Draft:Kingdom of the Great Dorsale
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Kingdom of Great Dorsale[3] | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| c. ~510-c. After 548 | |||||||||
| Capital | Thala[4][5] | ||||||||
| Common languages | Berber, African Romance | ||||||||
| Religion | Paganism Judaism Christianity | ||||||||
| Government | Hereditary Monarchy | ||||||||
| Chieftain, High Chief, Empreror[6], King[7]Aguellid[1][8] | |||||||||
• c. ~510 – c. ~517 | Guenfan | ||||||||
• c. ~517 – c. After 548 | Antalas | ||||||||
| Historical era | Late Antiquity | ||||||||
• Separation from the Vandal Kingdom of Carthage | ~510 | ||||||||
• Victory over the Vandals of Thrasamund and Hilderic | 510's-534 | ||||||||
| 544 | |||||||||
| 545 | |||||||||
| 545 | |||||||||
| late 546 or early 547 | |||||||||
| 547 | |||||||||
| after 548 | |||||||||
| Currency | Barter deniers | ||||||||
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| Today part of | Algeria Tunisia | ||||||||
| History of Algeria |
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| History of Tunisia |
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The Kingdom of the Great Dorsale, Kingdom of Dorsale[9] also Kingdom of the Tunisian Dorsale or Frexes-Naffur Confederacy Chiefdom[10][11] even Principalty of Dorsale[12] can also be called Frexes Federation or Frexes Confederation but in its most complete name would rather be Ancient Frexes Kingdom of Great Dorsale[13] was an independent Pagan[14] Berber political entity primarily independant from the Vandal realm and then a federacy affiliated to the Byzantine Empire (foedus) who then went in war with the Byzantine Empire in Northern Africa between 543-548 during what is known as the Moorish-Byzantines wars being the second war as the first was made by Iaudas King of Aurasium.
During the second Moorish war, Antalas ruler of the Frexes was able to unify Berbers across all North Africa as far as western Egypt (Marmarica) and Morocco (Mauretania) uniting severals tribals entities and kingdoms under his leadership therefore establishing at least a moral authority amongst the vast majority of Berbers for a certain time period making a great coalition and kind of great confederation even fitting to the description of Empire, as Frexes would unify multiples political and non-political entities being the center of it based in Byzacena and Antalas would earn from Romans records the title of "Princeps Maurorum"[15] translated Prince of the Moors[16]therefore commander of non-Romanized Berbers, but knowing even some Christians Berbers using Latin titles and influenced by Latin culture and identity coming from the Romans such as Iaudas and Cutzinas and even real Romans as deserters like Stotzas establish the fact that it was both representing a certain people and having multiples peoples united to the Frexes political entity of a multi-national union[17] under the central authority of Frexes who were under the command of Antalas as head from Byzacena and they're the ones who were able to make diplomacy or confront an Empire specifically the Byzantine Empire or Eastern Roman Empire in Africa but he was also reported 8 times in the works of Corippus as Tyrannus (Tyrant) which means he called him "absolute master" "absolute ruler"[18] from the greek túrannos for calling him the main ruler of Berbers or the most important one, and maybe added with a criticize at the same time as "illegitimate ruler" of Africa as a Roman Corippus for sure didn't appreciate the war Antalas master of the Berbers waged against his people the Romans. [19][20]
Establishement
[edit]The Frexes entity was located at the 2 sides of the boundaries of the Algerian-Tunisian borders having as authority center Thala[21] and said to have been established around 510 AD by Guenfan "the father of this African Prince" (Antalas)[22], Chieftain and King[23][24] of the Frexes aswell as Prince of the Moors[25] and often mentionned having multiples words with whom he is designated as "Guenfeius Heros (The Hero of Guenfan)", "Guenfeia Proles (The Childen of Guenfan)" "Guenfeius hostis (The Ennemy Guenfan)"[26] alongside his child and successor Antalas who was designated as "Hero (Hero fighter rescuing the Moors)"[27] during his wars with John Troglita troops and Berbers allies previously under Antalas leadership (mainly the latin speaking and christians ones) of Byzantines in Iohannis songs works of Flavius Cresconius Corippus.
Guenfan was credited to have made the Great Dorsale Kingdom when he established a tribal confederacy when he united his tribe with the Naffur a tribe from southern byzacena notably southeastern sufetula (at Regueb like the Madjer future allies of Frechichs who are basically the Frexes) and the Naffurs (Potentially Madjers ancestors) were living as far as Tripolitania and Nafusa mountain that might had given its name to the tribe, the Frexes on their side were living in western Byzacena and in eastern Numidia (western-central Tunisia and some parts of eastern Algeria) in a region called "Dorsale" due to its mountainous land[28] but they were also a border zone with the 2 others provinces of Zeugitana and Numidia, they appeared in historical sources during a context of war with the Vandal Kingdom made at their expense aswell notably when the Frexes Berbers scored a significant victory over the forces of King Hilderic under the General Hildimer[29], and later they would make an alliance[30] throught Foedus treaty with Byzantium where Eastern Romans had to buy peace by furnitures sent as gifts given to the Berber Warlord Antalas the successor of Guenfan aswell throught a tribute called "Annona" in order to have him as an ally and not an ennemy.[31]
First war to Solomon and catastrophy in Roman Africa
[edit]When the murder of his brother Guarizila and the subsidies of the foederatus from the foedus treaty agreements was stopped violating the 10 years long peace, he entered in a furious rebellion making war in the winter of the years 543-544 with the Byzantine Empire which is mainly described by the 2 Romans contemporaries of Antalas the main chief of moors and their Hero of Iohannis epics from the poet Corippus living in Africa who witnessed the war he also went as refugee in Carthage where he made the Iohannis 1 year after the war's end and there is also the History of Wars works of the historian Procopius who traveled inside the Byzantine empire and was a contemporary of Antalas and Corippus.[32][33]They both described Antalas as the supreme leader of all Moorish tribes extending his authority from Marmarica to Mauretania Tingitana they are taken as the most important references who even call Antalas "Princeps Maurorum" (First Leader of Moors, Principal Moorish also Prince of the Moors) meaning that he's the most eminent High Chief of all non-romanized Berbers having even the Romanized (Using latin titles and being deeply influenced by latin cultural identity such as in Numidia, Aurasium, Mauretania Christians ones) who will for some betrayed him later being the reason for his final recorded defeat.[34][35][36]
Having all rebels Berbers under his leadership even of the entire country of Mauretania provinces[37] this made the formers authors giving some words to show the strong importance he had in this war, making his title designation equal to "Empreror of the Moors" (the exact translation of Princeps Maurorum being "Principal, Main, First Moorish Person") as Roman Emperors initially referred to themselves only as princeps (Princeps Civitatis, First or Main or Principal Roman "Citizen") notably knowing his relation with the Empreror Jusitnian Ist that he was the only one recorded Berber leader to have sent letters in a goal of negociation of the removal of Sergius nephew of Solomon as one of the romans dignitaries in Africa.[38][39][40][41][42]
Antalas with the Berber coalition he established in western Byzacena was ready to move to Carthage from the Theveste-Carthage road in order to punish Solomon and his nephew Sergius who had fled at the side of his uncle after having angered the Berbers in Tripolitania making himself in a hard situation where he had to left Leptis Magna and the entire region he had in charge in order to save himself from the Berbers hordes since he treated them unfairly and with his uncle united an army with severals others officers of Roman Africa in order to meet the Berbers challengers of Solomon Praetorian Prefect of Africa authority who rule in the name of the Eastern Roman Empreror Justinian I of Constantinople who had a prominent authority and was in charge of every territories of Byzantine Africa Pro-Consularis who was back then extending from territories in modern day Tunisia, Algeria, Libya, Morocco and even southern Iberia, including Mediterraneans territories such as Sardinia who was reported as having "Moorish" rebels and some others like Corsica, Balearic islands, Malta.
The Frexes and Antalas with the Laguatans and Ierna also all Nasamones confederacy including others Berbers had a goal of vengeance against the behaviours of the Byzantine military, they decided to become allies in order to become stronger for confronting the Eastern Romans forces, Solomon moved until Theveste (Tebessa) when he learned the news about the Berbers insurgency, he firstly engaged negociation from the fortified city with his troops and this didn't go well so a battle began and he had the upper hand on there but when he pursued the Berbers at Cilium (Kasserine) he was defeated by Antalas forces and killed while trying to retreat from the battlefield due to a complicated situation with his bodyguards.
The Berbers seeing the strongest authority of Romans in Africa weakened by the tremendous victory they scored, they took the opportunity like during Vandal era they went looting and even burning settlements, destroying severly many of them as punishement against the Byzantines dignitaries and military by even attacking and enslaving the romans populations.
References
[edit]- ^ Encyclopédie berbère. EDISUD. 1988. ISBN 978-2-85744-319-3.
- ^ Richardot, Philippe (2009). "La pacification de l'Afrique byzantine 534 - 546". Stratégique. 93-94–95-96 (1-2–3-4): 129–158. doi:10.3917/strat.093.0129.
- ^ Slim, Hédi; Mahjoubi, Ammar; Belkhodja, Khaled; Ennabli, Abdelmajid; Masmoudi, Abdelkader; Smida, Mongi (2003). Histoire générale de la Tunisie. Sud éditions. ISBN 978-9973-844-21-7.
- ^ Bouaziz, Ali (20 July 2022). SFAX VILLE ANTIQUE. Une histoire méconnue, de Taphrura à Svaxia. Exhauss Publisher. ISBN 978-9938-40-577-4.
- ^ La Numidie Rome et le Maghreb par André Berthier. FeniXX réédition numérique. 1981. ISBN 978-2-402-22891-6.
- ^ "Orbis bulletin international de documentation linguistique · Volume 9". 1960.
- ^ The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity. Oxford University Press. 2018. ISBN 978-0-19-256246-3.
- ^ La Berbérie, l'Islam et la France (1) Le destin de l'Afrique du Nord Par Eugène Guernier. FeniXX réédition numérique. 1950. ISBN 978-2-307-00932-0.
- ^ Antiquités africaines (in French). Editions du Centre national de la recherche scientifique. 1984.
- ^ Pringle, Denys (1981). The Defence of Byzantine Africa from Justinian to the Arab Conquest: An Account of the Military History and Archaeology of the African Provinces in the Sixth and Seventh Centuries. B.A.R. ISBN 978-0-86054-119-6.
- ^ Procopius; Roques, Denis (1990). La guerre contre les vandales: guerres de Justinien, livres III et IV (in French). Les Belles Lettres. ISBN 978-2-251-33905-4.
- ^ Cunliffe, Barry (2023-04-15). Facing the Sea of Sand: The Sahara and the Peoples of Northern Africa. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-267474-6.
- ^ {{Cite book | url=https://www.google.fr/books/edition/Les_civilisations_de_l_Afrique_du_Nord/Ee8xAQAAMAAJ?hl=fr&gbpv=1&bsq=ancien%20guenfan&dq=ancien%20royaume%20antalas%20guenfan&printsec=frontcover | title=Les civilisations de l'Afrique du Nord Berbères--Arabes--Turcs Par Victor Piquet · | date=1917
- ^ Modéran, Yves (2013-05-22). Les Maures et l'Afrique romaine (IVe-VIIe siècle) (in French). Publications de l’École française de Rome. ISBN 978-2-7283-1003-6.
- ^ Beau, Charles Le (1828). Histoire du Bas-Empire, en commençant à Constantin le grand. (Continuée par m. Brosset) (in French). De l'imprimerie de Firmin Didot.
- ^ Corippus, Flavius Cresconius (1998). The Iohannis, Or, De Bellis Libycis. E. Mellen Press. ISBN 978-0-7734-8242-5.
- ^ Modéran, Yves (2013-05-22). Les Maures et l'Afrique romaine (IVe-VIIe siècle) (in French). Publications de l’École française de Rome. ISBN 978-2-7283-1003-6.
- ^ Modéran, Yves (2013-05-22). Les Maures et l'Afrique romaine (IVe-VIIe siècle) (in French). Publications de l’École française de Rome. ISBN 978-2-7283-1003-6.
- ^ Conant, Jonathan (2012-04-12). Staying Roman: Conquest and Identity in Africa and the Mediterranean, 439–700. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-37584-0.
- ^ Beloe, William; Middleton, Thomas Fanshaw; Lyall, William Rowe; Nares, Robert (1826). The British Critic. F. and C. Rivington, no. 62, St. Paul's Church-yard, to whom all communications respecting the review are to be directed.
- ^ Berthier, André (1981-01-01). La Numidie: Rome et le Maghreb (in French). FeniXX réédition numérique. ISBN 978-2-402-22891-6.
- ^ Beau, Charles Le (1828). Histoire du Bas-Empire (in French). De l'imprimerie de Firmin Didot.
- ^ Antiquités africaines (in French). Editions du Centre national de la recherche scientifique. 2002.
- ^ Piquet, Victor (1917). Les civilisations de l'Afrique du Nord: Berbères--Arabes--Turcs (in French). A. Colin.
- ^ Schmidt, Ludwig (1953). Histoire des vandales (in French). Payot.
- ^ Journal des savants (in French). Librairie Klincksieck. 1828.
- ^ "Corippe, la Johannide (chant IV)". remacle.org. Retrieved 2024-04-29.
- ^ Raven, Susan (2012-12-06). Rome in Africa. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-89240-2.
- ^ Gibbon, Edward (1906). Works. F. De Fau.
- ^ https://books.openedition.org/efr/docannexe/image/1421/img-1-small700.jpg
- ^ Diehl, Charles (1896). L'Afrique byzantine: histoire de la domination byzantine en Afrique (533-709) (in French). E. Leroux.
- ^ Blaudeau, Philippe; Nuffelen, Peter (2015-07-01). L'historiographie tardo-antique et la transmission des savoirs (in French). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 978-3-11-040931-4.
- ^ Blaudeau, Philippe; Nuffelen, Peter (2015-07-01). L'historiographie tardo-antique et la transmission des savoirs (in French). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 978-3-11-040931-4.
- ^ "Procope : Histoire de la guerre des Vandales". remacle.org. Retrieved 2024-04-11.
- ^ "Corippe, la Johannide (chant II)". remacle.org. Retrieved 2024-04-11.
- ^ Journal des savants (in French). Librairie Klincksieck. 1828.
- ^ Galerie littéraire scientifique et d'anecdotes recueil choisi de productions diverses (in French).
- ^ Procopius, Caesariensis; Cousin, Louis (1685). Histoire De Constantinople Depuis le régne de L'Ancien Justin, jusqu'à la fin de l'Empire: Oeuvres de Procope de Césarée (in French). Damien Foucault.
- ^ "Corippe, la Johannide (chant IV)". remacle.org. Retrieved 2024-04-11.
- ^ Modéran, Yves (2013-05-22). Les Maures et l'Afrique romaine (IVe-VIIe siècle) (in French). Publications de l’École française de Rome. ISBN 978-2-7283-1003-6.
- ^ Blaudeau, Philippe; Nuffelen, Peter (2015-07-01). L'historiographie tardo-antique et la transmission des savoirs (in French). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 978-3-11-040931-4.
- ^ Raven, Susan (2012-12-06). Rome in Africa. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-89240-2.
