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Gas van

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Burned-out Magirus-Deutz furniture mover van near Chełmno extermination camp, of the type used by the Nazis, with the exhaust fumes diverted into the sealed rear compartment where the victims were locked in. This particular van had not been modified, as explained by Office of the United States Chief Counsel for Prosecution of Axis Criminality (1946),[1] but gives a good idea about the process.

A gas van or gas wagon (Russian: душегубка, dushegubka, literally "soul killer"; German: Gaswagen) was a truck re-equipped as a mobile gas chamber. During World War II and the Holocaust, Nazi Germany developed and used gas vans on a large scale to kill inmates of asylums, Poles, Romani people, Jews, and prisoners in occupied Poland, Belarus, Yugoslavia, the Soviet Union, and other regions of German-occupied Europe.[2][3] There are several documented cases of gas vans used by Soviet NKVD during the Great Purge.

Nazi Germany

Historians of the Holocaust like Henry Friedlander argue that the mobile gas chambers were invented in Germany in 1940, and they were first used to murder patients of Wartheland hospitals.[4] Katrin Reichelt names Albert Widmann and Arthur Nebe as having developed the method. The vans themselves were modified by Walter Rauff, Friedrich Pradel [de] and Harry Wentritt.[5] Matthias Beer calls gas vans "a special product of the Third Reich".[6]

The use of gas vans by Germans to kill Jews, Poles, Romani people, the mentally ill people, and prisoners in occupied territories during World War II originated with Aktion T4 in 1939. Ordered to find a suitable method to kill, the Technical Institute for the Detection of Crime ("Kriminaltechnisches Institut der Sicherheitspolizei" (de), abbreviated KTI) of the Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA) decided to gas victims with carbon monoxide.[7]

In October 1939, the Nazis started gassing prisoners at Fort VII near Posen. The first victims were Polish and Jewish inmates of asylums for the mentally ill.[8] Witnesses report that from December 1939, mobile gas chambers were used to murder the inmates of asylums in Pomerania, Eastern Prussia and Poland.[9] The vans were built for the Sonderkommando Lange and their use was supposed to speed up the killings. Instead of transporting the victims to the gas chambers, the gas chambers were transported to the victims. They were most likely devised by specialists from the Referat II D of the RSHA. These mobile gas chambers worked on the same principles as the stationary gas chambers: through a rubber hose the driver released pure CO from steel cylinders into the air tight special construction that was shaped like a box and placed on the carrier. The vans resembled moving vans or delivery lorries and were labelled Kaiser's Kaffee Geschäft (de) ("Kaiser's Coffee Shop") for camouflage. They were not called "gas vans" at the time, but "Sonder-Wagen", "Spezialwagen" (special vans) and "Entlausungswagen" (delousing vans).[10][9] The Lange commando killed patients in numerous hospitals in the Wartheland in 1940. They drove to the hospitals, collected patients, loaded them into the vans and gassed them while they were driving them away.[11] From 21 May to 8 June 1940 the Sonderkommando Lange murdered 1558 sick people from Soldau concentration camp.[12]

In August 1941, SS chief Heinrich Himmler attended a demonstration of a mass-shooting of Jews in Minsk that was arranged by Arthur Nebe, after which he vomited. Regaining his composure, Himmler decided that alternative murder techniques should be found.[13] He ordered Nebe to explore more "convenient" ways of killing, less stressful for the killers. Nebe decided to conduct his experiments by murdering Soviet mental patients, first with explosives near Minsk, and then with automobile exhaust at Mogilev.[14] Nebe's experiments led to the development of the gas van.[15] This vehicle had already been used in 1940 for the gassing of East Prussian and Pomeranian mental patients in the Soldau concentration camp.[16]

Gas vans were used, particularly at the Chełmno extermination camp, until gas chambers were developed as a more efficient method for murdering large numbers of people. Two types of gas vans were used by the Einsatzgruppen in the East. The Opel-Blitz, which weighed 3.5 tons, and the larger Saurerwagen, which weighed 7 tons.[17] In Belgrade, the gas van was known as "Dušegupka" and in the occupied parts of the USSR similarly as "душегубка" (dushegubka, literally "soul killer" or "exterminator"). The SS used the euphemisms Sonderwagen, Spezialwagen or S-Wagen ("special vehicle") for the vans.[18] The gas vans were specifically designed to direct deadly exhaust fumes via metal pipes into the airtight cargo compartments, where the intended victims had been forcibly stuffed to capacity. When the gas was released, victims screamed and knocked on the walls, begging for the Germans to release them.[19] After their deaths, their bodies were "thrown out blue, wet with sweat and urine, the legs covered with excrement and menstrual blood". These gruesome symptoms were one of the reasons why Rudolf Höss chose Zyklon B as the primary killing method for Jews. Ironically, Zyklon B inflicted similar symptoms.[20]

By June 1942 the main producer of gas vans, Gaubschat Fahrzeugwerke [de] GmbH, had delivered 20 gas vans in two models (for 30–50 and 70–100 individuals) to Einsatzgruppen, out of 30 that were ordered from that company.[citation needed] Not one gas van was extant at the end of the war. The existence of gas vans first came to light in 1943 during the trial of Nazi collaborators who had been involved in the murder of civilians in Krasnodar. A group of 30 to 60 civilians were gassed on August 21 and 22, 1942 by members of Sonderkommando (special unit) 10a of Einsatzgruppe D, who were supported by local collaborators. Subsequently, gas vans were used for murder of Roma people and ill persons.[21][failed verification] The total number of gas van killings is unknown.[22]

The gas vans are extensively discussed in some of the interviews in Claude Lanzmann's film Shoah.[citation needed]

Soviet Union

According to historian Robert Gellately, "the Soviets sometimes used a gas van (dushegubka), as in Moscow during the 1930s, but how extensive that was needs further investigation."[23] while Nazi killers have "invented the first gas van, which began operations in the Warthegau on January 15, 1940, under Herbert Lange".[24]

During the Great Purge in the Soviet Union, NKVD officer Isaj D. Berg used a specially adapted airtight van for gassing prisoners to death on an experimental basis.[25] The prisoners were gassed on the way to Butovo, a phony firing range, where the NKVD executed its prisoners and buried them.[26] According to testimony given by NKVD officer Nikolai Kharitonov in 1956, Isaj Berg had been instrumental in the production of gas vans.[27] Berg had become chief of the administrative economic department in Moscow's NKVD in the summer of 1937.[28] In October 1937 he was charged with the supervision of the Butovo firing range.[27] Berg had to prepare Butovo for the mass execution of people from greater Moscow and to ensure that these executions would take place smoothly.[29] According to testimony given by Fjodor Tschesnokov, a member of Berg's execution team, in 1956, trucks were used, which were equipped with valves through which the gas could be directed inside the vehicles. The interrogations revealed that the prisoners were stripped naked, tied up, gagged and thrown into the trucks. Their property was stolen.[27] Berg was arrested on 3 August 1938[30] and sentenced to death for participating in a "counter-revolutionary conspiracy within the NKVD" and executed on 3 March 1939.[27]

The scale at which these trucks were used is unknown. Author Tomas Kizny assumes that they were in use while Berg oversaw the executions (October 1937 to 4 August 1938). He points to archaeological excavations conducted in 1997. Then 59 corpses were exhumed who most likely had been murdered during Berg's tenure. Only four of these victims had been shot in the head, which leads Kizny to conclude that at least some of them had been gassed.[27] FSB officers Alexander Mikhailov and Mikhail Kirillin, and historian Lydia Golovkova, recounted the testimony of one witness at a mass execution site outside Moscow.[31] As many as 50 prisoners were loaded into trucks whose exhaust pipes were turned into the trucks, which Muscovites called "soul killers" and which were said to have been invented by Berg. Prisoners were "half dead" when they arrived at the site, where most were subsequently executed.[31]

Marek Hałaburda has written that the gas vans were introduced to increase the rate of executions.[32] In the book KGB: The State Within a State Yevgenia Albats and Catherine A. Fitzpatrick wrote that: "Owing to the shortage of executioners, Chekists used trucks that were camouflaged as bread vans as mobile death chambers. Yes, the very same machinery made notorious by the Nazis - yes, these trucks were originally a Soviet invention, in use years before the ovens of the Auschwitz were built"[33] Gas vans were also reportedly used in the cities of Omsk and Ivanovo in the Soviet Union. [34][35][36]

See also

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References

  1. ^ "SS use of mobile gassing vans". A damaged Magirus-Deutz van found in 1945 in Kolno, Poland. World War II Today. 2011. Retrieved April 22, 2013. Source: Office of the United States Chief Counsel for Prosecution of Axis Criminality: Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression – Washington, U.S Govt. Print. Office, 1946, Vol III, p. 418
  2. ^ Bartrop, Paul R; Dickerman, Michael, eds. (2017). "Gas Vans". The Holocaust: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. pp. 234–235. ISBN 978-1-4408-4084-5.
  3. ^ "Gas Wagons: The Holocaust's mobile gas chambers" Archived 2011-10-11 at the Wayback Machine, an article of the Nizkor Project
  4. ^ Henry Friedlander. The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995, ISBN 978-0-8078-2208-1, p. 139.
  5. ^ Katrin Reichelt. "Gaswagen". In: Handbuch des Antisemitismus. Judenfeindschaft in Geschichte und Gegenwart. vol. 4, ed. by Wolfgang Benz. Berlin: DeGruyter, p. 143 f.
  6. ^ Mathias Beer. "Die Entwicklung der Gaswagen beim Mord an den Juden". In: Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte (in German). 35 (3): p. 403.
  7. ^ Beer 1987, p. 405.
  8. ^ Alberti 2006, p. 326-327.
  9. ^ a b Beer 1987, p. 405-406.
  10. ^ Alberti 2006, p. 327-328.
  11. ^ Friedlander 1997, p. 139.
  12. ^ Beer 1987, p. 406.
  13. ^ Longerich, Peter (2012). Heinrich Himmler: A Life, p. 547, ISBN 978-0-19-959232-6.
  14. ^ Lewy, Guenter (2000). The Nazi Persecution of the Gypsies, pp. 204–208, ISBN 0-19-512556-8.
  15. ^ The path to genocide: essays on launching the final solution By Christopher R. Browning
  16. ^ Hilberg, Raul (1 January 2003). The Destruction of the European Jews. Yale University Press. p. 960. ISBN 978-0-300-09592-0.
  17. ^ Ernst. Klee, Willi Dressen, Volker Riess (1991). The gas-vans (3. 'A new and better method of killing had to be found'). Konecky Konecky. p. 69. ISBN 1568521332. Retrieved 2013-05-08. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  18. ^ Patrick Montague (2012). The Gas Vans (Appendix I). Univ of North Carolina Press. p. Appendix I: The Gas Van. ISBN 978-0807835272. Retrieved 2018-09-15. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  19. ^ "Testimonies of SS-Men Regarding Gassing Vans". Florida Center for Instructional Technology. 2005. Archived from the original on 29 September 2023.
  20. ^ Russell, Nestar (2018). "The Nazi's Pursuit for a "Humane" Method of Killing". Understanding Willing Participants, Volume 2. Vol. 2. pp. 241–276. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-97999-1_8. ISBN 978-3-319-97998-4. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  21. ^ "Krasnodar Gas Wagon Attacks, from memorialmuseums.org, in English". 2018. Retrieved 2020-05-31.
  22. ^ "Gaswagen, from deathcamps.org, in German". 2006. Retrieved 2018-10-06.
  23. ^ Robert Gellately. Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe. New York: Knopf, 2007, p. 460.
  24. ^ Robert Gellately. Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe. New York: Knopf, 2007, p. 367.
  25. ^ Catherine Merridale. Night of Stone: Death and Memory in Twentieth-Century Russia. Penguin Books, 2002 ISBN 0-14-200063-9 p. 200
  26. ^ Timothy J. Colton. Moscow: Governing the Socialist Metropolis. Belknap Press, 1998, ISBN 0-674-58749-9, p. 286
  27. ^ a b c d e Tomasz Kizny, Dominique Roynette. La grande terreur en URSS 1937–1938. Lausanne: Éd. Noir sur Blanc, 2013, p. 236.
  28. ^ Alexander Vatlin. Agents of Terror: Ordinary Men and Extraordinary Violence in Stalin's Secret Police. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 2016, ISBN 978-0-299-31080-6, p. 11.
  29. ^ Alexander Vatlin. Agents of Terror: Ordinary Men and Extraordinary Violence in Stalin's Secret Police. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 2016, ISBN 978-0-299-31080-6, p. 15.
  30. ^ Alexander Vatlin. Agents of Terror: Ordinary Men and Extraordinary Violence in Stalin's Secret Police. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 2016, ISBN 978-0-299-31080-6, p. 67.
  31. ^ a b Александр ЛИПКОВ, "Я к вам травою прорасту...", Alexander Lipkov, Kontinent, N 123, 2005. "Mikhail Kirillin: The details of everything that happened here, we restored by talking with one person. There were no other survivors who would directly work in the zone. And now he is gone. This is the former commandant of the Moscow administration, who told all the details ... Lydia Golovkova: He told the following: cars loaded with people moved through the forest, up to 50 people were stuffed into a truck. Muscovites have long called these cars "dushegubka [soul killers]." In the case of Berg, who took part in the executions, of which there is his signature, he was accused as the inventor of these gas vans. Alexander Mikhailov: According to the driver of such a truck, the gas was used to prevent the possibility of riot in the truck. Naturally, the people who swallowed carbon monoxide have been suppressed, and many of them accepted death as deliverance from the torment. Lydia Golovkova: The exhaust pipe turned inside the van, and people came already half-conscious. Buses with half-dead people drove up from the side of the forest. There was a tower with a searchlight above the trees, the territory was surrounded by barbed wire, and there was a long wooden hut, where everyone was supposedly brought in for sanitation."
  32. ^ Marek Hałaburda, “The Polish Operation”. The genocide of the Polish people in the USSR in the years 1937–1938, Orientalia Christiana Cracoviensia, 2013, v.5, p. 71.
  33. ^ Yevgenia Albats and Catherine A. Fitzpatrick, KGB: The State Within a State. The secret police and its hold on Russia's past, present and future. (International Affairs, Vol. 72). London: Tauris, 1995, p. 101.
  34. ^ According to high-ranking NKVD officer Mikhail Schreder, they were used in the city of Ivanovo similar to that in Moscow: "When a closed truck arrived at the place of execution, all convicts were dragged out of cars in an unconscious state. On the way, they were almost killed by exhaust fumes redirected through a special tube into the closed cargo compartment of the truck." Хроника событий 1937 года (Chronicle of the events of the year 1937), by Evgeniy Zhirnov, Kommersant, No.42, 22.10.2012, page 10.; Шрейдер М.П. (Shreider M.P) НКВД изнутри: Записки чекиста. (NKVD from within. Notes by Chekist ), Moscow: Возвращение, 1995. – p.78, full text online
  35. ^ Soviet dissident Petro Grigorenko described in his memoirs a story told by his close friend and former prisoner of Gulag Vasil Teslia who described killings of "kulaks" in a prison in Omsk. According to him, more than 27 people were loaded to a truck, which moved away from the prison, but soon returned. "When the doors were opened, black smoke poured out and corpses of people rained down." The corpses were then placed into the basement. Teslia watched such executions during whole week. Григоренко П.Г. В подполье можно встретить только крыс... (Petro Grigorenko, "In the underground one can meet only rats") — Нью-Йорк, Издательство «Детинец», 1981, page 403, Full text of the book (Russian)
  36. ^ "Поставить смерть на поток". Первыми душегубки использовали не фашисты, а чекисты? ("Who was the first to use gas chambers?", by Maria Aronova, RFE/RL, 9 April, 2023

Bibliography

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