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Draft:Recursion Pharmaceuticals

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Recursion Pharmaceuticals
Company typePublic
Nasdaq: RXRX
IndustryBiotechnology
Founded2013; 11 years ago (2013)
Founders
  • Chris Gibson, PhD
  • Dean Y. Li, PhD, MD
  • Blake Borgeson, PhD
Headquarters
Salt Lake City, Utah
,
U.S.
Key people
Chris Gibson, PhD (Co-Founder and CEO)[1]
Number of employees
450
Websitewww.recursion.com

Recursion (Nasdaq: RXRX) is a clinical-stage biotechnology company based in Salt Lake City, Utah that is mapping and decoding biology by integrating technological innovations across biology, chemistry, automation, data science, and engineering.[2] By identifying relationships between biological contexts and chemical entities,[3]Recursion believes that it can improve the lives of patients, and industrialize drug discovery. [4]

History

[edit]

Recursion Pharmaceuticals was founded on November 5, 2013 in Salt Lake City, Utah. Co-founder Chris Gibson, a PhD/MD student at the University of Utah under the guidance of Professor Dean Y. Li, PhD, MD, was studying a method of applying machine learning to microscopy images of human cells. Drawing from his research, Gibson and his co-founders, Li and colleague Blake Borgeson, PhD,[5] created the company to evaluate how to use this methodology to quickly and efficiently[6] explore and discover treatments for a range of human diseases.[7]

Within the first 2 years, Recursion closed its Series A round of funding[8] and signed a research agreement with Sanofi Genzyme. In January 2014, the company moved its operations from Li’s lab at the University of Utah to Recursion’s first facility, and later into a 15,000-square-foot space at the University of Utah Research Park. In 2018 Recursion moved into its current location, a 100,000-square-foot facility at the Gateway (Salt Lake City) downtown.[9] Recursion currently maintains this facility as well as a satellite office within Mila (research institute), the Quebec Artificial Intelligence Institute, in Montreal, Canada[10], and has cited plans to open a major multidisciplinary location in Toronto.[11]

From 2018 to 2020, Recursion identified and licensed several clinical stage drug candidates, including REC-2282 for Neurofibromatosis type II[12] , REC-3599 for GM2 gangliosidosis and REC-4881 for solid tumors (known as neoplasms).[13] In 2020, it also acquired a developer of digitally equipped vivariums for preclinical in vivo research called Vium[14] and announced a partnership with global pharmaceutical company Bayer to support its drug pipeline for fibrotic diseases (see: fibrosis) that impact the lungs, heart, and kidneys, among other organs. The same year the company established Altitude Lab[15], the region’s largest life sciences incubator, in collaboration with the University of Utah’s PIVOT Center, to “build the economic backbone” for the state of Utah’s health care sector by investing in a “new, diverse generation of founders.”[16]

The company listed on the Nasdaq Stock Exchange on April 20, 2021 under the ticker symbol RXRX.[17] Following this Initial Public Offering, Recursion announced its first internally-developed Novel Chemical Entity (NCE) to Investigational New Drug (IND)-enabling studies focused on searching for treatments for Clostridium difficile Colitis,[18] announced its Canadian office expansions,[19][20] and opened an on-site child care center for its employees with Bright Horizons, a global provider of early education and child care, back-up care, and workplace education services.[21] In November 2021, Recursion signed a $12B partnership deal with Roche and its subsidiary Genentech to advance therapies in neuroscience and an undisclosed oncology indication.[22]

In May 2023, Recursion acquired two companies in the AI-enabled drug discovery space, Toronto-headquartered Cyclica and Montreal-based Valence. The acquisitions added digital chemistry, machine learning and artificial intelligence to Recursion’s operating system capabilities. In June 2023, Recursion opened its headquarters for Recursion Canada at a 28,000-square-foot office site in Toronto. In July 2023, Recursion announced a collaboration and $50M investment from NVIDIA to accelerate the development of its AI foundation models for biology and chemistry, and potentially leverage NVIDIA cloud services as its means of distribution.

In May 2023, Recursion acquired two companies in the AI-enabled drug discovery space,[23]Toronto-headquartered Cyclica[24] and Montreal-based Valence.[25] The acquisitions added digital chemistry, machine learning and artificial intelligence to Recursion’s operating system capabilities.[23] In June 2023, Recursion opened its headquarters for Recursion Canada at a 28,000-square-foot office site in Toronto.[26] In July 2023, Recursion announced a collaboration and $50M investment from NVIDIA to accelerate the development of its AI foundation models for biology and chemistry, and potentially leverage NVIDIA cloud services as its means of distribution.[27][28]

Technology

[edit]

Recursion states that it has developed an integrated operating system combining proprietary in-house data generation and advanced computational tools to generate novel insights to initiate or accelerate therapeutic programs.[29] [30]To do so, the company describes using a proprietary collection of “highly relatable, high-dimensional biological and chemical datasets” built in their own laboratories and spanning multiple data modalities.[29] Recursion states that it iterates on this approach to create maps of biology that it believes contain more robust and systematic relationships, to help them identify targets or hit compounds which may not have been obvious to choose, based on public data or the field of medicine’s current limited understanding of a disease.[31] Recursion purports that this closed-loop system enables them to reimagine the drug discovery funnel,[32] by expanding it to include therapeutic starting points beyond hypothesized and human-biased targets, and then allowing them to narrow the funnel by identifying failures earlier in the research cycle when they are relatively inexpensive.[31]

Pipeline

[edit]

Recursion’s pipeline programs target diseases spanning several therapeutic areas across rare diseases and oncology.[33] The company states that it selects diseases where they believe the cause of the disease is well-defined, there is high unmet need, there are no approved therapies, or where there are significant shortcomings with existing treatments.[34] Its current pipeline includes drug candidates ranging from clinical stage trials to early discovery.[33]

Financials

[edit]

Series A - On September 2, 2016, Recursion raised a total of $15.05 million in Series A funding, led by Lux Capital, with participation from Obvious Ventures, Epic Ventures, Data Collective, AME Cloud Ventures, Felicis Ventures and several individual investors.[35][36]

Series B - September 25, 2017, Recursion raised $60 million in Series B funding, led by Data Collective (DCVC), with participation from previous investors Lux Capital, Obvious Ventures, Advantage Capital, Felicis, Epic, and AME. New investors included Mubadala, Menlo Ventures, CRV, Two Sigma and several angel investors.[37]

Series C - On February 12, 2019, Recursion closed $121 million in Series C funding with new lead investor Baillie Gifford. New institutional investors included Intermountain Ventures, Regents of the University of Minnesota, Texas Tech University System. Prior institutional investors that participated included Lux Capital, Data Collective, Mubadala Ventures, Two Sigma Ventures, Obvious Ventures, Felicis Ventures, Epic Ventures, Menlo Ventures, AME Cloud Ventures, and CRV, and several angel investors.[38]

Series D - On ​​September 9, 2020, Recursion raised $239 million in Series D funding, which was reported by Endpoints News to be more than any US or European biotech had raised in a round that year in 2020.[39] A significant Series D investor was Bayer, which contributed a $50 million equity investment.[40]

IPO - Recursion closed its initial public offering on the Nasdaq under the ticker RXRX on April 20, 2021, raising $436M.[41]

Partners

[edit]

Bayer

On September 9, 2020, Recursion and Bayer announced the companies had entered into a strategic collaboration agreement to discover and develop treatments for fibrotic diseases of the lung, kidney, heart and more. Their joint announcement stated the partnership would leverage Recursion’s purpose-built artificial intelligence-guided drug discovery platform and Bayer’s small molecule compound library and scientific expertise. This announcement coincided with Recursion’s Series D fundraising in which Leaps by Bayer, the impact investment arm of Bayer AG, led the series with an equity investment of $50 million.[42]

The companies later expanded the collaboration in fibrosis to include Recursion's inferential search capabilities based on its maps of human cellular biology.[22] The technology is said to allow Bayer the ability to accelerate their partnership work in the area of novel fibrotic hypotheses.[43] It is estimated by the companies that each program could generate more than $100 million in commercial milestone payments plus royalties on future sales.[22]

Roche

On December 7, 2021, Roche and its subsidiary, Genentech, committed up to $12 billion to Recursion in exchange for using Recursion’s Operating System (OS) for its therapy discovery in up to 40 programs in areas including neuroscience and a currently undisclosed oncology indication.[22]

NVIDIA

On July 12, 2023, Recursion announced a $50M investment from NVIDIA.[44][45]The investment was executed as a private investment in public equity (PIPE). Under the agreement, Recursion will utilize its proprietary biological and chemical dataset, which exceeds 23 petabytes and 3 trillion searchable gene and compound relationships, to accelerate the training of foundation models on NVIDIA DGX™ Cloud[46] for possible commercial license/release on BioNeMo, NVIDIA’s cloud service for generative AI in drug discovery.[27][47]

Governance

[edit]

Executive Leadership[48]

  • Chris Gibson, Co-founder, Chief Executive Officer and Board Member
  • Tina Larson, Chief Operating Officer and President
  • Michael Secora, Chief Financial Officer
  • Shafique Virani, Chief Corporate Development Officer
  • Louisa Daniels, Chief Legal Officer and General Counsel
  • Heather Kirkby, Chief People Officer
  • Ben Mabey, Chief Technology Officer

Notable Board members/Board of Directors

  • Chris Gibson, Co-founder, Chief Executive Officer and Board Member
  • Co-Founder Dean Li, PhD, MD
  • Co- Founder Blake Borgeson, PhD
  • R. Martin Chavez, Chairman
  • Terry-Ann Burrell, Board Member
  • Zachary Bogue, Board Member
  • Zavain Dar, Board Member
  • Robert Hershberg, Board Member

Recognition & Awards

[edit]
Year Award Nominee Status
2023 Fierce Pharma’s Most Influential People in Biopharma[49] Chris Gibson Winner
2023 The Edison Awards: Edison Best New Products Awards[50] Recursion OS Silver Winner
2023 Utah Business CEO of the Year[51] Chris Gibson Winner
2023 Fast Company Most Innovative Companies[52] Recursion Winner
2023 BIG Innovation Awards[53] Recursion Winner
2022 Fierce Life Sciences Innovation Awards[54] Recursion Finalist
2022 Scrip Awards 2022 | Pharma Intelligence[55] Recursion Finalist
2022 Utah Business 2022 Women of The Year[56] Tina Marriott Winner
2022 ISS ESG Prime Rating[57] Recursion Winner
2022 Forbes: America’s Best Startup Employers[58] Recursion Winner
2022 One Utah Summit: Medal for Science and Technology[59] Chris Gibson Winner
2022 Women’s Tech Council: Shatter Awards[60] Recursion Winner
2021 Women’s Tech Council: Shatter Awards[61] Recursion Winner
2020 Women’s Tech Council: Shatter Awards[62] Recursion Winner
2020 BioUtah Entrepreneur of the Year[63] Chris Gibson Winner
2020 CB Insights AI 100[64] Recursion Winner
2020 Forbes AI 50: America’s Most Promising AI Companies[65] Recursion Winner
2020 Forbes: America’s Best Startup Employers[66] Recursion Winner
2019 Fast Company Most Innovative Companies[67] Recursion Winner
2019 Fast Company Most Creative People In Business[68] Chris Gibson Winner
2018 Salt Lake Tribune Top Workplaces[69] Recursion Winner
2016 Fierce Innovation Awards: Best Biotech Innovation[70] Recursion Winner
2016 Fierce Innovation Awards: Best in Show - New Product or Service[70] Recursion Winner

Research

[edit]

Recursion has released several open source datasets, including for cells treated with siRNA, a panel of immune perturbations, SARS-CoV-2 virus and a simulation of COVID-19 cytokine storm.[71]

Notable literature and publications associated with Recursion’s research include:

  • Circulation, Strategy for Identifying Repurposed Drugs for the Treatment of Cerebral Cavernous Malformation,[72] December 8, 2014 – Founder Chris Gibson's dissertation and building block of Recursion’s scientific platform, preceding Recursion’s clinical stage treatment for CCM, REC-994.
  • Nature Protocol, Cell Painting, a High-Content Image-Based Assay for Morphological Profiling Using Multiplexed Fluorescent Dyes,[73] August 25, 2016 – This protocol describes the design and execution of experiments using Cell Painting, which is a morphological profiling assay that multiplexes six fluorescent dyes, imaged in five channels, to reveal eight broadly relevant cellular components or organelles.
  • NF Conference, POPLAR-NF2: A Parallel-Group, Two-Staged, Phase 2/3, Randomized, Multicenter Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of REC-2282 in Participants With Progressive NF2-Mutated Meningiomas,[74] Presented June 18-21, 2022 – Designed to investigate the efficacy and safety of REC-2282, representing a potential new pharmacological treatments for patients with progressive NF2-mutated meningiomas.
  • AACR Annual Meeting, Identification and Optimization of Novel Small Molecule Modulators of Immune Checkpoint Resistance with a Unified Representation Space for Genomic and Chemical Perturbations,[75] Presented April 8-12, 2022 – Recursion highlights multiple discovery programs driven by inferred relationships between small molecules and gene knockout with translation from inference to in vivo efficacy. Specifically, prioritizing molecules with activity in STK11-deficient tumors and additional immune checkpoint sensitizers.
  • LMRL 2021, Mapping Biology with a Unified Representation Space for Genomic and Chemical Perturbations to Enable Accelerated Drug Discovery[76]
  • Proceedings of Machine Learning Research, WILDS: A Benchmark of in-the-Wild Distribution Shifts, Proceedings of the 38th International Conference on Machine Learning,[77] 2021 – Berton Earnshaw and Imran Haque of Recursion contributed a subset of the RxRx1 database for WILDS, a curated benchmark of 10 datasets reflecting a diverse range of distribution shifts that naturally arise in real-world applications, such as shifts across hospitals for tumor identification; across camera traps for wildlife monitoring; and across time and location in satellite imaging and poverty mapping.
  • bioRxiv, Functional Immune Mapping with Deep-Learning Enabled Phenomics Applied to Immunomodulatory and COVID-19 Drug Discovery,[78] August 14, 2020 – “Results demonstrate that systems-level modeling and drug discovery is achievable using a single phenomics platform.”
  • bioRxiv, Identification of Potential Treatments for COVID-19 through Artificial Intelligence-Enabled Phenomic Analysis of Human Cells Infected with SARS-CoV-2 [79]– Research released on possible COVID-19 therapeutics before any trials completed
  • bioRxiv, Biological Cartography: Building and Benchmarking Representations of Life,[80] December 9, 2022 – The continued scaling of genetic perturbation technologies combined with high-dimensional assays (microscopy and RNA-sequencing) has enabled genome-scale reverse-genetics experiments that go beyond single-endpoint measurements of growth or lethality.
  • bioRxiv, High-Resolution Genome-Wide Mapping of Chromosome-Arm-Scale Truncations Induced by CRISPR-Cas9 Editing[81], April 15, 2023 – Demonstrates that CRISPR-Cas9 induces chromosome arm-scale truncations called “Proximity Bias” across the genome.
  • arXiv, Masked autoencoders are scalable learners of cellular morphology,[82] September 27, 2023 – This work explores how weakly supervised and self-supervised deep learning approaches scale when training larger models on larger datasets.

References

[edit]

References

[edit]
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  43. ^ "Recursion, Roche-Genentech, Bayer Launch Multi-Million Dollar Collaborations". BioIT World. 16 December 2021.
  44. ^ "Recursion Announces Collaboration and $50 Million Investment from NVIDIA to Accelerate Groundbreaking Foundation Models in AI-Enabled Drug Discovery". BioSpace. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
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  68. ^ Bluestein, Adam (22 May 2019). "This pharma exec is using AI differently–and spotting effective treatments others miss". Fast Company.
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  71. ^ "rxrx-datasets/rxrx19a/README.md at trunk · recursionpharma/rxrx-datasets". GitHub. Retrieved 2023-11-15.
  72. ^ Gibson, Christopher C.; Zhu, Weiquan; Davis, Chadwick T.; Bowman-Kirigin, Jay A.; Chan, Aubrey C.; Ling, Jing; Walker, Ashley E.; Goitre, Luca; Delle Monache, Simona; Retta, Saverio Francesco; Shiu, Yan-Ting E.; Grossmann, Allie H.; Thomas, Kirk R.; Donato, Anthony J.; Lesniewski, Lisa A. (2015-01-20). "Strategy for identifying repurposed drugs for the treatment of cerebral cavernous malformation". Circulation. 131 (3): 289–299. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.010403. ISSN 1524-4539. PMC 4356181. PMID 25486933.
  73. ^ Bray, Mark-Anthony; Singh, Shantanu; Han, Han; Davis, Chadwick T.; Borgeson, Blake; Hartland, Cathy; Kost-Alimova, Maria; Gustafsdottir, Sigrun M.; Gibson, Christopher C.; Carpenter, Anne E. (September 2016). "Cell Painting, a high-content image-based assay for morphological profiling using multiplexed fluorescent dyes". Nature Protocols. 11 (9): 1757–1774. doi:10.1038/nprot.2016.105. ISSN 1750-2799. PMC 5223290. PMID 27560178.
  74. ^ "Recursion presentation poster for NF Conference, "POPLAR-NF2: A Parallel-Group, Two-Staged, Phase 2/3, Randomized, Multicenter Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of REC-2282 in Participants With Progressive NF2-Mutated Meningiomas"". 18 June 2022.
  75. ^ "Recursion presentation poster for AACR Annual Meeting, Identification and Optimization of Novel Small Molecule Modulators of Immune Checkpoint Resistance with a Unified Representation Space for Genomic and Chemical Perturbations" (PDF). 8 April 2022.
  76. ^ "Presentation poster for LMRL 2021, Mapping Biology with a Unified Representation Space for Genomic and Chemical Perturbations to Enable Accelerated Drug Discovery" (PDF). 2021.
  77. ^ Koh, Pang Wei; Sagawa, Shiori; Marklund, Henrik; Xie, Sang Michael; Zhang, Marvin; Balsubramani, Akshay; Hu, Weihua; Yasunaga, Michihiro; Phillips, Richard Lanas; Gao, Irena; Lee, Tony; David, Etienne; Stavness, Ian; Guo, Wei; Earnshaw, Berton (2021-07-01). "WILDS: A Benchmark of in-the-Wild Distribution Shifts". Proceedings of the 38th International Conference on Machine Learning. PMLR: 5637–5664. arXiv:2012.07421.
  78. ^ Michael F. Cuccarese, Berton A. Earnshaw, Katie Heiser, Ben Fogelson, Chadwick T. Davis, Peter F. McLean, Hannah B. Gordon, Kathleen-Rose Skelly, Fiona L. Weathersby, Vlad Rodic, Ian K. Quigley, Elissa D. Pastuzyn, Brandon M. Mendivil, Nathan H. Lazar, Carl A. Brooks, Joseph Carpenter, Brandon L. Probst, Pamela Jacobson, Seth W. Glazier, Jes Ford, James D. Jensen, Nicholas D. Campbell, Michael A. Statnick, Adeline S. Low, Kirk R. Thomas, Anne E. Carpenter, Sharath S. Hegde, Ronald W. Alfa, Mason L. Victors, Imran S. Haque, Yolanda T. Chong, Christopher C. Gibson (3 August 2020). "Functional immune mapping with deep-learning enabled phenomics applied to immunomodulatory and COVID-19 drug discovery". bioRxiv 10.1101/2020.08.02.233064.{{cite bioRxiv}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  79. ^ Katie Heiser, Peter F. McLean, Chadwick T. Davis, Ben Fogelson, Hannah B. Gordon, Pamela Jacobson, Brett Hurst, Ben Miller, Ronald W. Alfa, Berton A. Earnshaw, Mason L. Victors, Yolanda T. Chong, Imran S. Haque, Adeline S. Low, Christopher C. Gibson (23 April 2020). "Identification of potential treatments for COVID-19 through artificial intelligence-enabled phenomic analysis of human cells infected with SARS-CoV-2". bioRxiv 10.1101/2020.04.21.054387.{{cite bioRxiv}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  80. ^ Safiye Celik, Jan-Christian Hütter, Sandra Melo Carlos, Nathan H Lazar, Rahul Mohan, Conor Tillinghast, Tommaso Biancalani, Marta Fay, Berton A Earnshaw, Imran S Haque (12 December 2022). "Biological Cartography: Building and Benchmarking Representations of Life". bioRxiv 10.1101/2022.12.09.519400.{{cite bioRxiv}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  81. ^ Nathan H. Lazar, Safiye Celik, Lu Chen, Marta Fay, Jonathan C. Irish, James Jensen, Conor A. Tillinghast, John Urbanik, William P. Bone, Genevieve H. L. Roberts, Christopher C. Gibson and Imran S. Haque (15 April 2023). "High-resolution genome-wide mapping of chromosome-arm-scale truncations induced by CRISPR-Cas9 editing". bioRxiv 10.1101/2023.04.15.537038.{{cite bioRxiv}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  82. ^ Oren Kraus, Kian Kenyon-Dean, Saber Saberian, Maryam Fallah, Peter McLean, Jess Leung, Vasudev Sharma, Ayla Khan, Jia Balakrishnan, Safiye Celik, Maciej Sypetkowski, Chi Vicky Cheng, Kristen Morse, Maureen Makes, Ben Mabey, Berton Earnshaw (27 Sep 2023). "Masked autoencoders are scalable learners of cellular morphology". arXiv:2309.16064 [cs.CV].{{cite arXiv}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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