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Filipino animation

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Animated films produced in the Philippines have different types of animation: 2D or tradition in Urduja (top), CGI in RPG Metanoia (middle), and Rotoscoping in Manang Biring (bottom).

Filipino animation, also known as Pinoy animation or Philippine animation, is an animated media term used as a body of original cultural and artistic works and styles applied to conventional Filipino storytelling, combined with talent and the appropriate application of classic animation principles, methods, and techniques, which recognizes their relationship with Filipino culture and comics.

It also delves into relying on traditional and common Filipino "sense of going about things" or manner of coping with Filipino life and environment.[1]

History

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1940s–1950s: Origins

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Filipino animation came to the Philippines a few months before World War II as a special effects support to the film Ibong Adarna (1941). It was not until the arrival of television and its first telecast in the country in 1953, resulted that the use of animation in the industry was introduced for commercial purposes to advertise consumer products began in the 1950s. In the same year, komiks illustrator and cartoonist Lauro "Larry" Alcala did a short black-and-white animation on 8mm film of a girl doing jumping rope and a boy playing with a yo-yo. In 1955, José Zabala-Santos and Francisco Reyes produced Juan Tamad, a six-minute animated short film serves as an advertisement for Purico cooking oil, based on the famous Philippine folklore character of the same name.

1960s–1985: Marcos period

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During the Marcos period back in the mid-1960s, Filipino animation become one of the regime's tools for propaganda and patriotism; in early films have been introduced by Severino "Nonoy" Marcelo, a cartoonist who was educated in New York, collaborated with Imee Marcos and Zabala-Santos by creating the first-ever Philippine full-length animated film titled Tadhana (1978), which originally conceived as a television pilot, premiered in Philippine television as a part of the anniversary of Martial Law in 1978.[2] In 1979, The Adventures of Lam-Ang was produced by the same cartoonist Tadhana made, which was an one-hour animated feature that was based on the folklore of the same name.[3] Due to their immense interest of the Philippines as a hub for subcontracted labor in the 1980s, aspiring animators, such as the Alcazaren brothers (consist Mike and Juan), dominated to create their own experimental animated short films until the regime overthrew by the rebellion.[4]

1986–1989: Pioneers of animation in television

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Opening logo of 1986 animated series, Ang Panday.

The first Philippine animated television series was Ang Panday, created by Geraldo A. Garcia (credited as Gerry A. Garccia) in 1986 based on a comic book character of the same name produced by Carlo J. Caparas.[5] RPN-9 began airing in November 1986.[5] Although it was a consistent success, Ang Panday lasted only for six months due to the high cost of producing an animated feature or series.[6] Captain Barbell, another animated television series based on a comic book character, aired on RPN in the same year, clashing with Garcia's Ang Panday for broadcasting competition.[7]

In 1989, Sa Paligid-ligid is a two-hour educational animated film about the environmental awareness and conservation, it is the longest animated film ever produced in the Philippines despite being a television special aired on IBC 13.[2]

1995–present: Continuation

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From 1995 to 1997, Garcia worked on several animated works, including Noli Me Tangere (1995)[4] and most notably Adarna: The Mythical Bird (1997), based on the 19th century corrido commonly titled Ibong Adarna. Garcia wrote the story and directed Adarna under FLT Productions and Guiding Light Productions. Adarna received recognition from the Metro Manila Film Festival on December 27, 1997, as the first animated film in Philippine cinema. In 1998, it was also included in the Asian Collection of Japan's 7th Hiroshima Animation Festival.[8] Garcia's creation was later followed by the second and third Filipino full-length animated feature films, Urduja and Dayo (both 2008), produced using a mixture of digital and traditional animation techniques.

In 2010, RPG Metanoia is the first feature-length Philippine animated film to be developed in computer-generated imagery, which took 5 years to make with Roadrunner Network, Inc and Thaumatrope Animation serve as production companies for the film.[9]

Adult animation

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Main article: Adult animation
One of the early examples of adult animation to the Philippines, The Criminal (1981), a short film where the titular character walking around in a house after escaped the prison from death sentence. This scene's use of guillotine indicates death.

Adult animation has a staying power in the Philippines, serves as a largest turning point to the film industry introduced during the Marcos regime under Martial Law by expanding conventional and mature storytelling in Filipino animation with realistic character drama, satirical themes and thematic elements rather than raunchy, off-color and sexual humors used in adult-oriented animated films and televisions that is catered specifically to older audiences unlike any animated works outside the Philippines over the years. For example, cartoonist Nonoy Marcelo produced a historical satire based on Marcos' book, Tadhana, presents a satirical, humorous and poignant view of the Philippines' history of Spanish colonization through highly original and surreal vignettes fusing art, mythology and music.[10] Some experimental animated short films have attributed with similar use of satirical, political and mature themes during the near end of Marcos regime, for those including Nonoy Dadivas and Fruto Corre's The Criminal (1981), Alcazaren brothers' Hari (1982), Huling Trip (1983) and Pagpula (1984), Monlee and Roxlee's The Great Smoke (1984)[11]

Papa is widely known of rotoscoping animated films for older audiences.

Filmography of Carl Joseph Papa is widely known for mature themes and animation, often focus on the Philippines' daily lives and family issues.

In 2011, Sanayan Lang Ang Pagpatay (lit. Killing Just Becomes A Habit) is an animated short film, drew themes of murder and massacre, about the butiki was crawling on different areas of the house but it turns out after killing the butiki with flip-flops leads to more gruesome ways about the massacre in the past.[4]

In 2014, Lakas ng Lahi (lit. Race's Strength) is a historical drama animated short film that deals with abuse, oppression and war, briefly expanding each stories and timelines from the Spanish colonial period to Japanese occupation of the Philippines.[4]

In 2018, Barangay 143 (lit. District 143) is an anime-influenced television series covers drama, family tensions, and game-fixing crime syndicates, the story is about a rising basketball star who returns to Manila in search of his father.[12]

The Nutshack

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In 2007, a Filipino-American satirical animated series created by Ramon Lopez and Jesse Hernandez entitled The Nutshack, follows two distant cousins, Phil, from the San Francisco Bay Area, and Jack, from the Philippines, who live with their uncle, Tito Dick, in south-suburban Daly City. The series drew themes of drug abuse, poverty, racism, and rape. It is a co-production of United States and Philippines, it has been in development since mid or late 2005 and was produced in Macromedia Flash throughout the series on a Windows XP model. The series was teased in 2006 on YouTube and possibly on television.[13] It was co-produced with ABS-CBN Corporation.

It was began airing on Myx TV, but the series was concluded in 2011 completing two seasons with sixteen episodes due to generally low-rated and critically derided, though it built a small cult following from its reputation in late 2016 based on remixes of its theme song on YouTube, which became an internet meme. Despite the criticism, the theme song was also lauded for its mix of 3D backgrounds and 2D characters.

Style and themes

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Filipino animation is largely attributed with conventional storytelling, animation techniques and traditional use of important themes in Philippine filmmaking, television and advertisement that recognizes their relationship with Filipino culture and comics. Almost all of the animated works have different elements such as historical (e.g. Urduja), mythological (e.g. RPG Metanoia), supernatural (e.g. Dayo: Sa Mundo ng Elementalia), satirical (e.g. Heneral Tuna) and non-narrative (e.g. Distortion).

Animation types

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Several types and pioneers of Filipino animation in films have been introduced in the 21st-century:

Division of Existence was supposed to be the country's "first 3DCG anime" due to the use of computer animation and its art style similar to Japanese animation, but it never came to fruition due to lack of development and updates led to cancellation.

Pikyaw (2014) became the first Philippine animated film not in Tagalog and Filipino languages, but dubbed in Hiligaynon.

An upcoming film 58th by Carl Joseph Papa will be the first animated documentary film.

People

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While some well-known cartoonists in the 1950s and 1960s who are considered animation pioneers include Lauro "Larry" Alcala, Severino "Nonoy" Marcelo, Jeremias Elizalde Navarro, Vicente Peñetrante, José Zabala-Santos and Francisco Reyes,[2][14] these are some people as animation filmmakers or animators listed below:

Benedict Carandang

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Recognized Filipino animator is Benedict Carandang, the co-founder of Tuldok Animation Studios and recipient of the United Kingdom’s British Council’s 2008 Young Screen Entrepreneur. Carandang produced the animation of Ramon del Prado's short-film entitled, Libingan or “The Burial”, inspired by the hanging coffins of Sagada, Mountain Province.[15]

Avid Liongoren

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Avid Liongoren is known for both animated and live-action productions, and founded an animation production company Rocketsheep Studios.[16]

In 2016, Liongoren's first feature film debut was live-action animated hybrid film Saving Sally, was first introduced in mid-2000s after the concept by Charlene Sawit in 2000, originally titled Monster Town as a short story.

In 2020, Liongoren's second film, Hayop Ka!, concepted after Saving Sally and took three years to produce. Originally as a telenovela-style soap-opera animated film during his prototype, he changed it as "light and comical" to aim for adults due to use of amount of profanity and sexual content like the previous film did.[17][18][19] Avid Liongoren, the director of the animation, stated the hope for creating a "Filipino style when it comes to cartoons" and noted that the Philippines has a huge animation industry "that does work for foreign projects."[20] He also hoped it encourages "more local productions" and work for Pinoy animators.

Carl Joseph Papa

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Main article: Carl Joseph Papa

Carl Joseph Papa is known for adult-oriented rotoscoping animated films, produced three award-winning animation works: Manang Biring (2015), Paglisan (2018), and Iti Mapukpukaw (2023). His films have been screened at film festivals worldwide and received multiple awards.

Other people

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  • Alcarazen Brothers (Mike and Juan) – are siblings who is known for stop-motion short films with satirical elements in the 1980s.
  • Frederick C.G. Borromeo – an independent filmmaker, voice actor and YouTuber who is known for RPG Maker animated projects, most notably the non-narrative feature film Distortion (2023).[21]
  • Geraldo A. Garccia – a filmmaker is who is best known of pioneering animated projects he directed including the first-ever animated television series Ang Panday (1986), the first live action animated hybrid film Isko: Adventures in Animasia (1995), and the first animated film to release theatrically Adarna: The Mythical Bird (1997).

Organizations

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Animation Council of the Philippines

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The Animation Council of the Philippines, Inc. is the industry association and serves as the primary overseer and coordinator for Filipino animators. The council is a part of a bigger umbrella association coordinated by the Information Technology and Business Process Association of the Philippines (IBPAP).[22]

Rocketsheep Studio

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Rocketsheep Studio is an independent film studio used for live-action and animated projects, founded by Avid Liongoren in 2005. Films and web series are well-known in this studio including Hayop Ka!, Heneral Tuna and Saving Sally.[23]

Tuldok Animation Studios

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Tuldok Animation Studios is a Philippine non profit organization that produces, promotes, and facilitates animated projects in line with traditional Filipino values, co-founded by Benedict Carandang and Geraldo A. Garccia.[24] The organization is well-known for animated projects including Sulayman.

Film festivals

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Philippine Graphic Expo

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Fiesta Karera, a 6-minute 3D animation entry of DLS-College of St. Benilde that won the 1st Philippine Animation Competition

The First Philippine animation festival was held in Pasay as an additional program of the 7th Philippine Graphic Expo of 2002 which featured 3D animation entries from De La Salle–College of Saint Benilde, University of the Philippines Diliman and Philippine Women's University via Artfarm and Animasia.

It was College of St. Benilde's entry, Fiesta Karera that won the festival which was authored by Ervin Malicdem, Dante Tiongson, Mark Ylagan, Jonathan Wongkee, Jefferson Lim, Vincent Cheng, Gerard Cruzado, Justin Teh, and Ace Gatdula.[25]

Animahenasyon

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Animahenasyon, an annual film festival for Philippine animated films.
Main article: Animahenasyon

Animahenasyon, a Filipinized contraction of animation and imagination, is a Philippine animation festival established by the Animation Council of the Philippines. Its purpose is to recognize Filipino animators and their original works.[1]

Known filmmakers who screened at the film festival with their own animated short films and won the major award in the competition such as Ionone Bangcas and Jerome Alcordo's Smog (2010) and Sulundon (2012), and Carl Joseph Papa's Love Bites (2017).

Cinema One Originals Film Festival

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Main article: Cinema One Originals

The Cinema One Originals Film Festival, a division of ABS-CBN Films commonly known as Cinema One Originals, is an independent film festival in the Philippines originated for live-action feature films.

Carl Joseph Papa's Manang Biring and Paglisan are the only two animated films to be screened at the festival and won multiple awards including Best Film.

Metro Manila Film Festival

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Main article: Metro Manila Film Festival

The Metro Manila Film Festival (MMFF) is an annual film festival organized by the Metro Manila Development Authority,[26] focuses on Filipino produced films.

While Isko: Adventures in Animasia is the first hybrid film, Adarna: The Mythical Bird is officially the first animated film to be screened at the festival. Among other animated films who also screened at the festival in many years including Dayo: Sa Mundo ng Elementalia, RPG Metanoia, Saving Sally and Tahanan.

Filmography

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Over the years, majority of Filipino-made animated films (both feature and short) and series are largely outsourced by companies in the United States and Japan. Only a few animated films and series are actually made specifically for Filipino audiences. A few of them have been released for film festivals competitions. In the past years, the Filipino animation industry began to create animations directed to Filipino and international audiences, such as Seven Little Monsters and Hazbin Hotel, although the number of films and series produced is still small compared to those produced by Japan, China, South Korea, and the United States.

Feature films

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Date Title Director(s) Studio(s) Animation type Running time Notes
1978 Tadhana Severino "Nonoy" Marcelo N/A Traditional 54 min First-ever Philippine feature-length animated film.[27]
1979 Biag ni Lam-ang 60 min [28]
1989 Sa Paligid-ligid N/A Philippine Children's Television Foundation 120 min [2]
December 25, 1995 Isko: Adventures in Animasia Mike Relon Makiling, Geirry A. Garcia Octoarts Films Live-action animation hybrid 102 min Official entry to the 21st Metro Manila Film Festival
December 25, 1997 Adarna: The Mythical Bird Geirry A. Garccia
  • FLT Films International
  • Guiding Light Productions
 Traditional 78 min Official entry to the 23rd Metro Manila Film Festival
June 18, 2008 Urduja Reggie Entienza
100 min Official entry to the 34th Metro Manila Film Festival
December 25, 2008 Dayo: Sa Mundo ng Elementalia Robert Quilao
  • Glasshouse Graphics Logo
  • Cutting Edge Productions
  • Red Giant Media
 100 min Official entry to the 34th Metro Manila Film Festival
December 25, 2010 RPG Metanoia Luis C. Suarez
CGI 103 min Official entry to the 36th Metro Manila Film Festival
July 10, 2011 Kapitan Torpe Antonio Cadiz Bata Animation and Video Productions Flash 89 min Won Best Full-length animation (Professional) in Animahenasyon 2010
February 26, 2014 Pikyaw Arnold Fuentes Multimedia Arts & Graphics Ensemble (MAGE), Inc. Traditional 60 min First feature-length animated film dubbed in Hiligaynon.
2015 Manang Biring Carl Joseph Papa Rotoscoping 88 min
December 25, 2016 Saving Sally Avid Liongoren
Live-action animation hybrid 94 min Official entry to the 42nd Metro Manila Film Festival
October 12, 2018 Paglisan Carl Joseph Papa Black Maria Pictures
  • 2D
  • Rotoscoping
 105 min Won Best Picture and numerous other awards in the 2018 Cinema One Originals Film Festival
2020 Hayop Ka! Avid Liongoren
Rotoscoping 74 min First Filipino animated film to be distributed by Netflix
January 22, 2023 Distortion Frederick C.G. Borromeo Studio Moonchalk Machinima 45 min First feature-length film to be produced with RPG Maker MV engine, released exclusively on YouTube.
August 5, 2023 Iti Mapukpukaw Carl Joseph Papa
  • 2D
  • Rotoscoping
 90 min Submitted as the Philippine entry for the Best International Feature Film category at the 96th Academy Awards.
March 29, 2024 Love and Friendship Frederick C.G. Borromeo Studio Moonchalk Machinima 56 min Loosely based on a play by Joachim Antonio.[29]
2025 58th Carl Joseph Papa Rotoscoping TBA First animated documentary film produced in the Philippines.[30]
2026 Zsazsa Zaturnnah vs the Amazonistas of Planet X Avid Liongoren
  • Rocketsheep Animation Studios
  • Ghost City
 Traditional TBA Based on a graphic novel Zsazsa Zaturnnah by Carlo Vergara

Short films

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Date Title Director(s) Animation type Running time Notes
1953 Girl Jumping Rope and Boy Playing Yoyo Lauro "Larry" Alcala Traditional N/A [2][4][11]
1955 Juan Tamad José Zabala-Santos and Francisco Reyes 6 min
1974 Annie Batungbakal Severino "Nonoy" Marcelo 7 min
1981 The Criminal Nonoy Dadivas and Fruto Corre 6:54
1982 Hari Mike and Juan Alcazaren Stop-motion N/A
1983 Headset Monlee and Roxlee Traditional
Huling Trip Mike and Juan Alcazaren Stop-motion
1984 Anino Claire Salaveria Traditional
Pagpula Mike and Juan Alcazaren Stop-motion
The Eye in the Sky Joey and Roby Agbayani Live-action stop motion 8:13
The Great Smoke Monlee and Roxlee Live-action animation 6:34
1989 Nguyamyam Josephine Atienza and Jojo Topacio Traditional N/A
Spit Mike and Juan Alcazaren Stop-motion
1993 Anak Maynila Nonoy Dadivas Traditional
Noli Me Tangere Gerry A. Garccia and Manny Aldana
1995 Mokmok Living Room Productions
1996 Alamat ng Ibong Adarna Animasia Studios
Vexations Mike and Juan Alcazaren
1997 Doon sa Kabila ng Bulkan Ellen Ramos
The Ghostwriter Joey Agbayani
2002 Fiesta Karera Ervin Malicdem CGI 6:00 [25]
2007 Araw At Gabi Nelson B. Caliguia, Sr. Traditional 21:54 [31]
Doodle of Doom N/A [4]
2008 Love and Marriage Kenny Lyn Tai
2009 Mutya Nelson B. Caliguia, Sr.
2010 When Alma Died Wesley Tan
Robuboy & Pugita Avid Liongoren 4:19 [32]
Smog Jerome Alcordo Cutout 2:00
2011 Killing Just Becomes A Habit Gil Joseph A. Sanchez Traditional N/A [4]
Song Of The Magi Ionone Bangcas and Jerome Alcordo 4:55
Sulundon 12:08
Trapo 8:04
2012 Ang Prinsesa, ang Prinsipe at si Marlborita Carl Joseph Papa Cutout 5:00 [33]
2012 Bus Stop Ionone Bangcas and Jerome Alcordo Traditional 5:25
Kaleh & Mbaki Dennis E. Sebastian CGI N/A [4]
Marianing Nikolo Salazar Traditional
2013 Bahay Kubo Ellen Ramos
iNay Carl Joseph Papa Cutout 11:46 [33]
2014 An Maogmang Lugar Mary Ann Espedido CGI N/A [4]
Lakas ng Lahi Arnold Arre Traditional
2015 Buttons Marvel Obemio, Francis Ramirez and Jared Garcia
GEO Arthur Merceder CGI
Muning Avid Liongoren Traditional 2:27 [34]
2016 Josephine 4:34 [35]
Momo 4:13 [36]
Passage of Life Renz Vincemark Cruz and Hanna Gayapa 3:53
Strings Rafael Daniel Evangelista V CGI 5:41 [4][37]
2017 Love Bites Carl Joseph Papa Stop-motion 20 min [33]
2018 Tahanan Demetrio E. Celestino III 5:00 First stop-motion animated film to be screened at the Student Short Film competition of the 2018 Metro Manila Film Festival.[38]
2019 Jepoy Avid Liongoren Traditional 6:55 [39]
Our Forgotten Friends 2:16 [40]
2020 Ella Arcangel: Lullaby in the Dark Mervin Malonzo 19:42 [12]
Lea's Secret Rico Gutierrez N/A
2021 Teenagers in Chester Street Frederick C.G. Borromeo Machinima 8:04
2024 Sulayman Nelson B. Caliguia, Jr. Traditional N/A Won the Best Animated Film at the PENSACON Short Film Festival 2024 and Best Animation (Traditional) at the FantaSci Short Film Festival.[41]
Twins: The Story of Lester and Joshua Frederick C.G. Borromeo Machinima 4:52 First RPG Maker animated short film to entered at the Metro Manila Film Festival.
Cancelled Division of Existence Dave Gadrinab 3DCG anime N/A The film is potentially scheduled to be released on December 2017 through YouTube, but it was left cancelled or unfinished.

Television

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Date Title Creator(s) Studio(s) Network Animation type Episodes Notes
1986 Ang Panday Geraldo A. Garccia N/A RPN Traditional 3 (partially lost) [5]
Captain Barbell N/A N/A [7]
2007 The Nutshack Ramon Lopez and Jesse Hernandez ABS-CBN International Myx TV Flash 16 (two seasons) [13]
2006–2010 Captain Flamingo Suzanne Bolch and John May GMA Network 52 (three seasons)
2010–2011 Super Inggo at ang Super Tropa Enrico C. Santos N/A ABS-CBN Anime-inspired 14
2015–2016 Alamat Jeffrey John Imutan GMA Network Flash 12 (two seasons)
2018–2021 Barangay 143 Katski Flores
  • GMA Network (season 1)
  • POPTV (season 2)
 Anime-inspired 26 (two seasons)
2021 Heneral Tuna Avid Liongoren Rocketsheep Studio Kumu Flash 7
Manila Memories Renti Bautista N/A YouTube Anime-inspired 5 [42]
Trese
  • BASE Entertainment
  • Lex+Otis Animation
 Netflix 6 [43]
2021–2022 Hero City Kids Force Nono Pardalis
  • ABS-CBN
  • Monaural Studio
  • Tres Puntos Studio
 iWantTFC Flash 13
2022 Mga Kwentong Epik: Ang Alamat ni Maria Makiling Regene Estolatan Netflix 6 [44]
2023 333: The Rise of Heroes PUNX Studios N/A
  • Anime-inspired
  • AI
 7 [45]
2024 The Filipino Story: Animated Series Tony Olaes N/A YouTube Traditional 3 [46]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Pinoy animation defined Archived December 23, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, Animation Council of the Philippines, Animationcouncil.org
  2. ^ a b c d e David, Joel (2013). "Forms and Types: Early History of Filipino Animation (v2.0)" (PDF). Amateurish.com.
  3. ^ Feichin, Ted Tschang, and Andrea Goldstein. "Production and Political Economy in the Animation Industry: Why Insourcing and Outsourcing Occur." DRUID Summer Conference 2004, 2004.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Florentino, Maria Paulina P. (July 20, 2018). "Re-animating Philippine Cinema: For Filipinos, By Filipinos". The Reflective Practitioner. 3: 37–57. ISSN 2467-5830.
  5. ^ a b c Pagsuyuin-Hakim Judith. Animation awards honors Dolphy, FPJ and more Archived December 2, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, filipinoexpress.com, February 22, 2007
  6. ^ "Crunchyroll - Forum - Filipino Animes - **POST IN ENGLISH ONLY!** - Page 86". web.archive.org. October 28, 2021. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
  7. ^ a b Jimenea, Devi (August 19, 1987). "₱20 M for Dolphy's movies". Manila Standard. Standard Publications, Inc. p. 12. Retrieved October 30, 2020. [W]e learned from Dolphy that FPJ is not happy about the ongoing competition between the former's animation series, Captain Barbell on Channel 9 and Channel 7's FPJ sa GMA.
  8. ^ abs-cbnNEWS.com (June 19, 2008). "Animator says 'Urduja' claim as first Pinoy animated movie is false". ABS-CBN News. ABS-CBN Corporation. Retrieved July 31, 2023.
  9. ^ "Zaijan Jaranilla star in RPG Metanoia". PEP.ph. August 5, 2010. Retrieved August 5, 2010.
  10. ^ "Tadhana by Ferdinand E. Marcos". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved November 17, 2024.
  11. ^ a b David, Joel (2013). "Forms and Types: Early History of Filipino Animation (v1.0)" (PDF). Amateurish.com.
  12. ^ a b "LIST: 5 Pinoy films and series that prove animation is not just for children". Philstar Life. Retrieved December 3, 2024.
  13. ^ a b "The Nutshack". Archived from the original on May 1, 2007. Retrieved May 19, 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  14. ^ Garcia, Leonardo and Carmelita Masigan (2001). “An in-depth study on the animation industry in the Philippines”, mimeo, Center for Business and Economics Research and Development, De La Salle University.
  15. ^ Arevalo, Rica. Tuldok Animation Studios Archived April 28, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, Pinoy competes for British film prize, Philippine Daily Inquirer, globalnation.inquirer.net, October 13, 2008
  16. ^ Diño-Seguerra, Liza (April 10, 2022). "The new wave of Asian filmmakers". The Manila Times. Retrieved September 23, 2022.
  17. ^ "Avid Liongoren discusses Hayop Ka! The Nimfa Dimaano Story's inspiration". Manila Bulletin. November 20, 2020. Retrieved July 21, 2021.
  18. ^ "'Hayop Ka!' director explains why casting celebrities is necessary for Pinoy animation projects". www.gmanetwork.com. Retrieved September 23, 2022.
  19. ^ Alcibar, Wyanet (October 29, 2020). "Characters you'll love to hate and why 'Hayop Ka!' is worth the rewatch". The Rappler. Archived from the original on October 31, 2020. Retrieved October 30, 2020.
  20. ^ Tomada, Nathalie (October 30, 2020). "Hayop Ka! creators hope the film will inspire more Pinoy-made animation". Philippine Star. Archived from the original on October 31, 2020. Retrieved October 30, 2020.
  21. ^ "Moonwriter". YouTube. Retrieved December 3, 2024.
  22. ^ The Philippine Animation Industry Landscape Archived January 24, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Tholons, tholons.com, May 2008
  23. ^ "RocketSheepStudio.Com". Retrieved December 3, 2024.
  24. ^ "Tuldok Animation Studios, Inc. – A non-stock, non-profit organization that produces, promotes, and facilitates animated projects in line with traditional Filipino values and in the spirit of "bayanihan."". Retrieved December 3, 2024.
  25. ^ a b "Team St. Benilde wins animation competition". The Manila Times. July 1, 2002. Archived from the original on January 14, 2003.
  26. ^ Red, Isah V. (July 26, 1999). "No romance blossomed between Bong and Ara". Manila Standard. Kamahalan Publishing Corp. p. 19. Retrieved August 8, 2023.
  27. ^ Tadhana (1978) | MUBI. Retrieved November 16, 2024 – via mubi.com.
  28. ^ The Life of Lam-ang (1979) | MUBI. Retrieved November 16, 2024 – via mubi.com.
  29. ^ "Currently working on an anthology film". www.youtube.com. Retrieved March 22, 2024.
  30. ^ News, GMA Integrated (November 23, 2024). "GMA Public Affairs, GMA Pictures release teaser for '58th,' a film about the Maguindanao massacre". GMA News Online. Retrieved November 23, 2024. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  31. ^ "» Agimat : Film » ..." www.agimat.net. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
  32. ^ Behance (2011-08). "Robobuy & Pugita - An Animated Short Film - Avid Liongoren". Behance. Retrieved 2024-12-03. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  33. ^ a b c "Carl Joseph E. Papa". iffr.com. Retrieved November 29, 2024.
  34. ^ "MUNING: A Short Film". Creative Manila. May 5, 2015. Retrieved December 3, 2024.
  35. ^ "Josephine (II) (2016) | Film Philippines". filmphilippines.com. Retrieved December 3, 2024.
  36. ^ "MOMO". SINGULARITY NOW - Athens Digital Arts Festival. Retrieved December 3, 2024.
  37. ^ Rafael Daniel Evangelista (November 24, 2016). Strings- An Animated Short Film. Retrieved December 2, 2024 – via YouTube.
  38. ^ Unit, G. O. Information (November 21, 2018). "Gigmoto young artist's short film is MMFF finalist". The Province of Catanduanes. Retrieved November 10, 2024.
  39. ^ "Jepoy (2020)". ClickTheCity. Retrieved December 3, 2024.
  40. ^ Jr, Bayani San Diego (September 27, 2018). "PH animated short film goes to Japan, US". INQUIRER.net. Retrieved December 3, 2024.
  41. ^ Purnell, Kristofer. "Filipino animated short film wins at 2 Florida festivals". Philstar.com. Retrieved November 11, 2024.
  42. ^ Pobre, Addie (September 8, 2023). "8 Filipino Anime Films & Series That Showcase Our Artists' Talents". TheSmartLocal Philippines - Travel, Lifestyle, Culture & Language Guide. Retrieved December 3, 2024.
  43. ^ Alegre, Dianara. "LIST: Filipino anime films and series". www.gmanetwork.com. Retrieved December 3, 2024.
  44. ^ XSM (September 20, 2022). "This Filipino Animated Series About Folklore And Mythology Is Now Streaming On Netflix". XSM. Retrieved December 3, 2024.
  45. ^ TGFM (August 25, 2023). "Philippine heroes resurrected: AI-enabled animated series going viral online". The Global Filipino Magazine. Retrieved December 3, 2024.
  46. ^ "'The Filipino Story' Explores the Philippines' History, Culture and Social Dynamics". Animation World Network. Retrieved December 3, 2024.
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