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Indians in Japan

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
See also: Nepalis in Japan, Burmese people in Japan, and Sri Lankans in Japan

Indians in Japan
在日インド人
Zainichi Indojin
Total population
48,835 (in December, 2023) Indian nationals[1][2]
Regions with significant populations
Tokyo, Kobe, Yokohama
Languages
Religion

Indians in Japan consist of those with Japanese citizenship and those with foreign citizenship.

As of December 2023, there were 48,835 Indian nationals living in Japan. They are often employed in IT, engineering, management, finance, scientific research, and other office jobs where the English language is used.[1][2][4] In the 21st century, Indian migration to Japan has undergone a major increase, and Japan is seeing an influx of professionals from South Asian nation.[5] Indian nationals are the third largest nationality group from the subcontinent, preceded by Nepali and Burmese nationals and followed by Sri Lankans.[6]

A significant percentage of Indians in Japan are from northeast India. Although these may often have more East Asian face-shapes, they identify strongly with India and the Indian people and consider themselves to be Indian. They also have unique and long-standing cultural relations with Japan. People from other Asian countries, such as Nepal and Myanmar, may also have more East Asian face-shapes, but they qlso identify heavily with India and Indian people.[7][8][9] Nepali people are the largest South Asian nationality group in Japan with 176,336 residents, followed by Burmese, with 86,546.[1][2]

A significant number of Indians in Japan also descend from the large Indian populations in Hong Kong and Southeast Asia, such as Thailand and Singapore.[10][11]

India is also the largest source of tourism to Japan, after East Asian countries.[12]

In an opinion poll published by the Pew Research Center, India was the major Asian country most liked by Japanese people, with a majority holding favorable views, while Japan was the major Asian country most liked by Indian people, with a majority of people again holding favorable views.[13]

History

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Ancient and medieval maritime trade network in the Indian Ocean[14]

Japan has been a destination for Indian travellers and merchants for hundreds of years. India and Japan have maintained relations through direct contact and indirect contact via the Sinosphere and South East Asia.[15][16] There is evidence that Austronesian traders engaged in a trade and communications network in South Asia (in particular the coasts of the south east of India and Sri Lanka), South East Asia (including Taiwan) and Japan as far back as 5000 B.C.[17][18] One of the earliest Indians in Japan was a monk from the intellectual city of Madurai, who ultimately played a key role in development of Chinese Buddhism and the transmission of Chinese Buddhism to Japan.[19]

The history of modern Indian settlement in Japan goes back more than a century. As early as 1872, a few Indian businessmen and their families had settled in Yokohama as well as Okinawa.[20] In 1891, Tata, then a small trading firm, established a branch in Kobe.[21] By 1901, Japanese government statistics recorded 30 people from British India living in Japan.[22] Local statistics of the Hyōgo Prefecture government showed 59 Indians living in the prefecture in 1905, among whom all but one were men.[23]

Japanese operation in South Asia in 1942. Nagumo's forces are shown at the bottom of the map.

After the destruction wreaked on Yokohama in the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake, the Indian traders there also migrated to Kobe; from then on, Kobe became the center of Japan's Indian community's growth.[24]

Indians in Malaya (modern day Malaysia and Singapore) were often treated more favorably by the Japanese due to the importance of India in the global war plans of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. In comparison Chinese were sidelined due to the ongoing war between Chinese and Japanese forces in China.[25]

By 1939, on the eve of World War II, the number of Indians in Hyōgo Prefecture had reached 632. However, due to British sanctions against Japan and the 1941 halt of shipping between Japan and their homeland, many closed their shops and left; by 1942, there were only 114 remaining. Three years after the Partition of India, their numbers had recovered somewhat to 255.[26]

Prior to 1990, the Indian community in Japan remained centred on the Kobe area. However, after 1990, the numbers in Tokyo began to show a sharp increase.[27] Migrants who arrived in the 1990s included industrial trainees sent by Japanese car manufacturers which had set up factories in India.[28] IT professionals and their families also came to Tokyo, settling primarily in Setagaya and Minato wards.[29]

There is some technical cooperation between India and Japan, such as for the Shinkansen in western India, or for the numerous Japanese companies present in India such as Sony, Softbank or Suzuki. In 2016, the two sides signed the "Manufacturing Skill Transfer Promotion Programme” agreement for training 30,000 people over 10 years.[4]

In 2021, Japan and India signed an agreement to allow Indian citizens to obtain the specified skilled visa, which allows Indians to work in several fields including nursing, industrial machinery, shipbuilding, aviation, agriculture and the food services industry.[4]

Business and employment

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The Indian Water Fountain in Yamashita Park, Yokohama was donated by the local Indian community to remember those who perished in the 1923 Great Kanto Earthquake, including more than 90 Indians.

Indians in Japan largely fill more professional roles due to a combination of the language barrier and lower salaries for the specified skilled visa, for which there are only 434 Indians. There are far more students for example.[30] The first batch of construction workers from India arrived in Japan in December 2019.[31]

Indians represent a growing and notable influence in the world of IT.[32] As of 2000, there were also around 800 Indians working in the IT industry in Japan, up from 120 in 1993.[33] Kenichi Yoshida, a director of the Softbridge Solutions Japan Co., stated in late 2009 that the Indian engineers are becoming the backbone of Japan's IT industry and that "it is important for Japanese industry to work together with the India."[34][35] Japan has been increasingly looking to India as a source for IT workers and talent.[36]

Another 870 Indians were employed as cooks.[33]

Japan also become the new destination for Indian nurses in 2023, with salaries that are over eight times higher than those found in India.[37] Many Indian nurses in Japan come from the private sector because private hospitals in India often offer lower salaries than government hospitals.[38] Indian nurses working in Japan can save over 1 lakh per month.[39]

Others are engaged in trading, importing the Indian handicrafts, garments, precious stones, and marine products, and exporting Japanese electronic goods, textiles, automotive parts, and jewellery.[20] Indian cotton is traditionally used in Japanese clothing.[40]

Geography

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As of 2018 3,758 people of Indian ancestry, about 10% of the people of Indian origin in Japan and about 30% of the people of Indian origin in Tokyo Metropolis, reside in Edogawa, Tokyo. The Nishikasai [ja] area of Edogawa Ward has a high concentration of Indian origin families. The Indian community increased when engineers came to Japan to fix the Y2K bug. Indian people settled in Nishikasai due to the proximity to the Tokyo Metro Tozai Line, which connects to their places of employment.[41] India International School of Japan (IISJ) and Global Indian International School Tokyo caters to the Indian expatriate community.[41]

Cuisine

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Indian food is very popular in Japan. Conversely Japanese food is also very popular with Indians.[42]

Historically many spices were imported into Japan as these spices could only be grown in certain climates found in Southern China (including Hong Kong, Taiwan and Macau), Southern India (including Sri Lanka) and South East Asia.[43] The various spices and cultural infusion that were imported along the same trade routes from South Asia into South East Asia led to the formation of cuisines in South East Asia heavily influenced by South Asia as far back as at least 2000 years ago, of which many of them are eaten in Japan.[44]

An Indian restaurant in Tokyo

Curry

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Indian curry is one of the most popular dishes in Japan, sometimes labelled as the most popular dish of Japan.[45] Curry (カレー, karē) is a loanword from Tamil (கறி kaṟi) via Indian English, popularized by naval contact between the Japan and the British East India Company.[46][47]

It is now considered to be a national dish of Japan, and dishes from various parts of India are often sold in convenience stores and restaurants.[48] The majority of the Indian restaurants in Japan are a "fusion" of Nepali and Indian cuisine, who are by far the largest Indian ethnic group in Japan, but many restaurants are also run by Indians and Sri Lankans, the latter of whom number around 35,000 and make the third largest Indian ethnic group after Nepalis and Indians.[6][49]

The majority of Japanese will eat Japanese curry purchased from supermarkets and convenience stores, or from one of the numerous Japanese chain restaurants that specialize in curry.[50]

Tea

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Furthermore, though tea is originally native to East Asia, tea is also often drunk in Japan as black tea or milk tea using tea leaves grown in South Asia (such as Darjeeling, Assam or Ceylon).[51] Black tea is increasingly becoming more popular than green tea in Japan.[52]

Religion

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India is strongly associated with religion in Japan since the introduction of Buddhism in the 6th century,[53] both directly through visitors from India, and indirectly through the Sinosphere and South East Asia.[54] Buddhism has been heavily integrated into the native Shinto culture, and a large number of the festivals in Japan derive from Buddhism, with identical festivals being celebrated in Buddhist countries such as Sri Lanka, and similar festivals being found in Hinduism.[55] There are numerous shrines and temples native to Japan that cater for Hindu deities.

Buddhism remains widespread in Japan and Japanese culture. There are also numerous temples in Japan that were built by Sri Lankans but often affiliated with various Japanese Buddhist organizations, acting as a place of worship for Japanese, East Asian and South East Asians as well.[56] There is also a Nepali peace pagoda in Osaka, built by a German architect as part of the wider peace pagoda movement started by Japanese monks in response to the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

Hinduism is the most practiced religion by Indians in Japan, and several temples and community organizations cater for Indian diaspora in Japan. Diwali is celebrated by the Indian community in Japan every year.

Benzaiten shrine, Inokashira Park

Jainism

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Indians in Japan speak a number of different languages and follow various religions; there is little correlation between religion or language and profession, except in the case of the Jains, many of whom work in the jewellery industry.[57] The Jains are generally concentrated around Okachi-machi in Taitō, Tokyo.[58] On the whole, Tokyo has fewer religious facilities for Indians than Kobe.[11]

Sikhism

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There are Sikh gurudwaras in both Kobe and Tokyo; the latter is of more recent provenance, having been founded in 1999 in the basement of an office building.[59] Some Sikhs employed as unskilled labourers in small and medium enterprises had to cut their hair short and remove their turbans in violation of the principle of kesh, because their employers are unfamiliar with their customs and do not give them any latitude in their style of dress. They consider this as just a temporary adaptation to Japanese society. However, this practise is not common among Sikhs in skilled professions such as IT.[60]

Education

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India International School in Japan, Tokyo
Global Indian International School, Tokyo Campus

Indians who send their children to school in Japan generally select English-medium schools.

The first Indian-specific school, India International School in Japan, was established in 2004 in Tokyo's Koto ward at the initiative of some of the old trading families based in Tokyo and Yokohama.[61]

The Global Indian International School, a Singapore-based school, has operated a branch in Tokyo since 2006, and plans to open another in Yokohama in 2008.[11] They follow the Indian Central Board of Secondary Education curriculum. The schools are popular not just among Indian expatriates, but among some Japanese as well, due to a reputation for rigour in mathematics education.[62] Other migrants leave their children behind in their native states, either with grandparents or at the boarding schools, in order to avoid interrupting their education.[61]

Jeevarani "Rani Sanku" Angelina,[63] established the Little Angels International School (now Musashi International School Tokyo), which caters to Japanese students.[64]

Sport

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There are a handful of Indians that are professional sportspersons in Japan. A number of major sports in Japan also ultimately derive from Indian sports as well.

Arata Izumi
Anastasia Malhotra

Racket sports

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Though it has been theorisesed that the game has been played in various forms for over 2000 years, the current version of Badminton was brought back from India to the UK by the Duke of Beaufort in 1873 after having seen the game being played in Pune, India.[65] Badminton was brought to Japan in the early 1900s.[66] Japan and India are two of the highest ranking nations in Badminton.

Yoga

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Chess

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Tourism

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India is the largest source of tourism to Japan after East Asian countries.[12] The leading motivations for Indian tourists to Japan are eating Japanese cuisine, sightseeing, shopping, walking around and experiencing Japanese culture and history.[67] Unlike westerners, Indians rarely view the culture of Japan "as exotic". In the 2010s Indian tourism to Japan was prediticed to reach 1 million in the 2030s.[68] March 2024 marked the highest ever number yet of inbound tourists from India to Japan.[69]

Community organizations

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One of the earliest Indian community organisations, the Oriental Club, was established in 1904 in Kobe; it changed its name to The India Club in 1913, and continued operating up to the present day. More were founded in the 1930s, including the Indian-dominated Silk Merchants' Association, the Indian Social Society, and the Indian Chamber of Commerce.[23] In 2000, Indian expatriates living in Edogawa, Tokyo, an area with a high concentration of Indian IT engineers founded the Indian Community of Edogawa.[58] Others include the Indian Community Activities Tokyo, whose Diwali celebration draws 2,500 participants, as well as the Indian Merchants Association of Yokohama.[33] In 2017, the All-Japan Association of Indians (AJAI) was established with support from several Indian associations in Japan, with a singular focus on serving the community through welfare activities [1].

Social issues

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Domestic violence

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An article in the Japan Times complained that patriarchy perpetuates among Indian immigrants to Japan, whereas Indian women may feel more empowered in societies such as Berlin, Germany.[70] As in the native Japanese culture, many Indian women to Japan rarely stay for career advancement, but rather prefer staying to become a housewife.[71]

Illegal immigration

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A number of people born in Japan to asylum seekers or illegal immigrants have reported being told to return to India.[72]

Racism

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There have been complaints about facing Islamophobia and racial profiling.[71] Islam is considered to be a foreign culture within the framework of Japanese multiculturalism and is treated as a foreign culture by Japanese people. Large scale opposition to Muslim migration began in the 1990s, albeit targeting those from the Middle East, and Iranians and Pakistanis in particular.[73] In early 2024 an Indian, along with a Black American and Pakistani, sued the Japanese government for racial discrimination; "There's a very strong image that 'foreigner' equals 'criminal'," Pakistan-born Syed Zain told Japanese reporters.[74]

Notable people

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See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ a b c "【在留外国人統計（旧登録外国人統計）統計表】 | 出入国在留管理庁".
  2. ^ a b c 令和５年末現在における在留外国人数について
  3. ^ a b Azuma 2008, p. 258; she lists the religions and languages in alphabetical order therein
  4. ^ a b c "India, Japan sign agreement to give skilled Indian workers access to Japanese job market". Hindustan Times. 18 January 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  5. ^ Wadhwa, Megha (2021). Indian Migrants in Tokyo – A Study of Socio-Cultural, Religious, and Working Worlds (1st ed.). London, New York: Routledge. p. 2. ISBN 978-1-03-273418-7.
  6. ^ a b "在留外国人統計（旧登録外国人統計） 在留外国人統計 月次 2023年6月 | ファイル | 統計データを探す". 政府統計の総合窓口 (in Japanese). Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  7. ^ Pothashang (13 December 2017). "Manipur Shares a Deep Emotional Bond with Japan – Governor | Pothashang News". Pothashang. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
  8. ^ Chongtham, Samarendra (2008). The Land of The Rising Sun: Numitna Thorakpham Japan Urubada. ISBN 978-81-8370-147-1.
  9. ^ —KanglaOnline (December 2016). "Shakuhachi meets Pena – KanglaOnline". Archived from the original on 1 July 2022. —"Shakuhachi meets Pena Manipuri and Japanese traditional music collaboration By James Khangenbam". Archived from the original on 2 July 2022. —KanglaOnline (26 November 2016). "When Japan's Shakuhaci meets pena – KanglaOnline". Archived from the original on 1 July 2022. —"Shakuhachi meets Pena – Manipur News". December 2016. Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. —"When Japan's Shakuhaci meets pena – Manipur News". 25 November 2016. Archived from the original on 1 July 2022.
  10. ^ gateway (2 May 2019). "Tracing Indian merchants in Japan". Gateway House. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  11. ^ a b c Sawa & Minamino 2007, p. 19
  12. ^ a b "Japan-bound Statistics – Tourism Statistics". JTB Tourism Research & Consulting Co. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  13. ^ Pillalamarri, Akhilesh. "Japanese Cultural Influence Grows in India". thediplomat.com. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  14. ^ Manguin, Pierre-Yves (2016). "Austronesian Shipping in the Indian Ocean: From Outrigger Boats to Trading Ships". In Campbell, Gwyn (ed.). Early Exchange between Africa and the Wider Indian Ocean World. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 51–76. ISBN 978-3-319-33822-4. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2023.
  15. ^ Gupta, Sunil (1999–2000). "From Eastern Indian Ocean to the Yellow sea interaction sphere: Indo-Pacific beads in Yayoi Japan" (PDF). Purātattva. 30: 93–97.
  16. ^ Katsuhiko, Oga; Gupta, Sunil (1 January 2000). "The Far East, Southeast and South Asia: Indo-Pacific Beads from Yayoi Tombs as Indicators of Early Maritime Exchange". South Asian Studies. 16 (1): 73–88. doi:10.1080/02666030.2000.9628581. ISSN 0266-6030. S2CID 191984538.
  17. ^ Solheim, Wilhelm G. (1996). "The Nusantao and north-south dispersals". Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association. 15: 101–109.
  18. ^ Manguin, Pierre-Yves (2016). "Austronesian Shipping in the Indian Ocean: From Outrigger Boats to Trading Ships". In Campbell, Gwyn (ed.). Early Exchange between Africa and the Wider Indian Ocean World. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 51–76. ISBN 978-3-319-33822-4.
  19. ^ Aiyar, Pallavi (9 June 2018). "The oldest recorded Indian in Japan impacts the country's culture even today". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  20. ^ a b Singhvi 2000, p. 283
  21. ^ Minamino & Sawa 2005, p. 5
  22. ^ Minamino & Sawa 2005, p. 4
  23. ^ a b Minamino & Sawa 2005, p. 6
  24. ^ Sawa & Minamino 2007, p. 15
  25. ^ SOEDA, KEIKO (1998). JAPANESE RACIAL POLICY IN MALAYA AND SINGAPORE DURING THE JAPANESE OCCUPATION : ITS IMPACT ON NATIONAL INTEGRATION (Thesis thesis).
  26. ^ Minamino & Sawa 2005, p. 7
  27. ^ Azuma 2008, p. 256
  28. ^ Azuma 2008, p. 258
  29. ^ Sawa & Minamino 2007, p. 66
  30. ^ "India unlikely to solve Japan's labor shortage". Nikkei Asia. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
  31. ^ Koshi, Luke (4 December 2019). "1st batch of construction workers from India arrives in Japan on paid internship program". The News Minute. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
  32. ^ D'Costa, Anthony P. (April 2013). "Positioning Indian emigration to Japan: the case of the IT industry". Migration and Development. 2 (1): 16–36. doi:10.1080/21632324.2013.773153. ISSN 2163-2324.
  33. ^ a b c Singhvi 2000, p. 284
  34. ^ "FOCUS: Indian engineers becoming backbone of Japan's IT". Kyodo News. Minato, Tokyo. 9 November 2009. Retrieved 6 November 2009.[permanent dead link‍]
  35. ^ "Backbone of Japan's IT industry? Indian engineers!". Rediff.com. Mumbai. 6 November 2009. Retrieved 6 November 2009.
  36. ^ Singh, Supriya (12 July 2022). "Japanese tech titans looking for Indian solution to talent crunch". The Japan Times. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
  37. ^ Perappadan, Bindu Shajan (30 July 2023). "Japan is now the new work destination for Indian nurses". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
  38. ^ "International Nurse Migration from India: Time to Say Goodbye?(Yuko TSUJITA)". Institute of Developing Economies (in Japanese). Retrieved 29 March 2024.
  39. ^ Bureau, HRK News (31 July 2023). "Indian nurses seek Japan as their latest work destination". HR Katha. Retrieved 29 March 2024. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  40. ^ "The Dutch East India Company and the Rise of Intra-Asian Commerce". nippon.com. 18 September 2013. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
  41. ^ a b Ikeda, Tsukuru (20 May 2018). "Tokyo's Nishikasai a second home for Indians in Japan". The Statesman. Kolkata. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
  42. ^ Dhillon, Amrit (8 December 2019). "Changing tastes: why is Japanese food so popular in India?". The National. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  43. ^ "Did You Know? The Exchange of Spices along the Silk Roads | Silk Roads Programme". en.unesco.org. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  44. ^ Wang, Weiwei; Nguyen, Khanh Trung Kien; Zhao, Chunguang; Hung, Hsiao-chun (21 July 2023). "Earliest curry in Southeast Asia and the global spice trade 2000 years ago". Science Advances. 9 (29): eadh5517. Bibcode:2023SciA....9H5517W. doi:10.1126/sciadv.adh5517. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 10361603. PMID 37478176.
  45. ^ Bhaumik, Sita Kuratomi (13 October 2020). "How 'Indian curry' became Japan's favourite dish". Scroll.in. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  46. ^ "kari – A Dravidian Etymological Dictionary". Archived from the original on 23 June 2020.
  47. ^ Taylor, Anna-Louise (11 October 2013). "Curry: Where did it come from?". BBC Food. Archived from the original on 29 March 2014. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
  48. ^ "India gets a taste for Japanese curry | NHK WORLD-JAPAN News". NHK WORLD. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  49. ^ KHAREL, Dipesh (16 May 2022). "Vulnerability and Pathways to Precarity: How COVID-19 Has Affected Japan's Nepali Immigrants". Social Science Japan Journal. 25 (2): 229–246. doi:10.1093/ssjj/jyac007. ISSN 1369-1465.
  50. ^ NEWS, KYODO. "FEATURE:Japanese chain "CoCoIchi" making inroads in curry's toughest market". Kyodo News+. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  51. ^ "Tea farmer eyes India as export market with cinnamon flavor | The Asahi Shimbun: Breaking News, Japan News and Analysis". The Asahi Shimbun. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  52. ^ Writer, Miyako Taniguchi / Yomiuri Shimbun Staff (4 April 2023). "Popularity of Japanese Black Tea Blooms as Green's Starts to Wilt". japannews.yomiuri.co.jp. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  53. ^ "Japan-India Relations".
  54. ^ Holcombe, Charles (1999). "Trade-Buddhism: Maritime Trade, Immigration, and the Buddhist Landfall in Early Japan". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 119 (2): 280–292. doi:10.2307/606111. ISSN 0003-0279. JSTOR 606111.
  55. ^ Rambelli, Fabio (26 February 2018), "Buddhism and Shinto", Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion, doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.612, ISBN 978-0-19-934037-8, retrieved 17 March 2024
  56. ^ "Srl Lankan Temples In Japan – The Embassy of Sri Lanka in Japan". www.slembassyjapan.com. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  57. ^ Azuma 2008, p. 259
  58. ^ a b Azuma 2008, p. 262
  59. ^ Azuma 2008, p. 264
  60. ^ Azuma 2008, pp. 263–264
  61. ^ a b Sawa & Minamino 2007, p. 21
  62. ^ Hani, Yoko (11 April 2007), "Indian schools make a mark", Japan Times, retrieved 25 September 2009
  63. ^ "History Archived 9 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine." Little Angels International School. Retrieved on 9 March 2015.
  64. ^ Fackler, Martin (2 January 2008). "Losing an Edge, Japanese Envy India's Schools" (PDF). The New York Times. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 March 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2015. Unlike other Indian schools, Ms. Angelina said, Little Angels was intended primarily for Japanese children, to meet the need she had found when she sent her sons to Japanese kindergarten.
  65. ^ "The History of Badminton: Origins and Evolution Across Continents". realifetennis.com/. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
  66. ^ Lazuardini, Imtya Rahmi (16 January 2024). "Badminton Clubs and Tournaments in Japan". GaijinPot Blog. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
  67. ^ "Japan: leading travel motivations of Indian tourists 2022". Statista. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  68. ^ "The Growing Indian Middle Class" (PDF). Kobe University.
  69. ^ "訪日外客数（2024年3月推計値）｜JNTO（日本政府観光局）". 日本政府観光局（JNTO） - Japan National Tourism Organization (in Japanese). Retrieved 7 May 2024.
  70. ^ Wadhwa, Megha (3 January 2024). "How patriarchy perpetuates among Tokyo's Indian migrants". The Japan Times. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
  71. ^ a b academic.oup.com https://academic.oup.com/ssjj/article/25/1/197/6448825. Retrieved 20 March 2024. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  72. ^ "Japan forces a harsh choice on children of migrant families".
  73. ^ Yamashita, Yoko (January 2022). "Islam and Muslims in "non-religious" Japan: caught in between prejudice against Islam and performative tolerance". International Journal of Asian Studies. 19 (1): 81–97. doi:10.1017/S1479591421000012. ISSN 1479-5914.
  74. ^ "India, Pak, US-Born Residents Sue Japan Government Over Alleged Racial Profiling". NDTV.com. Retrieved 29 May 2024.

Sources

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Further reading

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