Actinodaphne
Actinodaphne | |
---|---|
Actinodaphne malaccensis | |
Scientific classification ![]() | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Magnoliids |
Order: | Laurales |
Family: | Lauraceae |
Genus: | Actinodaphne Nees |
Species | |
See text | |
Synonyms[1] | |
Actinomorphe Kuntze |
Actinodaphne is an Asian genus of flowering plants in the laurel family (Lauraceae). It contains approximately 125 species[1] of dioecious evergreen trees and shrubs.[2]
Species range across tropical and subtropical regions of South Asia, Southeast Asia, southern China, Japan, New Guinea, Queensland, Solomon Islands, and Fiji.[1] There are 17 Chinese species, 13 of which are endemic.[2]
Description
[edit]The trees are 3 to 25 m tall, with leaves usually clustered or nearly verticillate, rarely alternate or opposite, unlobed, pinninerved, and rarely triplinerved. The flowers are star-shaped, small, and greenish. The flowers are clustered or whorled and are unisexual.[2] Umbels are solitary or clustered or arranged in a panicle or raceme; involucral bracts are imbricated and caducous. The perianth tube is short; perianth segments usually number six in two whorls of three each, nearly equal, and rarely persistent. The male flowers have fertile stamens usually 9 in three whorls of three each; filaments of the first and second whorls are eglandular, and of the third whorl are biglandular at the base; anthers are all introrse and four-celled; cells opening by lids; the rudimentary pistil is small or lacking. The female flowers has staminodes as many as stamens of male flowers; the ovary is superior; the stigma is shield-shaped or dilated. The fruit is a berry-like drupe seated on shallow or deep, cup-shaped or discoid, perianth tube. It has a small single seed dispersed mostly by birds.
Ecology
[edit]Actinodaphne species require continuously moist soil, and do not tolerate drought and frost.[citation needed] The laurel trees fall within the broad-leaved forests; mid-montane deciduous forests; and high-montane mixed stunted forests. Some species grow in high-elevation forests at 1,500–3,300 m (4,900–10,800 ft).
Species
[edit]125 species of Actinodaphne are accepted. They include:[1]
- Actinodaphne acuminata (Blume) Meisn. – central and southern Japan, Ryukyu Islands, and Taiwan
- Actinodaphne albifrons Kosterm. – Sri Lanka
- Actinodaphne amabilis Kosterm. – Thailand
- Actinodaphne ambigua Hook.f. – Sri Lanka
- Actinodaphne andamanica M.Gangop. – Andaman Islands
- Actinodaphne angustifolia (Blume) Nees – Nepal to Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, and Sulawesi
- Actinodaphne apoensis (Elmer) Kosterm. ex Brambach & Pelser – Philippines (Mindanao).
- Actinodaphne archboldiana C.K.Allen – New Guinea
- Actinodaphne areolata Blume – Java
- Actinodaphne bicolor (Merr.) Merr. – Philippines
- Actinodaphne borneensis Meisn. – Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo
- Actinodaphne bourdillonii Gamble – southern India
- Actinodaphne bourneae Gamble – southern India
- Actinodaphne brassii C.K.Allen – Solomon Islands
- Actinodaphne caesia Teschner – New Guinea
- Actinodaphne campanulata Hook.f. – southern India
- Actinodaphne candolleana (Thwaites) Meisn. – Sri Lanka
- Actinodaphne celebica Miq. – Sulawesi
- Actinodaphne cinerea Elmer – Philippines (Palawan)
- Actinodaphne concinna Ridl. – Peninsular Malaysia
- Actinodaphne concolor Nees – Myanmar
- Actinodaphne corymbosa Blume – Sumatra
- Actinodaphne crassa Hand.-Mazz. – China (Hunan)
- Actinodaphne cupularis (Hemsl.) Gamble – southern China to Thailand
- Actinodaphne diversifolia Merr. – Borneo
- Actinodaphne dolichophylla (Merr.) Merr. – southern Philippines
- Actinodaphne elegans Thwaites – Sri Lanka
- Actinodaphne ellipticbacca Kosterm. – northern Vietnam
- Actinodaphne engleriana Teschner – New Guinea
- Actinodaphne ferruginea H.Liu – southern Vietnam
- Actinodaphne forrestii (C.K.Allen) Kosterm. – southern China (Yunnan, Guangxi, and Guizhou) and Vietnam
- Actinodaphne fragilis Gamble – Peninsular Malaysia
- Actinodaphne fuliginosa Airy Shaw – Borneo
- Actinodaphne furfuracea Blume – Borneo
- Actinodaphne glabra Blume – Borneo and Java
- Actinodaphne glauca Nees – Sri Lanka
- Actinodaphne glaucina C.K.Allen – Hainan
- Actinodaphne glomerata (Blume) Nees – Peninsular Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Lesser Sunda Islands, and Sulawesi
- Actinodaphne gracilis Miq. – Sumatra
- Actinodaphne henryi Gamble – China (southern Yunnan) to northern Indochina
- Actinodaphne hirsuta Blume – Java
- Actinodaphne hypoleucophylla Hayata – southern China and central Taiwan
- Actinodaphne intermedia (Elmer) Kosterm. ex Brambach & Pelser – Philippines
- Actinodaphne javanica Miq. – Java
- Actinodaphne johorensis Gamble – Peninsular Malaysia
- Actinodaphne junghuhnii Stur – Sumatra
- Actinodaphne kinabaluensis Kosterm. – Borneo
- Actinodaphne koshepangii Chun ex Hung T.Chang – China (northwestern Guangdong and western Hunan)
- Actinodaphne kostermansii S.Julia – Borneo (Sabah and Brunei)
- Actinodaphne kweichowensis Yen C.Yang & P.H.Huang – China (southwest Guangxi and southwest Guizhou)
- Actinodaphne lambirensis Tagane, Yahara & N.Okabe – Borneo (Sarawak)
- Actinodaphne lanata Meisn. – southern India
- Actinodaphne lanceolata Dalzell & A.Gibson – western India
- Actinodaphne latifolia Teschner – New Guinea
- Actinodaphne lawsonii Gamble – southern India
- Actinodaphne lecomtei C.K.Allen – China (Sichuan, Guizhou, and northern Guangdong)
- Actinodaphne ledermannii Teschner – New Guinea
- Actinodaphne leiophylla (Kurz) Hook.f. – southern Myanmar
- Actinodaphne longipes Kosterm. – Nepal to eastern India, Vietnam
- Actinodaphne macgregorii (Merr.) Kosterm. – Philippines and Solomon Islands
- Actinodaphne macrophylla (Blume) Nees – Peninsular Malaysia, Java, and Queensland
- Actinodaphne macroptera Miq. – Andaman Islands and Sumatra
- Actinodaphne madraspatana Bedd. ex Hook.f. – southern India
- Actinodaphne malaccensis Hook.f. – Peninsular Malaysia
- Actinodaphne mansonii M.Gangop. – Myanmar
- Actinodaphne menghaiensis J.Li – China (southern Yunnan)
- Actinodaphne molochina Nees – Sri Lanka
- Actinodaphne moluccana Blume – Maluku
- Actinodaphne montana Gamble – Peninsular Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia
- Actinodaphne moonii Thwaites – Sri Lanka
- Actinodaphne multiflora Benth. – Solomon Islands
- Actinodaphne mushanensis (Hayata) Hayata – Taiwan
- Actinodaphne myriantha Merr. – Borneo
- Actinodaphne nicobarica M.Gangop. – Nicobar Islands
- Actinodaphne nitida Teschner – New Guinea and Solomon Islands
- Actinodaphne notabilis Doweld – Peninsular Malaysia
- Actinodaphne novoguineensis Teschner – New Guinea
- Actinodaphne obovata (Nees) Blume – central Himalayas to China (southern and southeastern Yunnan)
- Actinodaphne obscurinervia Yen C.Yang & P.H.Huang – China (eastern Sichuan)
- Actinodaphne obtusa Teschner – New Guinea
- Actinodaphne oleifolia Gamble – Peninsular Malaysia
- Actinodaphne omeiensis (H.Liu) C.K.Allen – China (Sichuan, Guizhou) and southwestern Thailand
- Actinodaphne paotingensis Yen C.Yang & P.H.Huang – Hainan
- Actinodaphne pauciflora Blume – Borneo
- Actinodaphne pedunculata (Blume) Meisn. – southeastern China
- Actinodaphne percoriacea S.Julia – Borneo
- Actinodaphne perglabra Kosterm. – eastern Thailand
- Actinodaphne perlucida C.K.Allen – southern Vietnam
- Actinodaphne pilosa (Lour.) Merr. – China (Guangxi, Guangdong, and Hainan), Laos, and Vietnam
- Actinodaphne pisifera Hook.f. – Sri Lanka
- Actinodaphne procera Nees – Java and Nicobar Islands
- Actinodaphne pruinosa Nees – Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo
- Actinodaphne pubescens Blume – Java
- Actinodaphne pulchra Teschner – New Guinea
- Actinodaphne quercina Blume – Java
- Actinodaphne ramosii Brambach & Pelser – Philippines
- Actinodaphne rehderiana (C.K.Allen) Kosterm. ex Dao – northern Vietnam
- Actinodaphne reticulata Meisn. – Assam
- Actinodaphne ridleyi Gamble – Borneo and Peninsular Malaysia (Johor)
- Actinodaphne robusta S.Julia – Borneo
- Actinodaphne rufescens Blume – Borneo
- Actinodaphne rumphii Blume – Maluku
- Actinodaphne salicina Meisn. – southern India
- Actinodaphne samarensis (Merr.) Merr. – southern Philippines
- Actinodaphne scleroptera Miq. – Sumatra
- Actinodaphne semengohensis S.Julia – Borneo
- Actinodaphne sesquipedalis Hook.f. & Thomson ex Meisn. – Myanmar, Andaman Islands, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Andaman Islands, Peninsular Malaysia, and Borneo
- Actinodaphne shendurunii Robi & Udayan – India (Kerala)
- Actinodaphne sikkimensis Meisn. – Nepal to eastern India, Myanmar, and Thailand
- Actinodaphne soepadmoi S.Julia – Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo
- Actinodaphne solomonensis C.K.Allen – Solomon Islands
- Actinodaphne spathulifolia S.Julia – Borneo
- Actinodaphne speciosa Nees – Sri Lanka
- Actinodaphne stenophylla Thwaites – Sri Lanka
- Actinodaphne sulcata S.Julia – Borneo
- Actinodaphne superba Boerl. – Borneo and Sulawesi
- Actinodaphne tadulingamii Gamble – western and southern India
- Actinodaphne tayabensis (Elmer) Merr. – Philippines
- Actinodaphne tomentosa Teschner – New Guinea
- Actinodaphne tonkinensis Dao – Vietnam
- Actinodaphne trichocarpa C.K.Allen – China (Sichuan, northeastern Yunnan, and Guizhou)
- Actinodaphne tsaii Hu – China (southern and southeastern Yunnan)
- Actinodaphne venosa S.Julia – Borneo
- Actinodaphne wightiana (Kuntze) Noltie – Borneo
Formerly placed here
[edit]- Litsea ligustrina (Nees) Fern.-Vill. (as Actinodaphne quinqueflora Nees) – Bangladesh, southwestern India, Myanmar, northeastern Pakistan, Sri Lanka
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d Actinodaphne Nees. Plants of the World Online, Kew Science. Accessed 11 April 2023.
- ^ a b c Flora of China
- "Actinodaphne". Annotated Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Nepal – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.