Brasenia

Brasenia
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Order:	Nymphaeales
Family:	Cabombaceae
Genus:	Brasenia; Schreb.
Species:	B. schreberi
Binomial name
	Brasenia schreberi; J.F.Gmel.
Synonyms
	Barteria Welw.; Brasenia hydropeltis Muhl.; Brasenia nymphoides Baill.; Brasenia purpurea (Michx.) Casp.; Brasenia pelta Casp.;

Brasenia is a genus belonging to the family Cabombaceae, consisting of one species, Brasenia schreberi, commonly known as watershield. It is widely distributed in North America, the West Indies, northern South America (Venezuela, Guyana), eastern Asia (China, Japan, Korea, Primorye), Australia, the Indian Subcontinent, and parts of Africa.^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]

For sale in a Japanese supermarket, 2014

Brasenia is a perennial aquatic plant with floating, peltate leaves and rhizomatous stems. It is identified by its bright green leaves, small purple flowers that bloom from June through September, and a thick mucilage that covers all of the underwater organs, including the underside of the leaves, stems, and developing buds. This mucilage may be an anti-herbivore defence trait,^[9] perhaps to deter snail grazing. It grows in shallow water of lakes, rivers and beaver ponds, particularly those with somewhat acidic water.

Characteristics

Brasenia exhibits wind pollination. The flowers have a two-day blooming period. On the first day, the functionally female, or pistillate flower, extends above the surface of the water and exposes the receptive stigmas. The flower then recedes below the water surface and on the following day emerges as a functionally male, or staminate flower. It is elevated higher than on the previous day and the anther-bearing filaments are extended beyond the female carpels.^[10] The anthers dehisce, releasing the pollen, and the flower is then withdrawn below the water where the fruit develops.

Cytology

The chloroplast genome is 158951 bp long.^[11]

Uses

Brasenia is cultivated as a vegetable in China (where it is known as chúncài 莼菜) and where it is used in Hangzhou in the well-known local speciality "West Lake Water Shield Soup"^[12] and in Japan.

The mucilage it produces has been found to have anti-algal and anti-bacterial properties that may be useful as a natural weed control.^[13]

History

Species of Brasenia occurred during the interglacial of Europe, but like many other aquatic plant species and genera, it does not occur there now.^[14]

Name

Brasenia schreberi (syn. B. nymphoides, B. peltata) has the common name water-shield (also watershield or water shield).

The genus may commemorate the surgeon and Moravian missionary Christoph Brasen (1738-1774), who was the first superintendent of the Moravian mission at Nain in Labrador.^[15]

References

^ Maiz-Tome, L. (2016). Brasenia schreberi. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T185681A78457027. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T185681A78457027.en. Downloaded on 14 July 2018.
^ ^a ^b Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
^ Biota of North America Program, 2013 county distribution map
^ Flora of China Vol. 6 Page 119, 莼菜属 chun cai shu, Brasenia Schreber, Gen. Pl. 1: 372. 1789.
^ Iwatsuki, K., Boufford, D.E. & Ohba, H. (eds.) (2006). Flora of Japan IIa: 1-550. Kodansha Ltd., Tokyo.
^ Hokche, O., Berry, P.E. & Huber, O. (eds.) (2008). Nuevo Catálogo de la Flora Vascular de Venezuela: 1-859. Fundación Instituto Botánico de Venezuela.
^ Figueiredo, E. & Smith, G.F. (2008). Plants of Angola. Strelitzia 22: 1-279. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.
^ Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. (2012). Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 98: 1-1192.
^ Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. Figure 6.9
^ Taylor,Mackenzie L. and Jeffrey M. Osborn. 2006. Pollen ontogeny in Brasenia (Cabombaceae, Nymphaeales). American Journal of Botany 93: 344-356
^ Gruenstaeudl, M., Nauheimer, L., & Borsch, T. (2017). Plastid genome structure and phylogenomics of Nymphaeales: conserved gene order and new insights into relationships. Plant systematics and evolution, 303, 1251-1270.
^ "Hangzhou Cuisine". Archived from the original on 2014-08-21. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
^ Elakovich, Stella D.; Wooten, Jean W. (September 1987). "An examination of the phytotoxicity of the water shield,Brasenia schreberi". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 13 (9): 1935–1940. Bibcode:1987JCEco..13.1935E. doi:10.1007/BF01014676. ISSN 0098-0331. PMID 24302458. S2CID 37729620.
^ Sculthorpe, C. D. 1967. The Biology of Aquatic Vascular Plants. Reprinted 1985 Edward Arnold, by London. p. 404.
^ Pringle, James S. Possible eponymy of the generic name Brasenia Schreb. in Sida. vol. 16. no. 3. pp. 597-600. 1995. [1]

External links

[1] Maiz-Tome, L. (2016). Brasenia schreberi. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T185681A78457027. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T185681A78457027.en. Downloaded on 14 July 2018.

[iu-2] Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families

[3] Biota of North America Program, 2013 county distribution map

[4] Flora of China Vol. 6 Page 119, 莼菜属 chun cai shu, Brasenia Schreber, Gen. Pl. 1: 372. 1789.

[5] Iwatsuki, K., Boufford, D.E. & Ohba, H. (eds.) (2006). Flora of Japan IIa: 1-550. Kodansha Ltd., Tokyo.

[6] Hokche, O., Berry, P.E. & Huber, O. (eds.) (2008). Nuevo Catálogo de la Flora Vascular de Venezuela: 1-859. Fundación Instituto Botánico de Venezuela.

[7] Figueiredo, E. & Smith, G.F. (2008). Plants of Angola. Strelitzia 22: 1-279. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.

[8] Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. (2012). Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 98: 1-1192.

[9] Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. Figure 6.9

[10] Taylor,Mackenzie L. and Jeffrey M. Osborn. 2006. Pollen ontogeny in Brasenia (Cabombaceae, Nymphaeales). American Journal of Botany 93: 344-356

[Gruenstaeudl_et_al.,_2017-11] Gruenstaeudl, M., Nauheimer, L., & Borsch, T. (2017). Plastid genome structure and phylogenomics of Nymphaeales: conserved gene order and new insights into relationships. Plant systematics and evolution, 303, 1251-1270.

[12] "Hangzhou Cuisine". Archived from the original on 2014-08-21. Retrieved 22 April 2014.

[13] Elakovich, Stella D.; Wooten, Jean W. (September 1987). "An examination of the phytotoxicity of the water shield,Brasenia schreberi". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 13 (9): 1935–1940. Bibcode:1987JCEco..13.1935E. doi:10.1007/BF01014676. ISSN 0098-0331. PMID 24302458. S2CID 37729620.

[14] Sculthorpe, C. D. 1967. The Biology of Aquatic Vascular Plants. Reprinted 1985 Edward Arnold, by London. p. 404.

[15] Pringle, James S. Possible eponymy of the generic name Brasenia Schreb. in Sida. vol. 16. no. 3. pp. 597-600. 1995. [1]

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