Oxalis

Oxalis
	Oxalis pes-caprae
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Oxalidales
Family:	Oxalidaceae
Genus:	Oxalis; L.
Species
	About 550, see List of Oxalis species

Oxalis (/ˈɒksəlɪs/ (American English)^[1] or /ɒksˈɑːlɪs/ (British English))^[2] is a large genus of flowering plants in the wood-sorrel family Oxalidaceae, comprising over 550 species.^[3] The genus occurs throughout most of the world, except for the polar areas; species diversity is particularly rich in tropical Brazil, Mexico, and South Africa.

Many of the species are known as wood sorrels (sometimes written "woodsorrels" or "wood-sorrels") as they have an acidic taste reminiscent of the sorrel proper (Rumex acetosa), which is not closely related. Some species are called yellow sorrels or pink sorrels after the color of their flowers instead. Other species are colloquially known as false shamrocks, and some called sourgrasses. For the genus as a whole, the term oxalises is also used.

Description and ecology

These plants are annual or perennial. The leaves are divided into three to ten or more obovate and top-notched leaflets, arranged palmately with all the leaflets of roughly equal size. The majority of species have three leaflets; in these species, the leaves are superficially similar to those of some clovers.^[4] Some species exhibit rapid changes in leaf angle in response to temporarily high light intensity to decrease photoinhibition.^[5]

The flowers have five petals, which are usually fused at the base, and ten stamens. The petal color varies from white to pink, red or yellow;^[6] anthocyanins and xanthophylls may be present or absent but are generally not both present together in significant quantities, meaning that few wood-sorrels have bright orange flowers. The fruit is a small capsule containing several seeds. The roots are often tuberous and succulent, and several species also reproduce vegetatively by production of bulbils, which detach to produce new plants.

Several Oxalis species dominate the plant life in local woodland ecosystems, be it Coast Range ecoregion of the North American Pacific Northwest, or the Sydney Turpentine-Ironbark Forest in southeastern Australia where least yellow sorrel (O. exilis) is common. In the United Kingdom and neighboring Europe, common wood sorrel (O. acetosella) is the typical woodland member of this genus, forming large swaths in the typical mixed deciduous forests dominated by downy birch (Betula pubescens) and sessile oak (Quercus petraea), by sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus), common bracken (Pteridium aquilinum), pedunculate oak (Q. robur) and blackberries (Rubus fruticosus agg.), or by common ash (Fraxinus excelsior), dog's mercury (Mercurialis perennis) and European rowan (Sorbus aucuparia); it is also common in woods of common juniper (Juniperus communis ssp. communis). Some species – notably Bermuda-buttercup (O. pes-caprae) and creeping woodsorrel (O. corniculata) – are pernicious, invasive weeds when escaping from cultivation outside their native ranges; the ability of most wood-sorrels to store reserve energy in their tubers makes them quite resistant to most weed control techniques.

A 2019 study^[7] suggested that species from this genus have a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen fixing Bacillus endophytes, storing them in plant tissues and seeds, which could explain its ability to spread rapidly even in poor soils.

Tuberous woodsorrels provide food for certain small herbivores – such as the Montezuma quail (Cyrtonyx montezumae). The foliage is eaten by some Lepidoptera, such as the Polyommatini pale grass blue (Pseudozizeeria maha) – which feeds on creeping wood sorrel and others – and dark grass blue (Zizeeria lysimon).

Oxalis species are susceptible to rust (Puccinia oxalidis).

Use by humans

As food

Wood sorrel (a type of oxalis) is an edible wild plant that has been consumed by humans around the world for millennia.^[8] In Dr. James Duke's Handbook of Edible Weeds, he notes that the Native American Kiowa people chewed wood sorrel to alleviate thirst on long trips, the Potawatomi cooked it with sugar to make a dessert, the Algonquin considered it an aphrodisiac, the Cherokee ate wood sorrel to alleviate mouth sores and a sore throat, and the Iroquois ate wood sorrel to help with cramps, fever and nausea.^[8]

The fleshy, juicy edible tubers of the oca (O. tuberosa) have long been cultivated for food in Colombia and elsewhere in the northern Andes mountains of South America. It is grown and sold in New Zealand as "New Zealand yam" (although not a true yam), and varieties are now available in yellow, orange, apricot, and pink, as well as the traditional red-orange.^[9]

The leaves of scurvy-grass sorrel (O. enneaphylla) were eaten by sailors travelling around Patagonia as a source of vitamin C to avoid scurvy.

In India, creeping wood sorrel (O. corniculata) is eaten only seasonally, starting in December–January. The Bodos of north east India sometimes prepare a sour fish curry with its leaves. The leaves of common wood sorrel (O. acetosella) may be used to make a lemony-tasting tea when dried.

Other uses

In the past, it was a practice to extract crystals of calcium oxalate for use in treating diseases and as a salt called sal acetosella or "sorrel salt" (also known as "salt of lemon"). Growing oca tuber root caps are covered in a fluorescent slush rich in harmaline and harmine which apparently suppresses pests.^[10] Creeping wood sorrel and perhaps other species are apparently hyperaccumulators of copper. The Ming Dynasty text Precious Secrets of the Realm of the King of Xin from 1421 describes how O. corniculata can be used to locate copper deposits as well as for geobotanical prospecting. It thus ought to have some potential for phytoremediation of contaminated soils.^{[citation needed]}

As ornamental plants

Several species are grown as pot plants or as ornamental plants in gardens, for example, O. versicolor.

Oxalis flowers range in colour from whites to yellow, peaches, pink, or multi-coloured flowers.^[11]

Some varieties have double flowers, for example the double form of O. compressus. Some varieties are grown for their foliage, such as the dark purple-leaved O. triangularis.

Species with four regular leaflets – in particular O. tetraphylla (four-leaved pink-sorrel) – are sometimes misleadingly sold as "four-leaf clover", taking advantage of the mystical status of four-leaf clover.

Selected species

Oxalis acetosella – common wood sorrel, stabwort
Oxalis adenophylla – Chilean oxalis, silver shamrock
Oxalis albicans – hairy woodsorrel, white oxalis, radishroot woodsorrel, radishroot yellow-sorrel, California yellow-sorrel
Oxalis alpina – alpine sorrel
Oxalis ambigua
Oxalis articulata Savign. – pink-sorrel
Oxalis ausensis
Oxalis barrelieri – lavender sorrel
Oxalis bowiei – Bowie's wood-sorrel, Cape shamrock
Oxalis brasiliensis – Brazilian woodsorrel
Oxalis caerulea – blue woodsorrel
Oxalis caprina
Oxalis corniculata – creeping wood sorrel, procumbent yellow-sorrel, sleeping beauty, chichoda bhaji (India)
Oxalis debilis Kunth
Oxalis decaphylla – ten-leaved pink-sorrel, tenleaf wood sorrel
Oxalis dehradunensis
Oxalis depressa
Oxalis dichondrifolia – peonyleaf wood sorrel
Oxalis dillenii Jacquin – southern yellow woodsorrel, Dillen's woodsorrel, Sussex yellow-sorrel
Oxalis drummondii – Drummond's woodsorrel, chevron oxalis
Oxalis ecuadorensis
Oxalis enneaphylla – scurvy-grass sorrel
Oxalis exilis – least yellow-sorrel
Oxalis frutescens – shrubby wood-sorrel
Oxalis gigantea
Oxalis glabra – finger-leaf
Oxalis grandis – great yellow-sorrel, large yellow woodsorrel
Oxalis griffithii Edgew. & Hook.f.
Oxalis hedysaroides – fire fern
Oxalis hirta – hairy sorrel
Oxalis illinoensis – Illinois wood-sorrel
Oxalis inaequalis
Oxalis incarnata L. – pale pink-sorrel
Oxalis lasiandra – Mexican shamrock
Oxalis latifolia Kunth – garden pink-sorrel
Oxalis luederitzii
Oxalis luteola Jacq.
Oxalis magellanica G.Forst.
Oxalis magnifica Kunth – snowdrop wood-sorrel
Oxalis massoniana
Oxalis megalorrhiza – fleshy yellow-sorrel
Oxalis melanosticta
Oxalis micrantha – dwarf woodsorrel
Oxalis montana – mountain woodsorrel, white woodsorrel
Oxalis nelsonii – Nelson's sorrel
Oxalis norlindiana
Oxalis obliquifolia
Oxalis oregana – redwood sorrel, Oregon sorrel
Oxalis ortgiesii Regel – fishtail oxalis
Oxalis pennelliana
Oxalis pes-caprae – Bermuda-buttercup, African wood-sorrel, Bermuda sorrel, buttercup oxalis, Cape sorrel, English weed, soursob, "goat's-foot", "sourgrass", soursop (not to be confused with the fruit of that name)
Oxalis priceae – tufted yellow-sorrel
Oxalis pulchella
Oxalis purpurea L. – purple wood-sorrel
Oxalis rosea Feuillée ex Jacq. – annual pink-sorrel
Oxalis rubra A.St.-Hil. – red wood-sorrel
Oxalis rufescens
Oxalis rugeliana – coamo
Oxalis schaeferi
Oxalis spiralis – spiral sorrel, volcanic sorrel, velvet oxalis
Oxalis stricta – common yellow woodsorrel, common yellow oxalis, upright yellow-sorrel, lemon clover, "pickle plant", "sourgrass, "yellow woodsorrel"
Oxalis suksdorfii – western yellow woodsorrel, western yellow oxalis
Oxalis tenuifolia – thinleaf sorrel
Oxalis tetraphylla – four-leaved pink-sorrel, four-leaf sorrel, Iron Cross oxalis, "lucky clover"
Oxalis triangularis – threeleaf purple shamrock
Oxalis trilliifolia – great oxalis, threeleaf woodsorrel
Oxalis tuberosa – oca, oka, New Zealand yam
Oxalis valdiviensis – Chilean yellow-sorrel
Oxalis virginea – virgin wood-sorrel
Oxalis versicolor – candycane sorrel
Oxalis violacea – violet wood-sorrel
Oxalis vulcanicola – volcanic sorrel or velvet oxalis^[12]^[13]

References

^ Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607
^ "Oxalis | Definition of Oxalis by Oxford Dictionary on Lexico.com also meaning of Oxalis". Lexico Dictionaries | English. Archived from the original on 2021-06-12. Retrieved 2019-06-12.
^ Christenhusz, M. J. M.; Byng, J. W. (2016). "The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase". Phytotaxa. 261 (3): 201–217. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1. Archived from the original on 2016-07-29. Retrieved 2017-12-21.
^ "Oxalis". NC State University. Archived from the original on 2021-09-01. Retrieved 2018-09-20.
^ S. L. Nielsen, A. M. Simonsen (September 2011). "Photosynthesis and photoinhibition in two differently coloured varieties of Oxalis triangularis — the effect of anthocyanin content". Photosynthetica. 49 (3): 346–352. doi:10.1007/s11099-011-0042-y. S2CID 24583290.
^ Mahr, Susan (March 2009). "Shamrocks, Oxalis spp". Master Gardener Program University of Wisconsin-Extension. Archived from the original on 2018-09-21. Retrieved 2018-09-20.
^ Jooste, Michelle; Roets, Francois; Midgley, Guy F.; Oberlander, Kenneth C.; Dreyer, Léanne L. (2019-10-23). "Nitrogen-fixing bacteria and Oxalis – evidence for a vertically inherited bacterial symbiosis". BMC Plant Biology. 19 (1): 441. doi:10.1186/s12870-019-2049-7. ISSN 1471-2229. PMC 6806586. PMID 31646970.
^ ^a ^b Duke, James A. (2000-11-10). Handbook of Edible Weeds: Herbal Reference Library. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-2946-3.
^ "Yams". Vegetables. Archived from the original on 2021-01-20. Retrieved 2021-01-17.
^ Bais et al. (2002, 2003)
^ "A daring passion". 28 August 2009. Archived from the original on 27 July 2014. Retrieved 25 July 2014.
^ "Classification | USDA PLANTS". plants.usda.gov. Archived from the original on 2021-01-17. Retrieved 2021-01-17.
^ "Again: Taxonomy Of Yellow-Flowered Caulescent Oxalis (Oxalidaceae) In Eastern North America J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 3(2): 727 – 738. 2009" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-10-29. Retrieved 2013-10-24.