Jump to content

Casualties of the Tigray war

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

15-year-old in Mekelle who lost their eye after being shot by a sniper.

Casualties of the Tigray War refers to the civilian and military deaths and injuries in the Tigray War that started in November 2020, in which rape and other sexual violence are also widespread.[1][2][3] Precise casualty figures are uncertain. According to researchers at Ghent University in Belgium, as many as 600,000 people had died as a result of war-related violence and famine by late 2022.[4] The scale of the death and destruction led The New York Times to describe it in November 2022 as "one of the world’s bloodiest contemporary conflicts."[5]

Breakdown

[edit]

True casualties statistics have been difficult to determine, largely due to deliberate information blackouts in the region.[6] Journalists have noted the difficulty they face attempting to report on the war, as the Ethiopian government has taken steps to reduce press access to the Tigray Region, facing the risk of getting killed or imprisoned.[7][8] It is also been reported that there is an unwillingness from either side to fully confirm precise numbers.[9][10]

While Prime Minister of Ethiopia Abiy Ahmed initially spoke of no civilian casualties in the early days of the war, by February 2021, he described the level of death in Tigray as "hav[ing] caused much distress for me personally.”[11]

Breakdown Estimated & claimed casualties Time period Source
Civilians
52,000+ killed 3 November 2020 – 2 February 2021 Tigrayan opposition parties[11]
Military

(all sides)

100,000+ killed 3 November 2020 – 16 February 2021 TPLF[12][13][14]
100,000 killed September 2022 – October 2022 Kjetil Tronvoll[15]
TPLF allied forces
5,600+ killed, 2,300 wounded 3 November 2020 – c. September 2021[a] ENDF[9]
Ethiopian and Eritrean
allied forces
3,073 killed, 4,473 wounded 3 November 2020 – c. September 2021[a] TPLF[9]
90,000+ Ethiopian casualties[b] September 2022 Alex de Waal[16]
Total deaths 385,000–600,000 killed 3 November 2020 – 21 October 2022 Ghent University[4]
700,000–800,000 killed 3 November 2020 – 19 October 2022 Abdurahman Sayed[17]

Massacres

[edit]
A mass grave of civilians in Tigray

Numerous reports have been made of extrajudicial killings and summary executions (in many cases, targeting civilians) since the war began.[18][19][20]

Terminology:

  • ENDF - Ethiopian National Defense Forces
  • EDF - Eritrean Defense Forces
  • TPLF - Tigray People's Liberation Front
    • TDF - Tigrayan Defense Forces
  • Fano - Amhara public force or Amhara resistance force
Date Place Number Perpetrators Sources Notes
4-10 November 2020 Shiglil 7 Government-allied militias [21]
9-10 November 2020 Humera 54 ENDF, Amhara militia, Fano [22][23][24] related: EHRC report[25]
5-19 November 2020 Dansha 25 [25] Civilians were caught in the crossfire between warring parties
9–10 November 2020 Mai Kadra 600[18] or 1100[20] Samri kebele youths[26][18][20] or Amhara militias[27][28][29] victim ethnicity and perpetrators disputed
13-17 November 2020 Zalambessa 86 EDF [30] Killed mostly in house-to-house searches after shelling the town
14–17 November 2020 Bisober 27-31 TPLF & ENDF [25][31][32] Shelling crossfire and house-to-house search
17 November 2020 Shire 200 EDF [33] Elders say people were "slaughtered like chicken"
c. 19 November 2020 Hitsats 305 TPLF[34][35] or EDF[36][37][38][35] Perpetrators disputed. EEPA claims 300 Eritrean refugees executed by EDF, HRW claims EDF, refugees claim local Tigrayan militia or EDF, Ethiopia claims TPLF; five humanitarian workers killed in battle[39][40][41]
21 November 2020 Idaga Hamus Dozens EDF [42] after capture of town
c. 21 November 2020 Adigrat 12 EDF [42][43] after capture of town
27-28 November 2020 Wukro 220 EDF, ENDF [44] killing spree accompanying the massive looting of the town
28–29 November 2020 Axum 750 EDF initial body counts;[45][46] in-depth[47][48] Daily killings preceded and followed the main massacre.
30 November 2020 Dengelat 80–150 EDF [49][50] at Maryam Dengelat church
late November/early December 2020 Irob 52 [51] 50 men, 2 women
1 December 2020 Mekelle 27 ENDF [52]
4–7 December 2020 Ziban Gedena 150-300 EDF [53] Also: 150 houses burnt, 90% of livestock killed, harvests burnt and stolen
13 December 2020 Kola Tembien 20 ENDF [54] Soldiers kept terrorising civilians in Tembien in an effort to get the location of the leader of the TPLF.
c. 23 December 2020 Hawzen up to 70 EDF [55] 70 bodies recognised by witness
5 January 2021 Gu'itelo 29 EDF [56] at Medhane-Alem church
8 January 2021 Bora 70–187 ENDF [57][58]: 31  Killing spree after a battle with TDF
9 January 2021 Ari Giyergis 12 ENDF [59] 12 young deacons taken out of the church and executed
mid-January 2021 Mahbere Dego 50–74 ENDF (Amharic speaking) [60][61] People were executed and thrown off a cliff, according to geolocated video evidence.
January 2021 Irob 187 ENDF, EDF [62] includes 30 Coptic priests, 50 women, 100 children
1 February 2021 Kerebera 5 ENDF & EDF [59] five priests were killed in the village church
10 February 2021 Wukro 18 EDF [63] killed in street protests
10 February 2021 Kola Tembien 182 ENDF, EDF [64] house-to-house killing; access to bodies permitted on 15 Feb, by which time many were partially eaten by wildlife
few days before 14 February 2021 Adwa + Shire 30 [63] killed in street protests
15 Feb Cheli 180 EDF [65]
c. 19 February 2021 Khisret, Gijet 100+ ENDF [66]
22 February 2021 Debrekerbe 9 EDF [67]
23 February 2021 May Weyni 80 EDF [65]
1-3 March 2021 Humera 250 Amhara militia, Fano, EDF [68]
11 March 2021 Enkikumel, near Shire 100+ ENDF/EDF [69][70] Reports suggest that ENDF/EDF soldiers went door to door and kidnapped civilians in order to force militias to give up their weapons and surrender. Once the militias surrendered, they and the remaining hostages were all executed. All victims were reportedly young men.
14 March 2021 Wukro 3-5 ENDF [71] retaliation for attacks by TDF
23 March 2021 Inda Teka Tesfay between Mekelle and Adigrat 4 ENDF [72] Médecins Sans Frontières staff observed the execution of at least four men by the ENDF. They were taken off a public bus and executed.
24 March 2021 Grizana, near Samre 11-18 EDF [73][74]
30 March - 5 April 2021 Wukro Maray ~161 EDF & ENDF [75] As revenge for lost battles
1 or 3 April 2021 May Atsmi, Tisha and Haddush Addi, Tahtay Maychew district ~140 EDF [75] As revenge for lost battles
5 April 2021 Debrekerbe in Zana district 116 EDF [67]
5 April 2021 Haruka kebele, Afar Region 30+ Somali Regional State special forces [76]
8 April 2021 Freweyni 7 EDF [75]
8 April 2021 Hawzen 30+ EDF [75]
8 April 2021 Around Wukro Maray, between Shire and Axum 200+ ENDF and EDF [75]
12 April 2021 Adwa, Central Tigray 3–9 EDF [77][78]
12 April 2021 village near Axum 11 presumably EDF [79]
12 April 2021 Hugumburda, Southern Tigray 15 Amhara militias and ENDF [79]
c. 12 April 2021 Wukro Maray town near Aksum 300+ EDF [79]
29 April 2021 Idaga Hibret 20 EDF [80]
30 April 2021 (Bure, Amhara and Danchu Kebelle) 21 unknown [80] During the attacks, some civilians had reportedly been burnt alive.
8 May 2021 Guh village, Hawzien, Eastern Tigray 19 EDF [81][82]
12 June 2021 Menji and Guyya villages near the town of

Abi-Adi Tembien.

16 EDF and ENDF [83] Reports indicate that cluster bombs and phosphorus gas was used in the shelling of both villages.
22 June 2021 Togoga village 50-80 ENDF [84] 50-80 civilians were killed in an airstrike on the village's market area. Reports indicate that the ENDF blocked ambulances from attending to the dead and wounded in the village, possibly increasing the casualty toll.
17-19 July 2021 Yalo 20 TDF or ENDF [85] Victims of shelling
~3 August 2021 Humera and elsewhere along the Tekezé River 95 Amhara militia, Fano, EDF [86] The victims had been shot with their hands tied
5 August 2021 Galikoma, Afar Region 107-200 TDF [87][88][89] Indiscriminate killing by TDF
31 August–4 September 2021 Chenna (near Dabat) 120-200 TDF [90][91][92] Extrajudicial killings; Using civilians as human shields
9 September 2021 Kobo 600 TDF [93][94][95][92] Extrajudicial killings
30 October 2021 Kombolcha, Amhara region 100+ TDF [96][97][98] Extrajudicial killings, looting and ransacking WFP and UN trucks and aid essentials, private and public properties.
8 October 2021 Mekelle 3 ENDF [99] Airstrike killing civilians, all children
21 November 2021 Prison camp near Mirab Abaya, SNNPR 83 (+20 missing) Ethiopian prison guards, ENDF, lynch mob [100] Massacre of imprisoned Tigrayan soldiers; according to The Washington Post, the prisoners in question had not engaged in combat against the government.
6 January 2022 Mai Aini refugee camp 3 Unknown [101][102] Airstrike killing Eritrean refugees, including 2 children
7 January 2022 Dedebit 56-59 ENDF [103][104][105][106][107] Airstrike hitting a camp for internally displaced people; has been called a war crime by the UN and Human Rights Watch
10–11 January 2022 Mai Tsebri and Hiwane 19 ENDF [108] Drone strike killing civilians
23 February 2022 Chenna and Kobo 24+ TDF [109] Extrajudicial killings
23 February 2022 Berhale 5+ Unknown; suspected to be the TDF [110][111] Extrajudicial killings of Eritrean refugees
26 August 2022 Mekelle 4 ENDF [112] Airstrike killing civilians, including 2 children
6–12 September 2022 Sheraro 40+ EDF [113][114] Extrajudicial killings of civilians, including Eritrean refugees
Shimblina 46 ENDF/EDF [115]
13–14 September 2022 Mekelle 10 Unclear; suspected to be the ENDF [116][117] Airstrike killing civilians,
13–15 September 2022 Kobo 17+ TDF [118] Systemic torture and killings of civilians
4 October 2022 Adi Daero, La'ilay Adiyabo 50-65+ ENDF [119][120] Airstrike hitting a school sheltering internally displaced people
24 October 2022 Egela district, Tigray 96 EDF [121] Extrajudicial killings of civilians
26 October 2022 Adwa 60+ ENDF/EDF [122] Extrajudicial killings of civilians
17–25 November 2022 Eastern Zone, Tigray 111 EDF [123][124] Kidnapping, extrajudicial killings of civilians; 241 houses destroyed and overall "widespread looting."
Mid December 2022 Central Zone, Tigray 550+ EDF and Amhara militias [125] Extrajudicial killings and mass rapes.

Civilian deaths

[edit]
Mass graves in Maikadra and funeral services
One of the civilian victims of the Togoga airstrike

As of 2 February 2021, the highest estimate of civilian deaths in the Tigray War is that given by three of the opposition parties from the 2020 Tigray regional election: National Congress of Great Tigray, Tigray Independence Party, and Salsay Woyane Tigray, which were allocated 15 seats in September 2020, prior to the war.[126] The three parties' statement, published on 2 February 2021, estimated that at least 52,000 civilians had been killed by the ENDF, the Eritrean Defence Forces (EDF), Amhara militias, and other forces allied with the ENDF.[127] Hailu Kebede, head of foreign affairs in Salsay Woyane Tigray, said that the three parties' collection method was to try to register data from witnesses in every administrative area of Tigray Region. He stated that "thousands" of names were already recorded.[11] 2022 estimates from Belgium’s Ghent University put the number of war fatalities at 300,000 to 500,000, including 50,000 to 100,000 from fighting, 150,000 to 200,000 due to famine, and 100,000 from lack of medical attention.[4]

Military deaths

[edit]
Samwarit, 4, lies on her hospital bed recovering from knife wounds in her leg and a gunshot in her hand, according to her father, in Mekelle, Tigray, June 4, 2021.

2020

[edit]

An ENDF soldier present at the attack on the Adigrat base of the ENDF Northern Command during the 4 November Northern Command attacks, Bulcha, stated to BBC News that there were 32 ENDF fatalities and 100 TPLF fatalities.[128]

Based on its 14–18 November 2020 visit and a visit starting 10 January 2021 to the Tigray Region, the Ethiopian Human Rights Commission (EHRC) reported a Humera hospital employee's count of the war deaths as 92, including military (ENDF and TPLF) and civilian deaths.[25]

An estimated 760 troops (ENDF and TPLF) were killed during fighting in the Raya region.[129]

The TPLF claimed on 24 November to have killed thousands of ENDF and Eritrean in three fronts: Adwa, Idagahamus and Ray-Mokoni. They also claimed to have killed almost an entire Ethiopian division during fighting at Raya.[130] This division is the 21st mechanised division.[131]

On 7 December 2020 heavy fighting broke out between AMISOM troops and Ethiopian troops in Hiran region, Somalia, when Ethiopian troops tried to disarm Tigrayan troops. In total 21 Tigrayan soldiers and 20 Ethiopian soldiers were killed.[132]

2022

[edit]

In September 2022, Ethiopian and Eritrean forces launched a massive "joint" offensive against rebels in Tigray. The Ethiopian army reportedly suffered 90,000 casualties in one month.[133]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b As reported by the BBC; a specific timeframe was not given. Local correspondents to the agency suggested these figures could be from then-recent battles, and not the war as a whole.
  2. ^ According to de Waal, while not all 90,000 casualties were deaths, "many of the wounded will die" due to the poor condition of medical services.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Situation Report EEPA HORN No. 45 – 4 January 2021" (PDF). Europe External Programme with Africa. 4 January 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  2. ^ Patten, Pramila (21 January 2021). "United Nations Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict, Ms. Pramila Patten, urges all parties to prohibit the use of sexual violence and cease hostilities in the Tigray region of Ethiopia". United Nations. Archived from the original on 31 January 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  3. ^ Georgy, Michael (23 January 2021). "'Choose - I kill you or rape you': abuse accusations surge in Ethiopia's war". Thomson Reuters. Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  4. ^ a b c York, Geoffrey (21 October 2022). "Surge of dehumanizing hate speech points to mounting risk of mass atrocities in northern Ethiopia, experts say". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on 24 March 2022. Independent scholars, based at Ghent University in Belgium, suggest that the death toll in Tigray is now between 385,000 and 600,000.
  5. ^ Dahir, Abdi Latif (3 November 2022). "Details in Ethiopia's Peace Deal Reveal Clear Winners and Losers". The New York Times.
  6. ^ Solomon, Salem (4 December 2020). "Journalists Struggle Through Information Blackout in Ethiopia". Voice of America. Archived from the original on 4 October 2022.
  7. ^ Zelalem, Zecharias (31 May 2022). "In Ethiopia, mass detention signals shrinking press freedom". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 13 September 2022.
  8. ^ Laurent, Helena (27 January 2022). "Ethiopia: The daunting task of reporting the Tigray conflict". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 29 January 2022.
  9. ^ a b c "Ethiopia's Tigray conflict: Thousands reported killed in clashes". BBC News. 5 September 2021. Archived from the original on 20 March 2022.
  10. ^ Burke, Jason (8 November 2020). "Ethiopia: reports of heavy casualties in fighting in Tigray". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 17 October 2021. Retrieved 16 October 2021.
  11. ^ a b c Anna, Cara (11 February 2021). "'We'll be left without families': Fear in Ethiopia's Tigray". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 12 February 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
  12. ^ "Situation Report EEPA HORN No. 86 – 17 February 2021" (PDF). Europe External Programme with Africa. 17 February 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 February 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
  13. ^ "Situation Report EEPA HORN No. 42 - 31 December 2020" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
  14. ^ "Situation Report EEPA HORN No. 47 - 6 January 2021" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
  15. ^ Harper, Mary (16 October 2022). "Ethiopia's Tigray conflict: Civilian bloodbath warning as offensive escalates". BBC News. Archived from the original on 16 October 2022.
  16. ^ de Waal, Alex (14 October 2022). "Tigray faces a new onslaught by Eritrean-Ethiopian forces". Quincy Institute for Responsible Statecraft. Archived from the original on 14 October 2022.
  17. ^ Chothia, Farouk; Bekit, Teklemariam (19 October 2022). "Ethiopia civil war: Hyenas scavenge on corpses as Tigray forces retreat". BBC News. Archived from the original on 22 October 2022.
  18. ^ a b c "Rapid Investigation into Grave Human Rights Violation Maikadra - Preliminary Findings". Ethiopian Human Rights Commission. 24 November 2020. Archived from the original on 3 January 2022. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  19. ^ "Counting the victims in Tigray". The World from PRX. Archived from the original on 9 March 2022. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
  20. ^ a b c "EHRCO Preliminary Investigation Report on Major Human Rights Violations in and around Maikadra" (PDF). Ethiopian Human Rights Council. 25 December 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 December 2020. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
  21. ^ Steers, Julia (24 December 2020). "'He's Planning to Exterminate Us All': Ethiopians Speak of Ethnic Massacres". Vice. Archived from the original on 25 December 2020. Retrieved 21 August 2021.
  22. ^ Brown, Will (23 November 2020). "After the bombs they attacked with knives, claim Ethiopians fleeing peace prize winner's war". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  23. ^ Akinwotu, Emmanuel (2 December 2020). "'I saw people dying on the road': Tigray's traumatised war refugees". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2 December 2020. Retrieved 2 December 2020.
  24. ^ Latif Dahir, Abdi (9 December 2020). "Fleeing Ethiopians Tell of Ethnic Massacres in Tigray War". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 9 December 2020. Retrieved 9 December 2020.
  25. ^ a b c d "Situation of Civilians in Humera, Dansha, and Bissober - Brief Monitoring Report". Ethiopian Human Rights Commission. 17 January 2021. Archived from the original on 27 December 2021. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
  26. ^ "Ethiopia: Investigation reveals evidence that scores of civilians were killed in massacre in Tigray state". Amnesty International. 12 November 2020. Archived from the original on 21 November 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
  27. ^ Khalid Abdelaziz, El Tayeb Siddig (13 November 2020). "Ethiopians fleeing to Sudan describe air strikes and machete killings in Tigray". Reuters. Archived from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
  28. ^ Schipani, Andres (4 December 2020). "Refugees flee Ethiopia's brutal war with tales of atrocities on both sides". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 4 December 2020. Retrieved 9 December 2020.
  29. ^ Abuelgasim, Fay; el-Mofty, Nariman; Anna, Cara (12 December 2020). "Shadowy Ethiopian massacre could be tip of the iceberg". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 12 December 2020. Retrieved 12 December 2020. It's possible that civilians from both ethnicities were targeted in Mai-Kadra, Amnesty now says.
  30. ^ Zalambessa Alumni Committee (27 March 2021). "Brief Information on the Crimes Committed and Horrendous Situtaion [sic] Inflicted on the People of Zalambessa and Its Surroundings by the Military Forces of Eritrea and Ethiopia". Tigrai Online. Archived from the original on 4 January 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
  31. ^ Soteras, Eduardo; AFP (15 December 2020). "First foreign aid arrives in Tigray as civillians recount the horrors". Africanews. Archived from the original on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
  32. ^ Corey-Boulet, Robbie (15 December 2020). "'Terrified' survivors recount attacks on civilians in Tigray". Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 26 December 2020 – via France24.
  33. ^ "'Slaughtered like chickens': Eritrea heavily involved in Tigray conflict, say eyewitnesses". The Guardian. 21 December 2020. Archived from the original on 27 January 2022. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
  34. ^ "In Pictures: Eritrean refugees caught in crossfire in Ethiopia". www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 17 October 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2021.
  35. ^ a b "EEPA" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 January 2021.
  36. ^ "Ethiopia: Eritrean Refugees Targeted in Tigray". Human Rights Watch. 16 September 2021. Archived from the original on 17 October 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2021.
  37. ^ "Situation Report EEPA HORN No. 51 – 10 January 2021" (PDF). Europe External Programme with Africa. 10 January 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 January 2021. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
  38. ^ "Escaping Eritrea". FRONTLINE. Archived from the original on 17 October 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2021.
  39. ^ Marks, Simon; Walsh, Declan (28 December 2020). "Refugees Come Under Fire as Old Foes Fight in Concert in Ethiopia". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 28 December 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
  40. ^ Anna, Cara (30 December 2020). "Aid group says colleague 'murdered' in Ethiopia's conflict". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
  41. ^ "Ethiopia - Tigray Region Humanitarian Update – Situation Report Last updated: 6 Jan 2021". United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. 6 January 2021. Archived from the original on 13 January 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
  42. ^ a b Zelalem, Zecharias; Brown, Will (8 January 2021). "Eritrea's brutal shadow war in Ethiopia laid bare". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 10 January 2021. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
  43. ^ "Ethiopia says it captured Tigrayan town of Adigrat". Al Jazeera English. 21 November 2020. Archived from the original on 14 January 2021. Retrieved 14 January 2021.
  44. ^ "'The fighting continues': A Tigray town reels from drawn-out war". France 24. 16 March 2021. Archived from the original on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
  45. ^ "Situation Report EEPA HORN No. 53 – 12 January 2021" (PDF). Europe External Programme with Africa. 12 January 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 13 January 2021.
  46. ^ Hochet-Bodin, Noé (18 January 2021). "'Les gens meurent de faim' : en Ethiopie, le Tigré au bord du désastre humanitaire" ['People are dying of hunger': in Ethiopia, Tigray is on the verge of a humanitarian disaster]. Le Monde (in French). Archived from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
  47. ^ "The massacre in Axum". Amnesty International. 26 February 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
  48. ^ "Ethiopia: Eritrean Forces Massacre Tigray Civilians". Human Rights Watch. 5 March 2021. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  49. ^ "Situation Report EEPA HORN No. 31 – 20 December" (PDF). Europe External Programme with Africa. 20 December 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 14 January 2021.
  50. ^ Barbara Arvanitidis; Nima Elbagir; Bethlehem Feleke; Eliza Mackintosh; Gianluca Mezzofiore; Katie Polglase; Mark Baron (video); Alex Platt (v); Elisa Solinas (v); Jessi Esparza (v); Agne Jurkenaite (v) (26 February 2021). "Massacre in the mountains: How an Ethiopian festival turned into a killing spree". CNN. Archived from the original on 2 March 2022. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
  51. ^ "Situation Report EEPA HORN No. 72 – 31 January 2021" (PDF). Europe External Programme with Africa. 31 January 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 January 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  52. ^ "Situation Report EEPA HORN No. 17 - 05 December" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
  53. ^ Paravicini, Giulia; Houreld, Katharine (14 June 2021). "EXCLUSIVE UN official accuses Eritrean forces of deliberately starving Tigray". Reuters. Archived from the original on 23 August 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
  54. ^ "Situation Report EEPA HORN No. 24 - 13 December 2020" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
  55. ^ "Witnesses: Eritrean soldiers loot, kill in Ethiopia's Tigray". AP News. 20 April 2021. Archived from the original on 5 February 2022. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  56. ^ "Eritrea's Military Involvement in Ethiopia's Tigray Conflict should be investigated". Society for Threatened Peoples. 10 February 2021. Archived from the original on 25 April 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2022 – via UN Human Rights Council.
  57. ^ "In an out-of-sight war, a massacre comes to light". Los Angeles Times. 19 March 2021. Archived from the original on 25 April 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
  58. ^ Tibebu, Israel (3 November 2021). "Report of the EHRC/OHCHR Joint Investigation into Alleged Violations of International Human Rights, Humanitarian and Refugee Law Committed by all Parties to the Conflict in the Tigray Region of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia" (PDF). EHRC, OHCHR. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 November 2021. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
  59. ^ a b Kassa, Lucy (10 May 2021). "'At least' 78 priests 'massacred' in one zone of Tigray, leaked letter claims". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
  60. ^ "Evidence suggests Ethiopian military carried out massacre in Tigray". BBC News. 1 April 2021. Archived from the original on 2 April 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2021.
  61. ^ "Mahbere Dego: Clues to a Clifftop Massacre in Ethiopia". Bellingcat. 1 April 2021. Archived from the original on 2 April 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2021.
  62. ^ Lambruschi, Paolo (14 February 2021). "Ecco i massacri nel Tigrai. Testimoni: preti e civili orrendamente trucidati" [Tigray massacres. Witnesses: priests and civilians horribly massacred]. Avvenire (in Italian). Archived from the original on 17 October 2021. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
  63. ^ a b "Situation Report EEPA HORN No. 84 – 15 February 2021" (PDF). Europe External Programme with Africa. 14 February 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 February 2021. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
  64. ^ Kassa, Lucy (7 April 2021). "'Their bodies were torn into pieces': Ethiopian and Eritrean troops accused of massacre in Tigray". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 7 April 2021. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
  65. ^ a b Sparks, John (17 March 2021). "Ethiopia: Hundreds executed, thousands homeless - the human cost of fighting in Tigray". Sky News. Archived from the original on 17 March 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
  66. ^ "Situation Report EEPA HORN No. 90 – 23 February 2021" (PDF). Europe External Programme with Africa. 23 February 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 February 2021. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
  67. ^ a b "ጫፍ ግፍዒ ፋሽሽታውያን ኣብ ከተማ ኣኽሱም" [Extreme violence in Axum] (in Amharic). Tigrai TV. 14 September 2021. Archived from the original on 4 October 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
  68. ^ "Situation Report EEPA HORN No. 96 – 03 March 2021" (PDF). Europe External Programme with Africa. 3 March 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  69. ^ "Situation Report EEPA HORN No. 102 - 12 March 2021" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 March 2021. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
  70. ^ "Celebrities Deaths -". Archived from the original on 17 October 2021.
  71. ^ "Situation Report EEPA HORN No. 103 - 15 March 2021" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
  72. ^ Kleijer, Karline (24 March 2021). "Ethiopia: MSF staff attacked after witnessing killings by soldiers in Tigray – At least four men were dragged off public buses and executed". Médecins Sans Frontières. Archived from the original on 24 March 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
  73. ^ "Situation Report EEPA HORN No. 114 - 29 March 2021" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 March 2021. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
  74. ^ "Ethiopia: 1,900 people killed in massacres in Tigray identified". The Guardian. 2 April 2021. Archived from the original on 7 March 2022. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
  75. ^ a b c d e "Situation Report EEPA HORN No. 123 - 09 April 2021" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 April 2021. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
  76. ^ "EEPA Situation Report No. 120 – 6 April 2021" (PDF). Europe External Programme with Africa. 6 April 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 April 2021. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
  77. ^ "Ethiopia: Three killed, 19 injured in Tigray as Eritrean troops open fire on civilians". www.amnesty.org. 14 April 2021. Archived from the original on 13 June 2021. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
  78. ^ "Eritrean soldiers kill nine civilians in Tigray, Ethiopian regional official says". Reuters. 14 April 2021. Archived from the original on 16 December 2021. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
  79. ^ a b c "Situation Report EEPA HORN No. 125 - 13 April 2021" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
  80. ^ a b "Situation Report EEPA HORN No. 139 - 03 May 2021" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 May 2021. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
  81. ^ "Situation Report EEPA HORN No. 148 - 17 May 2021" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 May 2021. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  82. ^ "Eritrean soldiers killed 19 civilians in latest Tigray atrocity, locals claim". The Guardian. 1 June 2021. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
  83. ^ "Situation Report EEPA HORN No. 168 - 14 June 2021" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
  84. ^ "Situation Report EEPA HORN No. 174 - 24 June 2021" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2021.
  85. ^ "Ethiopia Tigray crisis: New front opens as aid fears grow". BBC News. 22 July 2021. Archived from the original on 17 October 2021. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
  86. ^ "Situation Report EEPA HORN No. 195 - 03 August 2021" (PDF). 3 August 2021. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 October 2021.
  87. ^ "Ethiopia calls on civilians to join army to fight Tigray forces". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  88. ^ "Afar and Amhara Regions: Report on Violations of Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law in Afar and Amhara Regions of Ethiopia Published". Ethiopian Human Rights Commission - EHRC. 11 March 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  89. ^ "በኢትዮጵያ የአፋር እና የአማራ ክልሎች የተፈጸሙ የሰብአዊ መብቶች እና ዓለም አቀፍ የሰብአዊነት ሕግ ጥሰቶች ላይ የተደረገ ምርመራ ሪፖርት". Ethiopian Human Rights Commission - EHRC. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  90. ^ "Tigray forces killed 120 civilians in village in Amhara - Ethiopia officials". Thomson Reuters. 9 September 2021. Archived from the original on 9 November 2021. Retrieved 9 November 2021.
  91. ^ "Stench of death: villagers flee site of Ethiopia mass killings". France 24. 15 September 2021. Archived from the original on 9 November 2021. Retrieved 9 November 2021.
  92. ^ a b "Ethiopia: Tigray Forces Summarily Execute Civilians". Human Rights Watch. 9 December 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  93. ^ "ቆቦ ውስጥ ስድስት መቶ ሰው እንደተገደለ ነዋሪዎች ተናገሩ" [Residents say 600 people have been killed in Kobo]. Voice of America (in Amharic). 20 September 2021. Archived from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
  94. ^ "'Then the killing started': Witnesses accuse Tigray fighters". Associated Press. 25 September 2021. Archived from the original on 26 September 2021.
  95. ^ "Ethiopia: Summary killings, rape and looting by Tigrayan forces in Amhara". Amnesty International. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  96. ^ "Tigray rebels accused of 'summarily executing' 100 in Kombolcha". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
  97. ^ Walsh, Declan; Marks, Simon (2 November 2021). "Ethiopia Declares State of Emergency as Rebels Advance Toward Capital". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
  98. ^ "Ethiopia government says Tigray forces killed 100 youths in key town". Reuters. 1 November 2021. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
  99. ^ "Three children killed in strike on Ethiopia's Mekelle - UN". Reuters. Reuters. 19 October 2021. Archived from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
  100. ^ Houreld, Katharine (4 December 2022). "Ethiopian guards massacred scores of Tigrayan prisoners, witnesses say". The Washington Post.
  101. ^ "Two children among 3 Eritrean refugees killed in Tigray air raid". Al JAzeera. 7 January 2022.
  102. ^ "Two children killed in airstrike on Tigray refugee camp". UN News. 6 January 2022. Archived from the original on 17 October 2022.
  103. ^ "Ethiopia: 56 people killed in airstrike at camp for internally displaced". Reuters (via The Guardian). 8 January 2022. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
  104. ^ Bearak, Max; Kelly, Meg; Lee, Joyce Sohyun (7 February 2022). "How Ethiopia used a Turkish drone in a strike that killed nearly 60 civilians". The Washington Post.
  105. ^ "UN experts warn of potential for further atrocities amid resumption of conflict in Ethiopia". OHCHR. 19 September 2022. Retrieved 2 October 2022.
  106. ^ "Human Rights Watch calls on Ethiopia to probe possible "war crime"". Africanews & Agence France-Presse. 24 March 2022.
  107. ^ "Ethiopia: Airstrike on Camp for Displaced Likely War Crime". Human Rights Watch. 24 March 2022. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
  108. ^ "Ethiopia: 19 people killed in latest drone strikes in Tigray". The Guardian. AFP. 11 January 2022.
  109. ^ "Ethiopia: Tigrayan forces murder, rape and pillage in attacks on civilians in Amhara towns". Amnesty International. 16 February 2022.
  110. ^ "Protection in Danger Monthly News Brief February 2022 - World". ReliefWeb. 24 March 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
  111. ^ "Attack on Ethiopia refugee camp kills five, displaces thousands: UN". France 24. 18 February 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
  112. ^ "Air strike hits capital of Ethiopia's Tigray region as fighting resumes". France 24 (with AFP). 26 August 2022.
  113. ^ "News: At least 40 people extrajudicially killed by Eritrean forces in Sheraro – Amnesty International". Addis Standard. 25 October 2022.
  114. ^ "Ethiopia: Fears of fresh atrocities loom in Tigray as conflict intensifies". Amnesty International. 24 October 2022.
  115. ^ "A Call to Action: Averting Atrocities in Ethiopia's Tigray War". crisisgroup.org. 20 October 2022.
  116. ^ "10 Killed in Twin Air Strikes on Ethiopia's Tigray: Hospital". TheDefensePost. AFP. 14 September 2022.
  117. ^ "Ten dead in second day of air raids in Ethiopia's Tigray region". Al Jazeera. 14 September 2022.
  118. ^ Kassa, Lucy (10 October 2022). "Tigray rebels tortured and killed civilians in renewed fighting, survivors claim". The Guardian.
  119. ^ "U.N. told Ethiopia in January that school hit in air strike housed displaced people -humanitarian sources". Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  120. ^ "More than 50 killed in northern Ethiopia air strike - aid workers and Tigray forces". Reuters. 5 October 2022. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  121. ^ "Situation Report - Horn of Africa No. 330- 13 December, 2022" (PDF). EEPA. 13 December 2022.
  122. ^ "Situation Report - Horn of Africa No. 300- 28 October 2022" (PDF). EEPA. 28 October 2022.
  123. ^ Anna, Cara (2 December 2022). "Eritrean forces still killing Tigray civilians, report says". Associated Press.
  124. ^ "Situation Report - Horn of Africa No. 316- 23 November, 2022" (PDF). EEPA. 23 November 2022.
  125. ^ "Situation Report - Horn of Africa No. 316- 23 November, 2022" (PDF). EEPA. 16 December 2022.
  126. ^ "Debretsion faces rough road ahead as Tigray State President". Addis Fortune. 24 September 2020. Archived from the original on 16 December 2020. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
  127. ^ "A Joint Press Release by Tigray Independence Party (TIP), Salsay Weyane Tigray (SAWET), and National Congress of Great Tigray (Baytona) on the Current Situation in Tigray". Eritrea Hub. 2 February 2021. Archived from the original on 2 February 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  128. ^ "Ethiopia's Tigray crisis: How a soldier survived an 11-hour gun battle". BBC News. 10 December 2020. Archived from the original on 10 December 2020. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
  129. ^ "Situation Report EEPA Horn 17 November 2020" (PDF). EEPA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 October 2021.
  130. ^ "Situation Report EEPA Horn No. 6 24 November" (PDF). Europe External Programme with Africa. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 October 2021.
  131. ^ "Tigray force: Ethiopia mechanised division 'completely destroyed'". www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 17 October 2021. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
  132. ^ "Situation Report EEPA Horn No. 18 07 December" (PDF). Europe External Programme with Africa. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 October 2021.
  133. ^ "New offensive in Tigray brings heavy death toll for civilians". The Globe and Mail. 16 October 2022.
[edit]