha with the "South Gippsland Rambler", with a consist of seven wooden carriages.^[14] Steam locomotive J515 journeyed to Leongatha on 14 October 1995, for the first time since November 1989, organised by the Seymour Railway Heritage Centre and the ARHS. During the tour, J515 derailed due to a missing guide rail on the locomotive turntable at Korumburra that had been recently relocated from Foster.^[15]

The last locomotive to traverse the South Gippsland main line before its closure was steam locomotive K190 operated by Steamrail Victoria. It returned to Steamrail Victoria's base at Newport on 29 April 1998, after it was leased to the South Gippsland Tourist Railway (SGTR) in December 1996.^[16] The South Gippsland Tourist Railway had first been lent the locomotive during the summer of 1995–1996. The locomotive again returned for the summer of 1996–1997. K190 was leased to the South Gippsland Tourist Railway on 7 December 1996, when Steamrail Victoria operated another steam special to Leongatha.^[17] Diesel loco T345 was also lent to the tourist railway at that time, and formed part of the train from Newport Workshops. K183 double-headed with K190 to Nyora, with T345 attached. K190 and T345 were detached at Nyora station. Shortly afterwards, K183 ran solo to Leongatha. K190 followed to Leongatha with a consist of the tourist railway's carriages. T342, T345 and the DERM RM55 combined for a Saturday tourist railway service. Later, K183 returned to Newport Workshops with the Steamrail Victoria train. However, steam locomotives D3639 and K183 combined for the last steam excursion to traverse the South Gippsland rail line on 25 September 1997. During that time, D3639 and with K190 were on loan to the South Gippsland Tourist Railway.^[18]

Current status

The entire track between Nyora and Leongatha has now been removed and is undergoing conversion to a rail trail. The Great Southern Rail Trail initially extend from Nyora through to Welshpool, with discussions continuing about extending it to connect with the Yarram section, which is Wellington Shire.

The track beyond Leongatha, to Yarram and the Barry Beach branch line, was dismantled in 1994, but removal of other infrastructure, such as level crossing signals, took place around mid to late 1992, soon after the last train ran to Barry Beach. The section between Leongatha and Foster was turned into the Great Southern Rail Trail in 1998. In 2011, the Tarra Rail Trail from Alberton to Yarram was completed. As of September 2013^[update], the section between Foster and Toora had been complete, leaving the final section from there to Alberton being converted into the Great Southern Rail Trail.

The section from Dandenong to Cranbourne was electrified in 1995 and, as the Cranbourne Line, is now part of the Melbourne suburban rail network. The first level crossing on the closed section of the line, the South Gippsland Highway crossing in Cranbourne has since been paved over. The Victorian Transport Plan of 2009 stated that the Cranbourne line would be extended two kilometres to a new station at Cranbourne East by 2015. The new Cranbourne East station would be built near Renyard Street and the Casey Fields complex.^[19] The line from Nyora to Leongatha was used by the South Gippsland Tourist Railway until 2016. The branch line from Nyora to Wonthaggi was closed in 1978 and dismantled during 1988. It has now partly been converted to the Bass Coast Rail Trail. The former branch lines to both Outtrim and Strezlecki have long since closure been removed with almost no remains.

The remaining section of track from Cranbourne to Nyora is disused but mostly still intact. A length of track was pulled up at Koo Wee Rup in 2008 to allow the construction of toilets for the bus and coach stop, and a section of rail trail has been constructed through the town. Construction of the pipeline for Wonthaggi Desalination Plant made it necessary to remove three sections of the line. The first was about 100 metres on the down side of Monomeith Road, where about 50 metres of track were removed. The second was on the up side of Caldermeade Road, where about 30 metres of track were removed, and the third was about halfway between Caldermeade and Lang Lang stations.^{[citation needed]}

Much of the operational and safeworking infrastructure remains in place in this section, including signalling equipment, level crossings, and easements. Station platforms are also in place, but mostly without station buildings, for example at Lang Lang and Tooradin. Parts of the track have warped due to erosion, ground movement or the deterioration of sleepers. That is especially evident near Lang Lang, Tooradin, and north of Koo-Wee-Rup. There are also doubts about the integrity of some bridges and culverts along the route.

Prior to the 1999 Victorian election, the state Labor Party promised to return passenger services to Leongatha. In 2008, a report commissioned by the Victorian Department of Transport found the cost of returning passenger services to Leongatha to be unjustifiably high, estimating the cost at $72 million. The report stated that only 20 per cent of respondents surveyed about their transport needs considered restoring train services to be the main priority. Instead $14.7 million was allocated to road coach service upgrades.^[20]^[21] The then Minister for Public Transport Lynne Kosky said that the State Government had provided funding for development of a rail trail between Cranbourne East and Nyora to support tourism in South Gippsland in May 2008.

On 24 February 2016, the South Gippsland Shire Council unanimously carried motions to support the return of rail services to Leongatha, following a petition, initiated by the South & West Gippsland Transport Group, which attracted 2,420 supporters. The successful motion means that the data gathered from the petition and documents prepared by South Gippsland Shire Council investigating the returning rail to South Gippsland were passed to Public Transport Victoria with a call to provide for South Gippsland rail services in the forthcoming Regional Network Development Plan. After the disbandment of the South Gippsland Tourist Railway on 16 January 2016, it was announced that VicTrack would leave the disused rail line between Cranbourne and Leongatha intact and available for future use by freight and passenger trains.^[22] This announcement has since been contradicted by removal of the rail line from Nyora to Leongatha.

Political context

While the reopening the South Gippsland railway line as far as Leongatha was a prominent issue in the region in 2013, that is no longer the case, and the focus has shifted to developing the tourist potential of the expanding rail trail.^[23] A South Gippsland Shire Council Priority Projects document, released in June 2013, acknowledged that the return of a rail service was a major community priority, with funding and support sought from all levels of government.^[24] In early 2014, a report into possible extensions of the Melbourne metropolitan rail system identified the population growth corridor from Cranbourne to Koo-Wee-Rup, along the disused Leongatha line, as a key planning priority.^[25]

The South and West Gippsland Transport Group, a public transport lobby group, established in April 2011, which was closely associated with the South Gippsland Shire Council and other local government bodies, campaigned for an integrated transport plan in the region, which included rail at the forefront.^[26] The group had been known as the South Gippsland Transport Users Group and had amalgamated with numerous rail lobby groups in 1994, shortly after the rail passenger service to Leongatha was withdrawn in July 1993.^[27] One notable milestone for the group was running a successful campaign that saw passenger rail services reinstated to Leongatha on 9 December 1984.^[28]

A promise by the Bracks Labor government in 1999 to revive the railway line for freight and passenger services was abandoned by his successor John Brumby in 2008, but a community campaign involving the South and West Gippsland Transport Group continued to lobby, in collaboration with key stakeholders and governments, to achieve the reinstatement of rail services, and the improvement of public transport provision in the region. Several reports in relation to the use of rail for the transport of goods found it was not economically viable because rail did not provide the flexibility needed by producers. There was also the problem of the Dandenong bottleneck, which causes major delays to Gippsland Line services which share the rail corridor from there to Melbourne. It is also unlikely that any future rail service would be able to use the current alignment because it would not meet the requirements of modern VLocity Trains.^{[citation needed]}

References

^ ^a ^b "Works". Newsrail. Australian Railway Historical Society. October 1992. p. 330.
^ "Disappearing Tracks". Newsrail (Australian Railway Historical Society (Victorian Division)): pages 101-106. April 1995
^ ^a ^b ^c "Farewell – The Sand Train". Newsrail. Australian Railway Historical Society (Victorian Division). February 1998. pp. 71–76.
^ ^a ^b Chris Banger (March 1997). "Rail Passenger Service Withdrawals Since 1960". Newsrail. Australian Railway Historical Society (Victorian Division). pp. 77–82.
^ C.E., R.A.W., S.R.McL. (April 1974). "UNUSUAL CARRIAGE WORKINGS". Newsrail. Vol. 2, no. 04. Vic: ARHS Victoria Division. p. 95. ISSN 0310-7477. OCLC 19676396.{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ "VicRail Yarram Timetable July 1980". Under The Clocks Blog. 1 June 2020. Retrieved 3 May 2022.
^ ^a ^b "Traffic". Newsrail. Australian Railway Historical Society (Victorian Division): 149. May 1985. ISSN 0310-7477.
^ Fiddian, Mark (1997). Trains, Tracks, Travellers. A history of the Victorian Railways. South Eastern Independent Newspapers. p. 154. ISBN 1-875475-12-5.
^ C.E. (April 1974). "HEAVY SE TRAIN". Newsrail. Vol. 2, no. 04. Vic: ARHS Victoria Division. p. 95. ISSN 0310-7477. OCLC 19676396.
^ "Vintage Train To Foster". Newsrail (Australian Railway Historical Society (Victorian Division)): pp. 346-347. November 1987.
^ Grant Payne "ARHS DERM to Barry Beach and Welshpool, 12.5.90". Newsrail (Australian Railway Historical Society (Victorian Division)): pages 228–31. August 1990.
^ "Preservation". Newsrail (Australian Railway Historical Society (Victorian Division)): page 349. November 1990.
^ "Preservation, Stemrail". Newsrail (Australian Railway Historical Society (Victorian Division)): pages 214–15. July 1993.
^ "Operations, South East - Korumburra". Newsrail (Australian Railway Historical Society (Victorian Division)): page 183. June 1994.
^ "ARE Leongatha tour - report" https://groups.google.com/forum/#!msg/aus.rail/V1PD9R_d3Rc/LP8IoTY5Tk8J
^ "Around the State". Newsrail (Australian Railway Historical Society (Victorian Division)): page 189. June 1998.
^ "Tourist Trains". Newsrail (Australian Railway Historical Society (Victorian Division)): page 119. April 1997.
^ Geoff Peterson, "Dream Come True", Newsrail (Australian Railway Historical Society (Victorian Division)): page 307. October 1996.
^ The Victorian Transport Plan
^ "Gippsland Public Transport Links Boosted in Budget" (PDF). Media release from the Minister for Public Transport. doi.vic.gov.au. 2 May 2008. Retrieved 4 May 2008. ^{[dead link]} Communication from Minister Lynne Kosky, 3 June 2008.
^ TransNet Logistics (1 May 2007). "Leongatha Rail Line: Reintroduction of Passenger Train Services (Review Summary & Transport Options Assessment Report)" (PDF). doi.vic.gov.au. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 July 2008. Retrieved 4 May 2008.
^ Public Transport Users Association News March 2016 Volume 40 No.1 Page 3 'Council push for Leongatha trains to return' [1]
^ "Forums hear call for better regional public transport services". ABC News. 13 July 2015.
^ http://www.southgippsland.vic.gov.au/Files/PRIORITY_PROJECTS_2013.pdf^{[permanent dead link]}
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 March 2015. Retrieved 19 August 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "| HOME | South & West Gippsland Transport Group | A new rail solution for public and industry |". Archived from the original on 27 February 2015. Retrieved 23 March 2012.
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 February 2015. Retrieved 5 August 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ http://www.ptua.org.au/files/newsletters/1980s/PTUA-news-198501.pdf ^{[bare URL PDF]}

External links

Statistics and detailed schematic map at the vicsig enthusiast website
Photos: Between Cranbourne and Clyde stations^{[permanent dead link]}
Bikes make tracks for Gippsland
South & West Public Transport Group
South Gippsland Railway Videos by Graeme Reid

[newsrailoct92-1] "Works". Newsrail. Australian Railway Historical Society. October 1992. p. 330.

[2] "Disappearing Tracks". Newsrail (Australian Railway Historical Society (Victorian Division)): pages 101-106. April 1995

[sand-3] "Farewell – The Sand Train". Newsrail. Australian Railway Historical Society (Victorian Division). February 1998. pp. 71–76.

[nrs-4] Chris Banger (March 1997). "Rail Passenger Service Withdrawals Since 1960". Newsrail. Australian Railway Historical Society (Victorian Division). pp. 77–82.

[5] C.E., R.A.W., S.R.McL. (April 1974). "UNUSUAL CARRIAGE WORKINGS". Newsrail. Vol. 2, no. 04. Vic: ARHS Victoria Division. p. 95. ISSN 0310-7477. OCLC 19676396.{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[6] "VicRail Yarram Timetable July 1980". Under The Clocks Blog. 1 June 2020. Retrieved 3 May 2022.

[newsrail-7] "Traffic". Newsrail. Australian Railway Historical Society (Victorian Division): 149. May 1985. ISSN 0310-7477.

[ttt-8] Fiddian, Mark (1997). Trains, Tracks, Travellers. A history of the Victorian Railways. South Eastern Independent Newspapers. p. 154. ISBN 1-875475-12-5.

[9] C.E. (April 1974). "HEAVY SE TRAIN". Newsrail. Vol. 2, no. 04. Vic: ARHS Victoria Division. p. 95. ISSN 0310-7477. OCLC 19676396.

[10] "Vintage Train To Foster". Newsrail (Australian Railway Historical Society (Victorian Division)): pp. 346-347. November 1987.

[11] Grant Payne "ARHS DERM to Barry Beach and Welshpool, 12.5.90". Newsrail (Australian Railway Historical Society (Victorian Division)): pages 228–31. August 1990.

[12] "Preservation". Newsrail (Australian Railway Historical Society (Victorian Division)): page 349. November 1990.

[13] "Preservation, Stemrail". Newsrail (Australian Railway Historical Society (Victorian Division)): pages 214–15. July 1993.

[14] "Operations, South East - Korumburra". Newsrail (Australian Railway Historical Society (Victorian Division)): page 183. June 1994.

[15] "ARE Leongatha tour - report" https://groups.google.com/forum/#!msg/aus.rail/V1PD9R_d3Rc/LP8IoTY5Tk8J

[16] "Around the State". Newsrail (Australian Railway Historical Society (Victorian Division)): page 189. June 1998.

[17] "Tourist Trains". Newsrail (Australian Railway Historical Society (Victorian Division)): page 119. April 1997.

[18] Geoff Peterson, "Dream Come True", Newsrail (Australian Railway Historical Society (Victorian Division)): page 307. October 1996.

[19] The Victorian Transport Plan

[20] "Gippsland Public Transport Links Boosted in Budget" (PDF). Media release from the Minister for Public Transport. doi.vic.gov.au. 2 May 2008. Retrieved 4 May 2008. ^{[dead link]} Communication from Minister Lynne Kosky, 3 June 2008.

[21] TransNet Logistics (1 May 2007). "Leongatha Rail Line: Reintroduction of Passenger Train Services (Review Summary & Transport Options Assessment Report)" (PDF). doi.vic.gov.au. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 July 2008. Retrieved 4 May 2008.

[22] Public Transport Users Association News March 2016 Volume 40 No.1 Page 3 'Council push for Leongatha trains to return' [1]

[23] "Forums hear call for better regional public transport services". ABC News. 13 July 2015.

[24] ttp://www.southgippsland.vic.gov.au/Files/PRIORITY_PROJECTS_2013.pdf^{[permanent dead link]}

[25] "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 March 2015. Retrieved 19 August 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

[26] "| HOME | South & West Gippsland Transport Group | A new rail solution for public and industry |". Archived from the original on 27 February 2015. Retrieved 23 March 2012.

[27] "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 February 2015. Retrieved 5 August 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

[28] ttp://www.ptua.org.au/files/newsletters/1980s/PTUA-news-198501.pdf ^{[bare URL PDF]}

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