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Sunflower oil

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Unrefined sunflower oil with sunflower inflorescence
Refined high-oleic sunflower oil

Sunflower oil is the non-volatile oil pressed from the seeds of the sunflower (Helianthus annuus). Sunflower oil is commonly used in food as a frying oil, and in cosmetic formulations as an emollient.

Sunflower oil is primarily composed of linoleic acid, a polyunsaturated fat, and oleic acid, a monounsaturated fat. Through selective breeding and manufacturing processes, oils of differing proportions of the fatty acids are produced.[1] The expressed oil has a neutral taste profile.[2] The oil contains a large amount of vitamin E.

The Russian invasion of Ukraine that began in 2022 caused global prices of sunflower oil to increase by as much as 58% in a single month in 2022.[3][4]

Composition

[edit]
Sunflower oil is mainly triglycerides (fats), typically derived from the fatty acids linoleic acid and oleic acid

Sunflower oil is mainly a triglyceride.[5] The British Pharmacopoeia lists the following profile:[6]

Four types of sunflower oils with differing concentrations of fatty acids are produced through plant breeding and industrial processing: high-linoleic, high-oleic, mid-oleic, and high-stearic combined with high-oleic.[1][2]

  • High-linoleic, 69% linoleic acid
  • High-oleic, 82% oleic acid
  • Mid-oleic, 65% oleic acid
  • High-stearic with high-oleic, 18% stearic acid and 72% oleic acid[2]
Sunflower oil production
2021, millions of tonnes
 Russia 5.2
 Ukraine 4.9
 Argentina 1.3
 Turkey 0.9
 Hungary 0.6
 Bulgaria 0.6
 Romania 0.5
 France 0.5
World 18.5
Source: FAOSTAT of the United Nations[7]

Genome

[edit]

A 2017 genome analysis provided a basis for the development of hybrid sunflowers to increase oil production.[8] Analysis of the sunflower genome duplication – starting about 29 million years ago – revealed two major breeding traits: flowering time and oil metabolism, which can be cultivated to improve the commercialization of sunflower oil.[9][10]

In further analysis of the sunflower genome to reveal plant metabolism producing its oil, phytosterols and other phytochemicals, such as polyphenols, squalene, and terpenoids, were identified.[8][11]

History

[edit]

After the domestication of the sunflower (3000 BC) the Native Americans obtained and used oil from the seeds.[12][13] In the modern era, sunflower oil was first used in food in 1830, in Russia.[14][15]

Production

[edit]
Sunflower oil in the Silpo store in Kyiv, Ukraine. August 2021.
Sunflower oil is one of the most commonly produced vegetable oils globally.

In 2021, world production of sunflower oil was 18.5 million tonnes, led by Russia and Ukraine, which together accounted for 55% of the total.[7]

In 2022, there was a global shortage of sunflower oil due to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, which has led to an over 50% drop in the availability of sunflower oil. Due to the shortages, many brands are reforming their recipes by switching to rapeseed oil to allow the production of their products to continue.[16]

Nutrition

[edit]
Sunflower oil, high oleic (70% and over)
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy3,699 kJ (884 kcal)
0 g
100 g
Saturated9.748 g
Monounsaturated83.594 g
Polyunsaturated3.798 g
0 g
Vitamins and minerals
VitaminsQuantity
%DV†
Vitamin E
274%
41.08 mg
Vitamin K
5%
5.4 μg
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[17] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[18]
Sunflower oil, standard
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy3,699 kJ (884 kcal)
0 g
100 g
Saturated10.3 g
Monounsaturated19.5 g
Polyunsaturated65.7 g
0 g
Vitamins and minerals
VitaminsQuantity
%DV†
Vitamin E
274%
41.08 mg
Vitamin K
5%
5.4 μg
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[17] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[18]
Sunflower oil (NuSun), mid oleic
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy3,699 kJ (884 kcal)
0 g
100 g
Saturated9.009 g
Monounsaturated57.344 g
Polyunsaturated28.962 g
0 g
Vitamins and minerals
VitaminsQuantity
%DV†
Vitamin E
274%
41.08 mg
Vitamin K
5%
5.4 μg
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[17] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[18]

Several varieties of sunflower oil seeds have been developed by standard plant breeding methods, mainly to vary the amounts of oleic acid and linoleic acid which, respectively, are the predominant monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats in sunflower oil.[1][19] Sunflower oil is 100% fat, and is a rich source of vitamin E (tables).

Physical properties

[edit]

Sunflower oil is liquid at room temperature. The refined oil is clear and slightly amber-colored with a slightly fatty odour.

Smoke point (refined) 232 °C 450 °F[20]
Smoke point (unrefined) 107 °C 225 °F[20]
Density (25 °C) 918.8 kg/m3[21]
Refractive index (25 °C) ≈1.4735[21]
Saponification value 188–194
Iodine value 120–145
Unsaponifiable matter 1.5–2.0%
Viscosity (25 °C), unrefined 0.04914 kg/(m·s)[22]

Preparation and storage

[edit]

Because sunflower oil is primarily composed of less-stable polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, it can be particularly susceptible to degradation by heat, air, and light, which trigger and accelerate oxidation. Keeping sunflower oil at low temperatures during manufacturing and storage can help minimize rancidity and nutrient loss—as can storage in bottles that are made of either darkly-colored glass, or plastic that has been treated with an ultraviolet light protectant.[citation needed]

Methods of extraction

[edit]

Sunflower oil can be extracted using chemical solvents (e.g., hexane), or expeller pressing (i.e., squeezed directly from sunflower seeds by crushing them).[23] "Cold-pressing" (or expeller pressing) sunflower seeds under low-temperature conditions is a method that does not use chemical solvents to derive sunflower seed oil.[24]

Refined versus unrefined

[edit]

Refining sunflower oil through solvent extraction, de-gumming, neutralization, and bleaching can make it more stable and suitable for high-temperature cooking, but doing so will also remove some of the oil's nutrients, flavor, color (resulting in a pale-yellow), free fatty acids, phospholipids, polyphenols, and phytosterols. Also, some of the polyunsaturated fatty acids will be converted into trans fat due to the high temperatures involved in the process.[25][26] Unrefined sunflower oil is less heat-stable (and therefore well-suited to dishes that are raw, or cooked at low temperatures), but it will retain more of its original nutrient content, flavor, and color (light-amber).

Uses

[edit]

In food preparation

[edit]

Refined sunflower oil is used for low-to-extremely-high-temperature cooking. As a frying oil, it behaves as a typical vegetable oil, and is used in sunflower butter.[citation needed]

Methods for cooking snack foods, such as potato chips or French fries, may use sunflower oil.[27]

Seed meal

[edit]

Extraction of sunflower oil leaves behind the crushed seeds, typically referred to as seed meal, which is rich in protein and dietary fiber and used as an animal feed, fertilizer or fuel.[28]

Supplements

[edit]

Sunflower oil dietary supplements have been marketed for treatment of eczema, but research has shown it is not medically effective.[29]

As fuel

[edit]

Sunflower oil can be used to run diesel engines when mixed with diesel in the tank. Due to the high levels of unsaturated fats, there is higher viscosity in cold temperatures.[30]

Cosmetics industry

[edit]

PEG-10 sunflower glycerides, a pale yellow liquid with a "slightly fatty" odor, are the polyethylene glycol derivative of the mono- and diglycerides derived from sunflower seed oil with an average of 10 moles of ethylene oxide.[31] PEG-10 sunflower glycerides are commonly used in cosmetic formulations.

Horticulture

[edit]

In the European Union sunflower oil can be sprayed onto tomato crops as a fungicide to control powdery mildew from Oidium neolycopersici. For this use, it is classified as a 'basic substance' that can be used on both organic and conventional farms.[32]

Properties

[edit]
Properties of vegetable oils[33][34]
The nutritional values are expressed as percent (%) by mass of total fat.
Type Processing
treatment[35]		 Saturated
fatty acids		 Monounsaturated
fatty acids		 Polyunsaturated
fatty acids		 Smoke point
Total[33] Oleic
acid
(ω−9)		 Total[33] α-Linolenic
acid
(ω−3)		 Linoleic
acid
(ω−6)		 ω−6:3
ratio
Avocado[36] 11.6 70.6 52–66
[37]		 13.5 1 12.5 12.5:1 250 °C (482 °F)[38]
Brazil nut[39] 24.8 32.7 31.3 42.0 0.1 41.9 419:1 208 °C (406 °F)[40]
Canola[41] 7.4 63.3 61.8 28.1 9.1 18.6 2:1 204 °C (400 °F)[42]
Coconut[43] 82.5 6.3 6 1.7 0.019 1.68 88:1 175 °C (347 °F)[40]
Corn[44] 12.9 27.6 27.3 54.7 1 58 58:1 232 °C (450 °F)[42]
Cottonseed[45] 25.9 17.8 19 51.9 1 54 54:1 216 °C (420 °F)[42]
Cottonseed[46] hydrogenated 93.6 1.5 0.6 0.2 0.3 1.5:1
Flaxseed/linseed[47] 9.0 18.4 18 67.8 53 13 0.2:1 107 °C (225 °F)
Grape seed   10.4 14.8 14.3   74.9 0.15 74.7 very high 216 °C (421 °F)[48]
Hemp seed[49] 7.0 9.0 9.0 82.0 22.0 54.0 2.5:1 166 °C (330 °F)[50]
High-oleic safflower oil[51] 7.5 75.2 75.2 12.8 0 12.8 very high 212 °C (414 °F)[40]
Olive (extra virgin)[52] 13.8 73.0 71.3 10.5 0.7 9.8 14:1 193 °C (380 °F)[40]
Palm[53] 49.3 37.0 40 9.3 0.2 9.1 45.5:1 235 °C (455 °F)
Palm[54] hydrogenated 88.2 5.7 0
Peanut[55] 16.2 57.1 55.4 19.9 0.318 19.6 61.6:1 232 °C (450 °F)[42]
Rice bran oil 25 38.4 38.4 36.6 2.2 34.4[56] 15.6:1 232 °C (450 °F)[57]
Sesame[58] 14.2 39.7 39.3 41.7 0.3 41.3 138:1
Soybean[59] 15.6 22.8 22.6 57.7 7 51 7.3:1 238 °C (460 °F)[42]
Soybean[60] partially hydrogenated 14.9 43.0 42.5 37.6 2.6 34.9 13.4:1
Sunflower[61] 8.99 63.4 62.9 20.7 0.16 20.5 128:1 227 °C (440 °F)[42]
Walnut oil[62] unrefined 9.1 22.8 22.2 63.3 10.4 52.9 5:1 160 °C (320 °F)[63]

References

[edit]
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