glnALG operon
The glnALG operon is an operon that regulates the nitrogen content of a cell. It codes for the structural gene glnA the two regulatory genes glnL and glnG. glnA encodes glutamine synthetase, an enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of glutamate and ammonia to glutamine, thereby controlling the nitrogen level in the cell. glnG encodes NRI which regulates the expression of the glnALG operon at three promoters, which are glnAp1, glnAp2 located upstream of glnA) and glnLp (intercistronic glnA-glnL region). glnL encodes NRII which regulates the activity of NRI.[1] No significant homology is found in Eukaryotes.
Structure
[edit]The glnALG has three structural genes:
- glnA: encodes glutamine synthetase, an enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of glutamate and ammonia to glutamine.
- glnL: encodes NRII , which regulates the activity of NRI.[2]
- glnG: encodes NRI , which regulates the expression of glnALG operon at three promoters, which are glnAp1, glnAp2 and glnLp.
Physiological significance of glnALG
[edit]glnALG operon, along with the glnD and glnF and their gene products, plays an extremely important role in regulating the nitrogen level inside the cell. It also plays a role in the ammonium (methylammonium) transport system (Amt). Hence it increases the ammonia content of the cell when grown on glutamine or glutamate.
Hence along with histidase, glnALG operon maintains homeostasis within the cell.
Mechanism of Regulation
[edit]
The glnALG operon is regulated by an intricate network of repressors and activators. Along with NRI and NRII, there are gene products of glnF and glnD which play a key role in this network. The expression of the glnALG operon is regulated by the NRI at three promoters: glnAp1, glnAp2 and glnLp. The initiation of transcription at glnAp1 is stimulated exclusively under carbon starvation conditions and stationary phase during which cAMP accumulates in high concentration in the cell. The binding of cAMP to the catabolite activator protein (CAP) causes CAP to bind to a specific DNA site in glnAp1, and glnAp1 is repressed by NRI. Initiation of transcription at glnAp2 requires the activated form of NRI, i.e. NRI–P(phosphorylated NRI), as well as the glnF gene product, σ54,[3] and it is regulated by NRII. NRII in the presence of ATP, catalyzes the transfer of ϒ-phosphate of ATP to NRI. In the presence of PII, which is encoded by glnB, NRII catalyzes the dephosphorylation of NRI–P.
The nitrogen content in the cell is directly proportional to the ratio of concentration of glutamine to the concentration of 2-ketoglutarate. When nitrogen content is lower, the product of glnD gene, uridylyl transferase catalyzes the conversion of PII to give PII-UMP, hampering PII's ability of dephosphorylating NRI–P. Uridylyl transferase catalyzes this reaction because the high concentration of 2-ketoglutarate allosterically activates it. In the case of high nitrogen, there is excess of NRI which represses the transcription of the promoters glnAp1, glnAp2 and glnLp, which in turn represses the synthesis of glutamine synthetase.[4][5]
References
[edit]- ^ Miranda-Rfos, Juan; Ray Sanchez-Pescador; Mickey Urdea; Alejandro A.Covarrubias (March 25, 1987). "The complete nudeotide sequence of the gfnALG operon of Escherichia coU K12|". Nucleic Acids Research. 15 (6): 2757–2770. doi:10.1093/nar/15.6.2757. PMC 340682. PMID 2882477.
- ^ Ueno-Nishio, Shizue; Keith C. Backman; Boris Magasanik (March 1983). "Regulation at the glnL-Operator-Promoter of the Complex glnALG Operon of Escherichia coli". Journal of Bacteriology. 153 (3): 1247–1251. doi:10.1128/jb.153.3.1247-1251.1983. PMC 221769. PMID 6131062.
- ^ Merrick, MJ; Edwards, RA (1995). "Nitrogen control in bacteria". Microbiol Rev. 59 (4): 604–22. doi:10.1128/mr.59.4.604-622.1995. PMC 239390. PMID 8531888.
- ^ Jayakumar, A; I Schulman, D MacNeil; E M Barnes Jr (April 1986). "Role of the Escherichia coli glnALG operon in regulation of ammonium transport". Journal of Bacteriology. 166 (1): 281–284. doi:10.1128/jb.166.1.281-284.1986. PMC 214588. PMID 2870054.
- ^ Bueno, R; G Pahel; B Magasanik (November 1985). "Role of glnB and glnD gene products in regulation of the glnALG operon of Escherichia coli". Journal of Bacteriology. 164 (2): 816–822. doi:10.1128/jb.164.2.816-822.1985. PMC 214324. PMID 2865248.