Draft:Modified Philip Dunne Infiltrometer
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The Modified Philip-Dunne Infiltrometer (MPD) is a standardized method for measuring the hydraulic conductivity of soil in the field. It is a falling head method outlined in ASTM International Standard D8152.[1]
Description and Methodology
The MPD Infiltrometer consists of a cylinder with an inside diameter of 4 inches (10.16 cm) and a length of 17.5 inches (44.5 cm). The procedure involves inserting the cylinder 5 centimeters into the ground and filling it with one gallon of water. Water level readings are recorded at regular time intervals until the cylinder is drained. The collected data is then used to calculate the saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) using the MPD equation specified in ASTM Standard D8152.[1]
Historical Context
The MPD method builds upon earlier work in infiltration theory. The Green-Ampt theory, developed in 1911, provided a framework for estimating infiltration rates by incorporating factors like soil suction head, porosity, hydraulic conductivity, and time.
In 1993, Philip and Dunne expanded on this theory, developing a methodology using a water-filled cylinder to measure head drop over time. Their approach incorporated the Green-Ampt theory to calculate hydraulic conductivity, which eliminates the need for pre-saturating the ground with water.[2]
Refinement and Standardization
The University of Minnesota subsequently modified Philip and Dunne's method by introducing a variation to the calculation in 2007.[3] This refinement led to the renaming of the method as the Modified Philip-Dunne Infiltrometer (MPD). The revised methodology underwent peer review and in 2018, the MPD test was formally adopted as an ASTM International Standard. ASTM D8152.[1]
Peer Reviews
The Nevada Tahoe Conservation District conducted a two-year study (2012-2014) of the Modified Philip Dunne Infiltrometer and compared the results of the MPD to the Constant Head Permeameter, Double Ring Infiltrometer, and the Tension Disc Infiltrometer.[4] The purpose of the study was to determine if the MPD could be used as a faster method to test the hydraulic conductivity of the rain gardens in the Lake Tahoe Region. The results showed the MPD measurements were comparable to the other three test methods and the MPD is a suitable rapid assessment method.
The Department of Civil Engineering, Auburn University Alabama, concluded in 2019 the MPD is a useful method for calculating saturated hydraulic conductivity of soil, but not a robust method for calculating soil suction head.[5]
The Georgia DOT adopted the MPD method to conduct a study of road side infiltration practices (ditches), to determine the best slope and design of these practices to achieve maximum efficiency removing solid pollutants.[6]
Issues
- Per ASTM D8152,[1] the MPD method is not suitable in soils (clay) where infiltration is slower than 2.5 mm per hour.
- The Environmental Protection Agency and the Los Angeles County Safe Clean Water Program funded a research study in Southern California to study the performance of drywell design methods. This study lists the various pro's and con's of a variety of infiltration test methods. The MPD is described in section 2.3 Falling-Head borehole permeameter methods[7] and recommends this method not be used in gravelly soils due to the difficulty of achieving a tight seal with the soil when driving the casing into the ground.
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d ASTM D8152 "Standard Practice for Measuring Field Infiltration Rate and Calculating Field Hydraulic Conductivity Using the Modified Philip Dunne Infiltrometer Test".
- ^ Philip, J.R., and Dunne, T. (1993). "Infiltration Equations for Simple Soil Systems." Water Resources Research, 29(8), 2687-2693
- ^ The Comparison of Infiltration Devices and Modification of the Philip-Dunne Permeameter for the Assessment of Rain Gardens; https://stormwater.safl.umn.edu/sites/stormwater.safl.umn.edu/files/files/media/nestingen_rebecca_thesis_2007.pdf
- ^ Nevada Conservation District Study; Modified Philip-Dunne Infiltrometer Testing, March 2014. https://ntcd.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/1-MPD_FINAL_Report_2014_1_27_v8.pdf
- ^ A Comprehensive Performance Assessment of the Modified Philip–Dunne Infiltrometer, Z Alakayleh, X Fang, T Clement; https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/11/9/1881
- ^ Optimizing Design of GDOT Post Construction Stormwater BMPs for Performance While Minimizing Right-of-Way Acquisition and Peak Flows; https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/57498
- ^ Evaluation of infiltration testing methods for design of stormwater drywell systems; M Kamalzare et al. 2024 IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 1334 012004 - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/380811596_Evaluation_of_infiltration_testing_methods_for_design_of_stormwater_drywell_systems.