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X-linked Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease

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X-linked Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease
Other namesCMTX (abbr.)
SpecialtyMedical genetics
SymptomsSensory loss alongside muscle abnormalities
ComplicationsAccidental injuries
Usual onsetDepends on the subtype, but most of them start in infancy or early childhood
DurationLifelong
Types1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
CausesGenetic mutation
PreventionNone
PrognosisMedium
FrequencyRare: a limited number of families have been described in medical literature
Deaths-

X-linked Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease is a group of genetic disorders and a type of Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease characterized by sensory loss associated with muscle weakness and atrophy alongside many other symptoms.[1]

Signs and symptoms

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Symptoms vary between subtypes, but generally they can be condensed into a basic summary: individuals with this condition have symptoms that, once present, progress over time (severity increases over time), these include: muscle weakness and atrophy of the distal extremities (mostly involving feet, legs, and the thenar eminence of the hands), loss of sensation of the distal limbs, loss of reflexes of the deep tendon, high-arched feet, and (less commonly) scoliosis.[2]

Symptoms that are less frequent among X-linked CMT disease patients include dysfunctions of the transient central nervous system which are associated with dysphagia, dysarthria, ataxia, generalized body weakness, aphasia, and somnolence.[2][3]

Severe cases might exhibit proximal muscle weakness.[2]

Complications

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There are various complications associated with this condition, they are associated with the symptoms.

One example is the localized loss of sensation characteristic of this condition which also takes temperature sensation with it, this might be dangerous due to the fact that someone might accidentally injure themselves not knowing something is hot.[4]

Types

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Although this condition is a type of Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease in on itself, it also has various subtypes with different symptoms, the following list comprises the 6 types of X-linked CMT:

  • X-linked Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease type 1: This subtype is characterized by childhood-onset progressive severe muscle weakness and atrophy of the distal lower limbs and intrinsic hand muscles, bilateral foot drop, high-arched feet, hyporeflexia or areflexia of the tendons, and variable sensory loss of the lower limbs. Symptoms slightly less common than these ones include sensorineural deafness and problems of the central nervous system. It is inherited in an X-linked dominant manner.[5]
  • X-linked Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease type 2: This subtype is characterized by infancy/childhood-onset progressive distal muscle weakness with atrophy that affects both lower and upper extremities (although it affects the lower extremities the most), high-arched feet, and areflexia of the tendons. Symptoms that are slightly less common than these ones include sensory loss and intellectual disabilities. It is inherited in an X-linked recessive manner.[6]
  • X-linked Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease type 3: This subtype is characterized by childhood/adolescent-onset pain and numbness, progressive distal muscle weakness and atrophy which begins in the lower limbs and spreads to the upper limbs, distal upper and lower limb pain sensation loss, high-arched feet, and areflexia or hyporeflexia of the distal tendons. Spastic paraparesis has also been reported. It is inherited in an X-linked recessive manner.[7]
  • X-linked Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease type 4: This subtype is characterized by neonatal/early childhood-onset gradually progressive severe distal limb muscle weakness and atrophy (especially that affecting the peroneal muscles), sensory loss affecting upper and lower extremities (with the lower ones being affected the most), high-arched feet, generalized areflexia, and hammer toes. Sensorineural deafness and cognitive disabilities have been reported. It is inherited in an X-linked recessive manner.[8]
  • X-linked Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease type 5: This subtype is characterized by infancy/childhood-onset progressive distal limb muscle weakness and atrophy that affects both upper and lower extremities (although it is important noting that it appears and is more noticeable on the lower extremities), foot drop, gait abnormalities, bilateral severe/profound congenital hearing loss and progressive optic neuropathy. It is inherited in an X-linked recessive manner.[9]
  • X-linked Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease type 6: This subtype is characterized by childhood-onset gradual but progressive variable distal muscle weakness and atrophy affecting the lower extremities, distal limb panmodal sensorial anomalies, high-arched feet, claw toes, ankle areflexia, and steppage gait. It is inherited in an X-linked dominant manner.[10]

Genetics

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This condition's causative X-chromosome gene depends on what subtype of CMTX one has, they are generally the following:

  • Type 1: GBJ1, located in Xq13.1[11]
  • Type 2: Xp22.2[12]
  • Type 3: Rearragement of chromosome 8q24.3 and Xq27.1.[13]
  • Type 4: AIFM1, located in Xq26.1[14]
  • Type 5: PRPS1, located in Xq22.3[15]
  • Type 6: PDK3, located in Xq22.11[16]

Diagnosis

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This condition can be diagnosed through nerve biopsy, muscle biopsy, whole genome sequencing, alongside examination of symptoms exhibited by the patient.

Treatment

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Although Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease has no cure, it can be treated and managed by doing the following:[17]

Treatment for physical deformities includes:[17]

Prognosis

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Because of its X-linked nature, males with the condition tend to exhibit symptoms that are more severe than their female counterparts, who generally show very mild to no symptoms at all.[18]

Prevalence

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Overall, it is estimated that 10-15% of all cases of Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease come from X-linked Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease.[19] It is the second most common type of Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease.[20]

According to OrphaNet, 1 out of every 100,000 people are affected by CMTX.[2]

The following information comes from the OMIM pages for the 6 subtypes of CMTX

  • Type 1: 30-50 families[21]
  • Type 2: 3 families[22]
  • Type 3: 2 families[23]
  • Type 4: 5 families[24]
  • Type 5: 7 families[25]
  • Type 6: 1 family[26]

References

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  1. ^ "X-linked Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease - About the Disease - Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center". rarediseases.info.nih.gov. Retrieved 2022-07-19.
  2. ^ a b c d RESERVED, INSERM US14-- ALL RIGHTS. "Orphanet: X linked Charcot Marie Tooth disease". www.orpha.net. Retrieved 2022-07-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ Wen, Qingxian; Cao, Longqiao; Yang, Cun; Xie, Yanchen (2018). "The Electrophysiological Features in X-Linked Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease With Transient Central Nervous System Deficits". Frontiers in Neurology. 9: 461. doi:10.3389/fneur.2018.00461. ISSN 1664-2295. PMC 6036262. PMID 30013503.
  4. ^ "Loss of Sensation: Safety Tips". Saint Luke's Health System. Retrieved 2022-07-19.
  5. ^ RESERVED, INSERM US14-- ALL RIGHTS. "Orphanet: X linked Charcot Marie Tooth disease type 1". www.orpha.net. Retrieved 2022-07-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ RESERVED, INSERM US14-- ALL RIGHTS. "Orphanet: X linked Charcot Marie Tooth disease type 2". www.orpha.net. Retrieved 2022-07-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ RESERVED, INSERM US14-- ALL RIGHTS. "Orphanet: X linked Charcot Marie Tooth disease type 3". www.orpha.net. Retrieved 2022-07-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ RESERVED, INSERM US14-- ALL RIGHTS. "Orphanet: X linked Charcot Marie Tooth disease type 4". www.orpha.net. Retrieved 2022-07-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ RESERVED, INSERM US14-- ALL RIGHTS. "Orphanet: X linked Charcot Marie Tooth disease type 5". www.orpha.net. Retrieved 2022-07-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ RESERVED, INSERM US14-- ALL RIGHTS. "Orphanet: X linked Charcot Marie Tooth disease type 6". www.orpha.net. Retrieved 2022-07-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ Casasnovas, C.; Banchs, I.; Corral, J.; Martínez-Matos, J. A.; Volpini, V. (December 2006). "Clinical and molecular analysis of X-linked Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1 in Spanish population". Clinical Genetics. 70 (6): 516–523. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0004.2006.00724.x. ISSN 0009-9163. PMID 17100997. S2CID 33420059.
  12. ^ Ionasescu, V. V.; Trofatter, J.; Haines, J. L.; Summers, A. M.; Ionasescu, R.; Searby, C. (January 1992). "X-linked recessive Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy: clinical and genetic study". Muscle & Nerve. 15 (3): 368–373. doi:10.1002/mus.880150317. ISSN 0148-639X. PMID 1557086. S2CID 22212539.
  13. ^ Brewer, Megan H.; Chaudhry, Rabia; Qi, Jessica; Kidambi, Aditi; Drew, Alexander P.; Menezes, Manoj P.; Ryan, Monique M.; Farrar, Michelle A.; Mowat, David; Subramanian, Gopinath M.; Young, Helen K. (July 2016). "Whole Genome Sequencing Identifies a 78 kb Insertion from Chromosome 8 as the Cause of Charcot-Marie-Tooth Neuropathy CMTX3". PLOS Genetics. 12 (7): e1006177. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1006177. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 4954712. PMID 27438001.
  14. ^ Rinaldi, Carlo; Grunseich, Christopher; Sevrioukova, Irina F.; Schindler, Alice; Horkayne-Szakaly, Iren; Lamperti, Costanza; Landouré, Guida; Kennerson, Marina L.; Burnett, Barrington G.; Bönnemann, Carsten; Biesecker, Leslie G. (2012-12-07). "Cowchock syndrome is associated with a mutation in apoptosis-inducing factor". American Journal of Human Genetics. 91 (6): 1095–1102. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.10.008. ISSN 1537-6605. PMC 3516602. PMID 23217327.
  15. ^ Kim, Hee-Jin; Sohn, Kwang-Min; Shy, Michael E.; Krajewski, Karen M.; Hwang, Miok; Park, June-Hee; Jang, Sue-Yon; Won, Hong-Hee; Choi, Byung-Ok; Hong, Sung Hwa; Kim, Byoung-Joon (September 2007). "Mutations in PRPS1, which encodes the phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase enzyme critical for nucleotide biosynthesis, cause hereditary peripheral neuropathy with hearing loss and optic neuropathy (cmtx5)". American Journal of Human Genetics. 81 (3): 552–558. doi:10.1086/519529. ISSN 0002-9297. PMC 1950833. PMID 17701900.
  16. ^ Kennerson, Marina L.; Yiu, Eppie M.; Chuang, David T.; Kidambi, Aditi; Tso, Shih-Chia; Ly, Carolyn; Chaudhry, Rabia; Drew, Alexander P.; Rance, Gary; Delatycki, Martin B.; Züchner, Stephan (2013-04-01). "A new locus for X-linked dominant Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMTX6) is caused by mutations in the pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase isoenzyme 3 (PDK3) gene". Human Molecular Genetics. 22 (7): 1404–1416. doi:10.1093/hmg/dds557. ISSN 1460-2083. PMC 3596851. PMID 23297365.
  17. ^ a b "Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease - Treatment". nhs.uk. 2018-10-03. Retrieved 2022-07-19.
  18. ^ "Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease: MedlinePlus Genetics". medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 2022-07-19.
  19. ^ "CMTX - Types of Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease (CMT) - Diseases". Muscular Dystrophy Association. 2015-12-23. Retrieved 2022-07-19.
  20. ^ Scherer, Steven S.; Kleopa, Kleopas A. (December 2012). "X-linked Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease". Journal of the Peripheral Nervous System. 17 (3): 9–13. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8027.2012.00424.x. ISSN 1085-9489. PMC 3779456. PMID 23279425.
  21. ^ "Entry - #302800 - CHARCOT-MARIE-TOOTH DISEASE, X-LINKED DOMINANT, 1; CMTX1 - OMIM". omim.org. Retrieved 2022-07-19.
  22. ^ "Entry - %302801 - CHARCOT-MARIE-TOOTH DISEASE, X-LINKED RECESSIVE, 2; CMTX2 - OMIM". omim.org. Retrieved 2022-07-19.
  23. ^ "Entry - #302802 - CHARCOT-MARIE-TOOTH DISEASE, X-LINKED RECESSIVE, 3; CMTX3 - OMIM". omim.org. Retrieved 2022-07-19.
  24. ^ "Entry - #310490 - CHARCOT-MARIE-TOOTH DISEASE, X-LINKED RECESSIVE, 4, WITH OR WITHOUT CEREBELLAR ATAXIA; CMTX4 - OMIM". omim.org. Retrieved 2022-07-19.
  25. ^ "Entry - #311070 - CHARCOT-MARIE-TOOTH DISEASE, X-LINKED RECESSIVE, 5; CMTX5 - OMIM". omim.org. Retrieved 2022-07-19.
  26. ^ "Entry - #300905 - CHARCOT-MARIE-TOOTH DISEASE, X-LINKED DOMINANT, 6; CMTX6 - OMIM". omim.org. Retrieved 2022-07-19.
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