Telecommunications device for the deaf: Difference between revisions
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The term TDD is sometimes discouraged because people who are deaf are increasingly using mainstream devices and technologies to carry out most of their communication. The devices described here were developed for use on the analog Public Switched Telephone Network [PSTN]. They do not work well on the new internet protocol (IP) networks. Thus as society increasingly moves toward IP based telecommunication, the telecommunication devices used by people who are deaf will not be TDDs. In the US for example, the use of the term TDD is thus discouraged to avoid confusion with these analog devices being referred to as TTYs.{{citation needed|date=July 2012}} |
The term TDD is sometimes discouraged because people who are deaf are increasingly using mainstream devices and technologies to carry out most of their communication. The devices described here were developed for use on the analog Public Switched Telephone Network [PSTN]. They do not work well on the new internet protocol (IP) networks. Thus as society increasingly moves toward IP based telecommunication, the telecommunication devices used by people who are deaf will not be TDDs. In the US for example, the use of the term TDD is thus discouraged to avoid confusion with these analog devices being referred to as TTYs.{{citation needed|date=July 2012}} |
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==History== |
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===APCOM acoustic coupler or MODEM device=== |
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The TDD concept was developed by [[James C. Marsters]] (1924–2009), a dentist and private airplane pilot who became deaf as an infant because of [[scarlet fever]], and [[Robert Weitbrecht]], a deaf physicist. In 1964, Marsters, Weitbrecht and Andrew Saks, an electrical engineer and grandson of the founder of the [[Saks Fifth Avenue]] department store chain, founded APCOM (Applied Communications Corp.), located in the San Francisco Bay area, to develop the [[acoustic coupler]], or [[modem]]; their first product was named the PhoneType.<ref name=wsj>His Ingenuity Helped the Deaf Tap the Power of Telephones, Remembrances, Wall Street Journal, August 21, 2009, p.A9</ref><ref>[http://gupress.gallaudet.edu/excerpts/POOOone6.html Gallaudet University, book excerpt]</ref><ref name=times>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/23/us/23marsters.html?hpw|title=James Marsters, Deaf Inventor, Dies at 85|work=[[New York Times]]|date=2009-08-22|accessdate=2009-08-24 | first=Dennis | last=Hevesi}} |
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]</ref> APCOM collected old [[Teleprinter|teleprinter machines]] (TTYs) from the [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] and junkyards. [[Acoustic coupler]]s were cabled to TTYs enabling the [[AT&T Corporation|AT&T]] standard [[Model 500 telephone]] to couple, or fit, into the rubber cups on the coupler, thus allowing the device to transmit and receive a unique sequence of tones generated by the different corresponding TTY keys. The entire configuration of teleprinter machine, acoustic coupler, and telephone set became known as the TTY. Weitbrecht invented the acoustic coupler modem in 1964. The actual mechanism for TTY communications was accomplished electro-mechanically through [[frequency shift keying]] (FSK) allowing only one-way ([[Simplex circuit|simplex]]) communication. |
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===Paul Taylor TTY device=== |
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During the late 1960s, [[Paul Taylor (engineer)|Paul Taylor]] combined Western Union [[Teletype Corporation|Teletype]] machines with modems to create teletypewriters, known as TTYs. He distributed these early, non-portable devices to the homes of many in the deaf community in St. Louis, Missouri. He worked with others to establish a local telephone [[Wake-up call (service)|wake-up service]]. In the early 1970s, these small successes in St. Louis evolved into the nation’s first local telephone relay system for the deaf.<ref name="cid_background">Readmond, Kim. [http://www.cid.edu/home/NEWS%20ROOM/news%20releases/taylors.htm "Paul and Sally Taylor Background Sheet,"] [[Central Institute for the Deaf]]; Lang, Harry G. (2000). [http://books.google.com/books?id=4bgvh1lTQwcC&pg=PA67&lpg=PA67&dq=Paul+Taylor++TTY&source=bl&ots=TdA0WDfJ_0&sig=w3vwWOY6Ddk1UqAP8w-H6URYcPU&hl=en&ei=wrngSsjMB4iylAe4rYzICw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CBEQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Paul%20Taylor%20%20TTY&f=false ''A Phone of Our Own: the Deaf Insurrection Against Ma Bell,'' p. 67.]</ref> |
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=== Micon Industries MCM device === |
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In 1973 the Manual Communications Module (MCM), which was the world's first electronic portable TTY allowing two-way telecommunications, premiered at the California Association of the Deaf convention in Sacramento, California. The battery-powered MCM was invented and designed by a deaf news anchor <!-- -NEWSIGN 4 1971-1973, (????) --> and interpreter, Kit Patrick Corson, in conjunction with Michael Cannon and physicist Art Ogawa. It was manufactured by Michael Cannon's company, Micon Industries, and initially marketed by Kit Corson's company, Silent Communications. In order to be compatible with the existing TTY network, the MCM was designed around the five-bit [[Baudot code]] established by the older TTY machines instead of the ASCII code used by computers. The MCM was an instant success with the deaf community despite the drawback of a $599 cost. Within six months there were more MCMs in use by the deaf and hard of hearing than TTY machines. After a year Micon took over the marketing of the MCM and subsequently concluded a deal with [[Pacific Bell]] (who coined the term "TDD") to purchase MCMs and rent them to deaf telephone subscribers for $30 per month. |
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After Micon formed an alliance with APCOM, Michael Cannon (Micon), Paul Conover (Micon), and Andrea Saks (APCOM) successfully petitioned the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) resulting in a tariff that paid for TTY devices to be distributed free of cost to deaf persons. Micon produced over 1,000 MCMs per month resulting in approximately 50,000 MCMs being disseminated into the deaf community. |
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Before he left Micon in 1980, Michael Cannon developed several computer compatible variations of the MCM and a portable, battery operated printing TTY, but they were never as popular as the original MCM. Newer model TTYs could communicate with selectable codes that allow communications at a higher bit rate on those models similarly equipped. However, the lack of true computer interface functionality spelled the demise of the original TTY and its clones. During the mid-1970s other so-called portable telephone devices were being cloned by other companies, and this was the time period when the term "TDD" began being used largely by those outside the deaf community. |
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===Marsters Award=== |
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In 2009, AT&T received the James C. Marsters Promotion Award from TDI, (formerly [[Telecommunications for the Deaf, Inc.]]) for its efforts to increase accessibility to communication for people with disabilities.<ref>[http://ca.news.finance.yahoo.com/s/31072009/31/link-f-prnewswire-t-receive-james-c-marsters-promotion-award-helping.html Yahoo Canada Finance News, July 31, 2009, retrieved August 22, 2009]</ref> The award holds some irony; it was AT&T that, in the 1960s, resisted efforts to implement TTY technology, claiming it would damage its communication equipment. In 1968, The [[Federal Communications Commission]] struck down AT&T's policy and forced it to offer TTY access to its network.<ref name=wsj/><ref name=times/> |
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==Protocols== |
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There are many different textphone standards. |
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===Baudot code=== |
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The original standard used by TTYs is the [[Baudot code]] implemented asynchronously at either 45.5 or 50 baud, 1 start bit, 5 data bits, and 1.5 stop bits. Baudot is a common protocol in the US. Details of the protocol implementation are available in TIA/EIA-825-A.<ref name=textphone>{{cite book|title=Fax, Modem, and Text for IP Telephony|publisher=Cisco Press|isbn=978-1-58705-761-8|pages=Chapter #|url=http://my.safaribooksonline.com/book/telephony/9781587057618/how-text-telephony-works/ch03lev1sec5}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=EIA-TIA-825-A|url=http://ftp.tiaonline.org/TR-30/TR-30.1/Public/TR-30.1/2000-01-BocaRaton/sp4628.pdf}}</ref> |
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===Turbo Code=== |
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In addition to regular Baudot, the UltraTec company implements another protocol known as Enhanced TTY, which it calls "Turbo Code," in its products. Turbo Code has some advantages over Baudot protocols, such as a higher data rate, full [[ASCII]] compliance, and [[full-duplex]] capability. However, Turbo Code is [[Proprietary protocol|proprietary]], and UltraTec gives its specifications only to parties who are willing to license it. |
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===Other legacy protocols=== |
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Other protocols used for text telephony are European Deaf Telephone (EDT) and [[Dual-tone multi-frequency signaling]] (DTMF). |
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The ITU V series recommendations are a collection of early modem standards approved by the [[ITU]] in 1988. |
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*[[ITU V.21]] [http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-V.21/recommendation.asp?lang=en&parent=T-REC-V.21-198811-I] specifies 300 bits per second duplex mode. |
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*[[ITU V.23]] [http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-V/recommendation.asp?lang=en&parent=T-REC-V.23] specifies [[audio frequency-shift keying]] modulation to encode and transfer data at 600/1200 bits per second. |
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===V.18=== |
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In 1994 the [[International Telecommunication Union|ITU]] approved the V.18 standard V.18 is a dual standard.<ref>[http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-V.18/en T-REC V.18], ITU.int website</ref> It is both an umbrella protocol that allows recognition and interoperability of some of the most commonly used textphone protocols, as well as offering a native V.18 mode, which is an [[ASCII]] full- or half-duplex modulation method. |
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Computers can, with appropriate software and modem, emulate a V.18 TTY. Some voice modems, coupled with appropriate software, can now be converted to TTY modems by using a software-based decoder for TTY tones. Same can be done with such software using a computer's sound card, when coupled to the telephone line. |
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In the UK, a virtual V.18 network, called TextDirect, exists as part of the [[Public Switched Telephone Network]] (PSTN), thereby offering interoperability between textphones using different protocols. The platform also offers additional functionality like call progress and status information in text and automatic invocation of a relay service for speech-to-text calls. |
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===New technologies=== |
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As TDD's are increasingly considered [[Legacy system|legacy]] devices, with the emergence of modern technologies such as [[email]], [[texting]] and [[instant messaging]], text from TDD are increasingly being sent over [[Text over IP]] gateways, or other [[real-time text]] protocols. However, these newer methods require IP connections and will not work with regular analog phone lines, unless a data connection is used (i.e. [[dial-up Internet]], or the [[modem]] method of multiplexing text and voice that is done on a [[Captioned Telephone]] hardware handset). Because some people have no access to any kind of data connection, and it is not even available in some parts within many countries, TTYs are still the only method for analog landline text phone calls, although TTYs include any device with a suitable modem and software. |
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==Other devices for hearing impaired== |
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[[Image:Jrb 20080809 att tdd 2700.jpg|thumb|150px|AT&T TDD 2700]] |
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In addition to TDD, there are a number of pieces of equipment that can be coupled to telephones to improve their utility. For those with hearing difficulties the telephone ring and conversation sound level can be amplified or pitch adjusted, ambient noise can also be filtered. The amplifier can be a simple addition or through an inductive coupler to interact with suitable hearing aids. The ring can also be supplemented with extension bells or a visual call indicator. |
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==Etiquette== |
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There are some etiquette rules that users of TTYs must be aware of. Because of the inability to detect when a person has finished speaking, (and the fact that two people typing will scramble the text on both ends) the term "Go Ahead" (GA) is used to denote the end of a turn, and an indication for the other person to begin typing. |
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{{anchor|abbreviations|acronyms}} |
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{|class="wikitable" |
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|+'''Commonly used abbreviations''' |
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![[Initialism]]!! |
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| BRB || Be Right Back |
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| CA || Communications assistant (another term for a relay operator) |
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|- |
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| CU || See You (be seeing you) |
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| GA || Go Ahead |
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|- |
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| SK || Stop Keying (not an imperative to the other person but rather a description of what the keyer is doing, A. preventing the subsequent [[dead air]] from confusing the recipient by letting the recipient know not to expect any more messages but also B. letting the recipient know that the keyer remains "listening" for any "goodbye"-type message) |
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|- |
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| SKSK || Now hanging up (used in reply to SK as confirmation that the replying keyer has nothing left to say and that both ends of the conversation [and, therefore, the conversation as a whole] are terminated) |
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|- |
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| GA OR SK, SKGA || Goodbye |
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|-| HD || Hold (transmitted before a voice [[intercept message]]) |
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| Q, QQ, QM || Question Mark (?) |
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| PLS || Please |
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| RO || Relay Operator |
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| OIC || Oh, I See |
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| OPR || Operator |
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| NBR || Number |
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| TMW || Tomorrow |
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| THX || Thanks |
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| WRU || Who are You? (or Where are You?) |
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|- |
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| XXXX || Xs are often used to indicate a typing error instead of backspacing |
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|- |
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|} |
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===Sample conversation=== |
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'''Caller A''': HELLO JOHN, WHAT TIME WILL YOU BE COMING AROUND TODAY Q GA <br> |
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'''Caller B''': HI FRED, I WILL BE AROUND NOON GA <br> |
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'''Caller A''': OK, NO PROBLEM, DON'T FORGET TO BRING THE BOOKS AND THE WORK SO FAR GA <br> |
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'''Caller B''': WILL DO SK <br> |
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'''Caller A''': BYE BYE SKSK |
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SK is used to allow the users to say their farewells, while SKSK indicates an immediate call hang-up. |
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===Sample conversation 2=== |
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'''Caller A''' HI, THIS IS JOHN, CAN I ASK WHO IS CALLING? GA <br> |
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'''Caller B''' HI JOHN, ITS ME FRED, I AM WONDERING WHERE YOU ARE, ITS GETTING LATE TO GO OUT TO THE PUB GA <br> |
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'''Caller A''' HI FRED, SORRY I DONT THINK I CAN GO GA <br> |
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'''Caller B''' WHY CANT YOU GO? GA <br> |
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'''Caller A''' MY WIFE IS NOT FEELING WELL AND I HAVE NO BABYSITTER FOR MY KIDS! GA <br> |
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'''Caller B''' AWWWW DARN. I WANTED YOU THERE. OH WELL WHAT CAN YOU DO ? GA <br> |
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'''Caller A''' I KNOW.. I GOTTA GO. THE KIDS NEED ME. SEE YOU AROUND! BYE FOR NOW SK <br> |
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'''Caller B''' OK NO WORRIES SEE YOU SOON! BYE BYE SK GA <br> |
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'''Caller A''' SKSK (THE PARTY HAS HUNG UP) |
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===Sample Text Relay call=== |
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'''Caller A''' TXD DIALING.. TXD RING... TXD OPERATOR CONNECTED.. EXPLAINING TEXT RELAY SERVICE. PLEASE WAIT.... HI THIS IS JOHN GA <br> |
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'''Caller B''' HI JOHN ITS ME FRED. I AM WONDERING WHAT YOU ARE DOING TONIGHT? GA <br> |
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'''Caller A''' HI FRED. I AM THINKING OF HAVING A POKER NIGHT AT MINE, WHAT DO YOU THINK? GA <br> |
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'''Caller B''' GOOD IDEA, I'LL CALL A FEW MATES TO COME ROUND AND HAVE A GOOD GAME GA <br> |
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'''Caller A''' OK SEE YOU AT 7PM. BYE BYE SK GA <br> |
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'''Caller B''' OK SEE YOU AT 7PM BYE BYE SKSKSKSK GA <br> |
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'''Caller A''' THANK YOU FOR USING TEXT RELAY SERVICE. GOODBYE |
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''Note: TTYs use only [[capital letter]]s except when there are computer screens.'' <br> |
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''Note: Text relay service used to be called typetalk (RNID) but have merged with the phone line using the dialling prefix 18001 (TTY) or the 18002 (voice relay) the emergency line is 18000 (TTY) |
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==TRS relay== |
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One of the most common uses for a TTY is to place calls to a [[Telecommunications Relay Service]] (TRS), which makes it possible for the deaf to successfully make phone calls to regular phone users. |
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The voice recognition systems are in limited use, due to problems with the technology{{clarify|date=November 2012}}. A new development called the [[captioned telephone]] now uses voice recognition to assist the human operators. Newer text-based communication methods, such as [[short message service]] (SMS), [[Internet Relay Chat]] (IRC), and [[instant messaging]] have also been adopted by the deaf as an alternative or adjunct to TTY. |
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== See also == |
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* [[List of video telecommunication services and product brands]] |
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* [[Robert H. Weitbrecht]] |
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* [[Paul Taylor (engineer)]] |
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* [[Video relay service|Video relay service (VRS)]], using videotelephony |
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== Notes == |
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{{reflist}} |
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{{Refimprove|date=November 2008}} |
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== References == |
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* Lang, Harry G. (2000). ''A Phone of Our Own: the Deaf Insurrection Against Ma Bell.'' Washington, D.C.: [[Gallaudet University Press]]. 10-ISBN 1-56368-090-4/13-ISBN 978-1-56368-090-8; [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/59576008 OCLC 59576008] |
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* Readmond, Kim. [http://www.cid.edu/home/NEWS%20ROOM/news%20releases/taylors.htm "Paul and Sally Taylor Background Sheet,"] [[Central Institute for the Deaf]] (St. Louis, Missouri). |
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* Strauss, Karen Peltz. (2006). ''A New Civil Right: Telecommunications Equality for Deaf and Hard of Hearing Americans.'' Washington, D.C.: Gallaudet University Press. 10-ISBN 1-56368-291-5/13-ISBN 978-1-56368-291-9; [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62393257 OCLC 62393257] |
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== External links == |
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*[http://www.pctty.com Freeware Windows TTY emulator computer program] |
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{{Telecommunications}} |
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[[Category:Assistive technology]] |
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[[Category:Deafness]] |
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Revision as of 19:14, 2 October 2013
A Telecommunications Device for the Deaf (TDD) is a teleprinter, an electronic device for text communication over a telephone line, that is designed for use by persons with hearing or speech difficulties. Other names for the device include teletypewriter (or TTYs), textphone (common in Europe), and minicom (United Kingdom).
The typical TDD is a device about the size of a typewriter or laptop computer with a QWERTY keyboard and small screen that uses LEDs or an LCD screen to display typed text electronically. In addition, TDDs commonly have a small spool of paper on which text is also printed — old versions of the device had only a printer and no screen. The text is transmitted live, via a telephone line, to a compatible device, i.e. one that uses a similar communication protocol.
Special telephone services have been developed to carry the TDD functionality even further. In certain countries there are systems in place so that a deaf person can communicate with a hearing person on an ordinary voice phone using a human relay operator. There are also "carry-over" services, enabling people who can hear but cannot speak ("hearing carry-over," a.k.a. "HCO"), or people who cannot hear but are able to speak ("voice carry-over," a.k.a. "VCO") to use the telephone.
The term TDD is sometimes discouraged because people who are deaf are increasingly using mainstream devices and technologies to carry out most of their communication. The devices described here were developed for use on the analog Public Switched Telephone Network [PSTN]. They do not work well on the new internet protocol (IP) networks. Thus as society increasingly moves toward IP based telecommunication, the telecommunication devices used by people who are deaf will not be TDDs. In the US for example, the use of the term TDD is thus discouraged to avoid confusion with these analog devices being referred to as TTYs.[citation needed]