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1991 in paleontology

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

List of years in paleontology (table)
In science
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
+...

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils.[1] This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1991.

Plants

[edit]

Angiosperms

[edit]
Name Novelty Status Authors Age Unit Location Notes Images

Cruciptera[2]

Gen et comb nov

valid

Brown

Middle Eocene

Clarno Formation

 USA
 Oregon

A walnut relative.
Moved from Tetrapteris simsoni (1940)[3]

Soleredera[4]

Gen et sp nov

Valid

Erwin & Stockey

Eocene
Ypresian

Okanagan Highlands
Princeton Chert

 Canada
 British Columbia

A lilialean genus of uncertain placement

Arthropods

[edit]

Insects

[edit]
Name Novelty Status Authors Age Unit Location Notes Images

Anochetus brevidentatus[5]

Sp nov

Valid

MacKay

Burdigalian

Dominican amber

 Dominican Republic

A ponerin ant

Stenolestes hispanicus[6]

Sp nov

Valid

Nel

Vallesian

Bellver de Cerdanya

 Spain

A sieblosiid damselfly

Stenolestes hispanicus

Mollusca

[edit]

Newly named bivalves

[edit]
Name Novelty Status Authors Age Unit Location Notes Images

Similodonta wahli[7]

Sp nov

Valid

Isakar

Late Ordovician

Arina Formation

Archosauromorphs

[edit]
  • Sankar Chatterjee's discovery of a possible Triassic bird, Protoavis, if genuine, would push avian origins back almost 70 million years. The find ignites controversy over the connection between dinosaurs and birds.

Newly named dinosaurs

[edit]

Data courtesy of George Olshevsky's dinosaur genera list.[8]

Name Status Authors Age Unit Location Notes Images

Alvarezsaurus[9]

Valid taxon

Jose Bonaparte

Late Cretaceous (Santonian)

Bajo de la Carpa Formation

An alvarezsaurid.

Alvarezsaurus

Amargasaurus[10]

Valid taxon

Salgado and Jose Bonaparte

Early Cretaceous (Barremian)

La Amarga Formation

A dicraeosaurid. with Spines on its Neck

Amargasaurus

Amurosaurus[11]

Valid taxon

Bolotsky & Kurzanov

Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)

Udurchukan Formation

A lambeosaurine hadrosaurid.

Andesaurus[12]

Valid taxon

Calvo and Bonaparte

Late Cretaceous (Santonian)

Bajo de la Carpa Formation

An alvarezsaurid.

Becklespinax[13]

Junior synonym

George Olshevsky.

Early Cretaceous (Valanginian)

Wadhurst Clay Formation

A junior objective synonym of Altispinax; new genus for "Acrocanthosaurus" altispinax Paul (1988).

Euronychodon[14]

Valid taxon

Telles-Antunes & Sigogneau-Russell

Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)

A troodontid.

Janenschia[15]

Valid taxon

Wild

Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian-Tithonian)

Tendaguru Formation

A non-titanosauriform macronarian; new genus for "Gigantosaurus" robustus E. Fraas (1908).

Protognathosaurus[13]

Valid taxon

George Olshevsky

Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)

Xiashaximiao Formation

A sauropod of uncertain affinities.

"Rioarribasaurus"[16]

Junior synonym

Hunt & S.G. Lucas

Late Triassic (late Norian-Rhaetian)

A junior synonym of Coelophysis.

"Seismosaurus"[17]

Junior synonym

Gillette

Tarascosaurus[18]

Valid taxon

Le Loeuff and Buffetaut

Taveirosaurus[14]

Valid taxon

Telles-Antunes & Sigogneau-Russell

Late Cretaceous

An ornithischian of unknown affinities.

Tochisaurus[19]

Valid taxon

Kurzanov and Osmolska

Cretaceous

"Ultrasauros"[13]

Junior synonym

George Olshevsky

Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian)

Morrison Formation

Junior synonym of Supersaurus; replacement name for Ultrasaurus Jensen 1985 (preoccupied).

Valdoraptor[13]

Valid taxon

George Olshevsky

Early Cretaceous (late Valanginian)

Tunbridge Wells Formation

An ornithomimosaur; new genus for "Megalosaurus" oweni Lydekker (1889).

Velocisaurus[9]

Valid taxon

Jose Bonaparte

A Noasaur.
Velocisaurus

Newly named birds

[edit]
Name Status Novelty Authors Age Unit Location Notes Images

Aidemedia chascax [20]

Valid

Sp. nov.

Helen F. James

Storrs L. Olson

Holocene

Oahu

A Fringillidae, Carduelinae.

Aidemedia lutetiae [20]

Valid

Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.

Helen F. James

Storrs L. Olson

Holocene

Molokai

A Fringillidae, Carduelinae, this is the type species of the new genus.

Aidemedia zanclops [20]

Valid

Sp. nov.

Helen F. James

Storrs L. Olson

Holocene

Oahu

A Fringillidae, Carduelinae.

Apteribis brevis [21]

Valid

Sp. nov.

Storrs L. Olson

Helen F. James

Holocene

Maui

A Threskiornithidae.

Asiahesperornis bazhanovi [22]

Valid

Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.

Lev A. Nessov

B. V. Prizemlin

Late Cretaceous

Late Campanian-Early Maastrichtian,

Eginsai Formation

A Hesperornithiformes Fürbringer, 1888, Hesperornithidae Marsh, 1872.

Branta hylobadistes [21]

Valid

Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.

Storrs L. Olson

Helen F. James

Holocene

Maui

An Anatidae.

Chelychelynechen quassus [21]

Valid

Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.

Storrs L. Olson

Helen F. James

Holocene

Kauai

An Anatidae, a moa-nalo, this is the type species of the genus.

Chloridops regiskongi [20]

Valid

Sp. nov.

Helen F. James

Storrs L. Olson

Holocene

Oahu

A Fringillidae, Carduelinae.

Chloridops wahi [20]

Valid

Sp. nov.

Helen F. James

Storrs L. Olson

Holocene

Oahu

A Fringillidae, Carduelinae.

Circus dossenus [21]

Valid

Sp. nov.

Storrs L. Olson

Helen F. James

Holocene

Molokai

An Accipitridae.

Ciridops tenax [20]

Valid

Sp. nov.

Helen F. James

Storrs L. Olson

Holocene

Kauai

A Fringillidae, Carduelinae.

Corvus impluviatus [20]

Valid

Sp. nov.

Helen F. James

Storrs L. Olson

Holocene

Oahu

A Corvidae.

Corvus viriosus [20]

Valid

Sp. nov.

Helen F. James

Storrs L. Olson

Holocene

Oahu

A Corvidae.

Dendroscansor decurvirostris [23]

Valid

Gen. nov et Sp. nov.

Philip R. Millener

Trevor H. Worthy

Late Pleistocene

Otira Glacial Age

An Acanthisittidae.

Grallistrix auceps [21]

Valid

Sp. nov.

Storrs L. Olson

Helen F. James

Holocene

Kauai

A Strigidae.

Grallistrix erdmani [21]

Valid

Sp. nov.

Storrs L. Olson

Helen F. James

Holocene

Maui

A Strigidae.

Grallistrix geleches [21]

Valid

Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.

Storrs L. Olson

Helen F. James

Holocene

Molokai

A Strigidae, the type species of the new genus.

Grallistrix orion [21]

Valid

Sp. nov.

Storrs L. Olson

Helen F. James

Holocene

Oahu

A Strigidae.

Hemignathus upupirostris [20]

Valid

Sp. nov.

Helen F. James

Storrs L. Olson

Holocene

Kauai

A Fringillidae, Carduelinae, transferred to the genus Akialoa Olson et James, 1995 by Olson et James, 1995.[24]

Horusornis vianeyliaudae [25]

Valid

Gen. nov et Sp. nov.

Cécile Mourer-Chauviré

Late Eocene

Phosphorites du Quercy

MP 17

An Accipitriformes, Horusornithidae Mourer-Chauviré, 1991, this is the type species of the new genus.

Orthiospiza howarthi [20]

Valid

Gen. nov et Sp. nov.

Helen F. James

Storrs L. Olson

Holocene

Maui

A Fringillidae, Carduelinae, this is the type species of the new genus.

Palaeocryptonyx hungaricus [26]

Valid

Sp. nov.

Dénes Jánossy

Late Miocene

MN 13

A Phasianidae, transferred to the genus Plioperdix Kretzoi, 1955 as Plioperdix hungarica Comb. nov. by Nikita V. Zelenkov & Andrey V. Panteleyev.[27]

Pavo aesculapi phasianoides [26]

Valid

Subsp. nov.

Dénes Jánossy

Late Miocene

A member of the family Phasianidae. Originally described as a subspecies of Pavo aesculapi; Zelenkov (2016) transferred it to the genus Syrmaticus and raised it to the rank of a separate species Syrmaticus phasianoides.[28]

Phalacrocorax kuehneanus [29]

Valid

Sp. nov.

Thomas Schlüter

Late Pliocene

Minjingu

A Phalacrocoracidae.

Phoeniconaias siamensis [30]

Valid

Sp. nov.

Jacques Cheneval

Léonard Ginsburg

Cécile Mourer-Chauviré

Benjavun Ratanasthien

Late Early Miocene

Li Mae

A Phoenicopteridae.

Porzana estramosi veterior [26]

Valid

Subsp. nov.

Dénes Jánossy

Late Miocene

A member of the family Rallidae. Originally described as a subspecies of Porzana estramosi; Zelenkov (2017) transferred it to the genus Zapornia and raised it to the rank of a separate species Zapornia veterior.[31]

Porzana keplerorum [21]

Valid

Sp. nov.

Storrs L. Olson

Helen F. James

Holocene

Maui

A Rallidae.

Porzana menehune [21]

Valid

Sp. nov.

Storrs L. Olson

Helen F. James

Holocene

Molokai

A Rallidae.

Porzana ralphorum [21]

Valid

Sp. nov.

Storrs L. Olson

Helen F. James

Holocene

Oahu

A Rallidae.

Porzana severnsi [21]

Valid

Sp. nov.

Storrs L. Olson

Helen F. James

Holocene

Maui

A Rallidae.

Porzana ziegleri [21]

Valid

Sp. nov.

Storrs L. Olson

Helen F. James

Holocene

Oahu

A Rallidae.

Protoavis texensis [32]

Valid

Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.

Sankar Chatterjee

Late Trias

Late Carnian-Early Norian

A Protoaviformes Chatterjee, 1991, Protoaviformes Chatterjee, 1991, the type and only species of the genus, no longer considered a bird.

Pseudodontornis tshulensis [33]

Valid

Sp. nov.

Aleksandr O. Averianov

Andrei V. Panteleyev

Olga R. Potapova

Lev A. Nessov

Late Paleocene

Landenian

A Pseudodontornithidae Lambrecht, 1933.

Pseudoseisuropsis nehuen [34]

Valid

Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.

Jorge I. Noriega

Early Pleistocene

Miramar Formation

A Furnariidae, Philydorinae, this is the type species of the new genus.

Ptaiochen pau [21]

Valid

Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.

Storrs L. Olson

Helen F. James

Holocene

Maui

An Anatidae, a moa-nalo, this is the type species of the genus.

Pterodroma jugabilis [21]

Valid

Sp. nov.

Storrs L. Olson

Helen F. James

Holocene

Oahu

A Procellariidae.

Rallicrex polgardiensis [26]

Valid

Sp. nov.

Dénes Jánossy

Late Miocene

MN 13

A member of the family Rallidae. Originally described as a species of Rallicrex; Zelenkov (2017) transferred this species to the genus Rallus.[31]

Telespiza persecutrix [20]

Valid

Sp. nov.

Helen F. James

Storrs L. Olson

Holocene

Oahu, Kauai

A Fringillidae, Carduelinae.

Telespiza ypsilon [20]

Valid

Sp. nov.

Helen F. James

Storrs L. Olson

Holocene

Molokai, Maui

A Fringillidae, Carduelinae.

Thambetochen xanion [21]

Valid

Sp. nov.

Storrs L. Olson

Helen F. James

Holocene

Oahu

An Anatidae, a moa-nalo.

Tyto campiterrae [26]

Valid

Sp. nov.

Dénes Jánossy

Late Miocene

MN 13

A Tytonidae.

Vangulifer mirandus [20]

Valid

Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.

Helen F. James

Storrs L. Olson

Holocene

Maui

A Fringillidae, Carduelinae.

Vangulifer neophasis [20]

Valid

Sp. nov.

Helen F. James

Storrs L. Olson

Holocene

Maui

A Fringillidae, Carduelinae.

Xestospiza conica [20]

Valid

Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.

Helen F. James

Storrs L. Olson

Holocene

Kauai

A Fringillidae, Carduelinae.

Xestospiza fastigialis [20]

Valid

Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.

Helen F. James

Storrs L. Olson

Holocene

Oahu, Molokai, Maui

A Fringillidae, Carduelinae, the type species of the new genus.

Genera no longer considered to be birds

[edit]
  • Protoavis. The avian status of Protoavis has since been almost universally rejected by paleontologists.

Pseudosuchians

[edit]
Name Novelty Status Authors Age Type locality Country Notes Images

Australosuchus clarkae[35]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Willis & Molnar

Late Oligocene - Early Miocene

Etadunna Formation

 Australia

A mekosuchine crocodilian described from a multitude of skeletons.

Pterosaurs

[edit]

New taxa

[edit]
Name Status Authors Location Images

Bennettazhia

Valid

Nesov

Synapsids

[edit]

Non-mammalian

[edit]
Name Status Authors Age Unit Location Notes Images

Apsisaurus[36]

Valid

  • Laurin

Lower Permian

Archer City Formation

Formerly assigned as an eosuchian diapsid, was restudied and classified as a varanopid synapsid.[37]

Apsisaurus

Ctenorhachis[38]

Valid

  • Hook
  • Hotton

Upper Permian

A sphenacodontid synapsid.

Ctenorhachis

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Gini-Newman, Garfield; Graham, Elizabeth (2001). Echoes from the past: world history to the 16th century. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. ISBN 9780070887398. OCLC 46769716.
  2. ^ Manchester, S.R. (1994). "Fruits and Seeds of the Middle Eocene Nut Beds Flora, Clarno Formation, Oregon". Palaeontographica Americana. 58: 30–31.
  3. ^ Brown, R. W. (1940). "New species and changes of name in some American fossil floras. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences". 30 (8): 344–356. JSTOR 24529454. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  4. ^ Erwin, D. M.; Stockey, R. A. (1991). "Soleredera rhizomorpha gen. et sp. nov., a permineralized monocotyledon from the Middle Eocene Princeton chert of British Columbia, Canada". Botanical Gazette. 152 (2): 231–247. doi:10.1086/337885. S2CID 85180086.
  5. ^ MacKay, W. P. (1991). "Anochetus brevidentatus, new species, a second fossil Odontomachiti ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)". Journal of the New York Entomological Society. 99: 138–140.
  6. ^ Nel, Nel (1991). "Description de quelques Sieblosiidae fossiles nouveaux (Odonata, Zygoptera, Lestoidea). Nouvelle Revue d'Entomologie (N.S.)". 8: 367–375. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  7. ^ Hints, L.; Oraspõld, A.; Kaljo, D. (2000). "Stratotype of the Porkuni Stage with comments on the Röa Member (Uppermost Ordovician, Estonia)". Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences, Geology. 49 (3): 177–199. doi:10.3176/geol.2000.3.02. S2CID 240195751.
  8. ^ Olshevsky, George. "Dinogeorge's Dinosaur Genera List". Archived from the original on 2011-07-15. Retrieved 2008-08-07.
  9. ^ a b Bonaparte, J.F. 1991. Los vertebrados fosiles de la Formacion Rio Colorado de Neuquen y cercanias, Cretacico Superior, Argentina. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Revidadia" Paleontologia 4 (3): pp. 17-23.
  10. ^ Salgado, L. and J.F. Bonaparte. 1991. Un Nuevo sauropodo Dicraeosauridae, Amargasaurus gen. et sp. nov., de la Formacion La Amarga, Neocomiano de la Provincia del Nuequen, Argentina. Ameghiniana 28: pp. 333-346.
  11. ^ Bolotsky, Yu. L. and S.K. Kurzanov. 1991. The hadrosaurs of the Amur region. In: Geology of the Pacific Border: pp.94-103.
  12. ^ Calvo, J.O. and J.F. Bonaparte, J.F. 1991. Andesaurus delgadoi gen. et sp. nov. (Saurischia-Sauropoda), dinosaurio Titanosauridae de la Formación Río Limay (Albiano-Cenomaniano), Neuquén, Argentina. Ameghiniana 28: pp. 303-310.
  13. ^ a b c d Olshevsky, G. 1991. A Revision of the Parainfraclass Archosauria Cope, 1869, Excluding the Advanced Crocodylia. Mesozoic Meanderings 2 (1st printing): iv + 196 pages.
  14. ^ a b Telles-Antunes, M. and D. Sigogneau-Russell, 1991. Nouvelles donnees sur les Dinosaures du Cretae superieur du Portugal. Compte rendu hebdomadaire des séances de l’Académie des Sciences Paris, tomo 313, seire 2: pp. 113-119.
  15. ^ Wild, R. 1991. Janenschia n. g. robusta (E.Frass 1908) pro Tornieria robusta (E. Fraas 1908) (Reptilia, Saurischia, Sauropodomorpha). Stuttgarteer Beiträge zur Naturkude Serie B (Geologie und Paleontologie) 173: pp. 1-4.
  16. ^ Hunt, A.P. and S.G. Lucas. 1991. Rioarribasaurus, a new name for a Late Triassic dinosaur from New Mexico (USA). Paläontologische Zeitschrift 6 (3/4): pp. 191-198.
  17. ^ Gillette. D.D. 1991. Seismosaurus halli, gen. et sp. nov., a new sauropod dinosaur from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic/Lower Cretaceous) of New Mexico, USA. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 11 (4): pp. 417-433.
  18. ^ Le Loeuff, J. and E. Buffetaut. 1991. Tarascosaurus salluvicus, new genus new species, a theropod dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of southern France. Geobios 24 (5): pp. 585-594.
  19. ^ Kurzanov, S.M. and H. Osmolska. 1991. Tochisaurus nemegtensis gen. et sp. n., a new troodontid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from Mongolia. Acta Palaeont. Polonica. 36 (1): pp. 69-76.
  20. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Helen F. James; Storrs L. Olson (1991). "Descriptions of Thirty-Two New Species of Birds From the Hawaiian Islands: Part II. Passeriformes" (PDF). Ornithological Monographs. 46 (46): 1–88. doi:10.2307/40166713. JSTOR 40166713.
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Storrs L. Olson; Helen F. James (1991). "Descriptions of Thirty-Two New Species of Birds From the Hawaiian Islands: Part I. Non-Passeriformes" (PDF). Ornithological Monographs. 45 (45): 1–88. doi:10.2307/40166794. JSTOR 40166794.
  22. ^ Lev A. Nessov; B. V. Prizemlin (1991). "Krupnyye evolyutsionno prodvinutyye neletayushchiye morskiye ptitsy odryada gesperornisoobraznykh pozdnego senona Turgayskogo proliva: pervyye nakhodki gruppy v SSSR [Large, Evolutionarily Advanced, Flightless Marine Birds of the Order Hesperornithiformes from the Late Senonian of the Turgai Strait: The first Finds of this Group in the USSR.] [in Russian, with English summary]". Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta, Akademiya Nauk SSSR. 239: 85–107.
  23. ^ Philip R. Millener; Trevor H. Worthy (1991). "Contribution to New Zealand's Late Quaternary Avifauna. II: Dendroscansor decurvirostris, a New Genus and Species of Wren (Aves: Acantisittidae)". Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 21 (2): 179–200. doi:10.1080/03036758.1991.10431406.
  24. ^ Storrs L. Olson; Helen R. James (1995). "Nomenclature of the Hawaiian Akialoas and Nukupuus (Aves: Drepanidini)" (PDF). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 108 (3): 373–387.
  25. ^ Cécile Mourer-Chauviré (1991). "Les Horusornithidae Nov. Fam., Accipitriformes (Aves) A Articulation Intertarsienne Hyperflexible de l'Éocène du Quercy". Géobios, Mémoire Spécial. 24 (supplement 1): 183–192. Bibcode:1991Geobi..24Q.183M. doi:10.1016/s0016-6995(66)80023-2.
  26. ^ a b c d e Dénes Jánossy (1991). "Late Miocene Bird Remains from Polgárdi (W-Hungary)". Aquila. 98: 13–35.
  27. ^ Nikita V. Zelenkov; Andrey V. Panteleyev (2015). "Three bird taxa (Aves: Anatidae, Phasianidae, Scolopacidae) from the Late Miocene of the Sea of Azov (Southwestern Russia)". Paläontologische Zeitschrift. 89 (3): 515–527. doi:10.1007/s12542-014-0238-0. S2CID 85276099.
  28. ^ Nikita V. Zelenkov (2016). "Revision of non-passeriform birds from Polgárdi (Hungary, Late Miocene): 2. Galliformes". Paleontological Journal. 50 (6): 623–634. doi:10.1134/S0031030116060162. S2CID 90727042.
  29. ^ Thomas Schlüter (1991). "Systematik, Palökologie und Biostratonomie von Phalacrocorax kuehneanus nov. spec., einem Fossilen Kormoran (Aves: Phalacrocoracidae) aus Mutmasslich Oberpliozänen Phosporiten N-Tansanias". Berliner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, Reihe A: Geologie und Paläontologie. 134: 279–309.
  30. ^ Jacques Cheneval; Léonard Ginsburg; Cécile Mourer-Chauviré; Benjavun Ratanasthien (1991). "The Miocene Avifauna of the Li Mae Long Locality, Thailand: Systematics and Palaeoecology". Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences. 6 (2): 117–126. Bibcode:1991JAESc...6..117C. doi:10.1016/0743-9547(91)90103-5.
  31. ^ a b N. V. Zelenkov (2017). "Revision of non-passeriform birds from Polgárdi (Hungary, Upper Miocene): 3. Neoaves". Paleontological Journal. 51 (2): 203–213. doi:10.1134/S0031030117020162. S2CID 90314539.
  32. ^ Sankar Chatterjee (1991). "Cranial Anatomy and Relationships of A New Triassic Bird from Texas". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B. 332 (1265): 277–342. Bibcode:1991RSPTB.332..277C. doi:10.1098/rstb.1991.0056.
  33. ^ Aleksandr O. Averianov; Andrei V. Panteleyev; Olga R. Potapova; Lev A. Nessov (1991). "Lozhnozubyye ptitsy (Aves: Pelecaniformes: Odontopterygia) pozdnego paleotsena i eotsena zapadnoy okrainy drevney Azii. [Bony-toothed Birds (Aves: Pelecaniformes: Odontopterygia) of the Late Paleocene and Eocene of the Western Margin of Ancient Asia.] [in Russian, with English summ.]". Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta, Akademiya Nauk SSSR. 239: 3–12.
  34. ^ Jorge I. Noriega (1991). "Un Nuevo Género de Furnariidae (Aves: Passeriformes) del Pleistoceno Inferior-Medio de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina". Ameghiniana. 28: 317–323.
  35. ^ Willis, P.M.A. & Molnar, R.E. (1991). "A new middle Tertiary crocodile from Lake Palankarinna, South Australia". Records of the South Australian Museum. 25 (1): 39–55.
  36. ^ Laurin, M. (1991). "The osteology of a Lower Permian eosuchian from Texas and a review of diapsid phylogeny". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 101: 59–95. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1991.tb00886.x.
  37. ^ Reisz, R.R.; Laurin, M.; Marjanovic, D. (2010). "Apsisaurus witteri from the Lower Permian of Texas: yet another small varanopid synapsis, not a diapsid". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 30 (5): 1628–1631. Bibcode:2010JVPal..30.1628R. doi:10.1080/02724634.2010.501441. S2CID 129835335.
  38. ^ Hook, R.W.; Hotton, N. (1991). "A New Sphenacodontid Pelycosaur (Synapsida) from the Wichita Group, Lower Permian of North-Central Texas". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 11 (1): 37–44. Bibcode:1991JVPal..11...37H. doi:10.1080/02724634.1991.10011374.