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July 1936

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The following events occurred in July 1936:

July 1, 1936 (Wednesday)

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  • Salvador Dalí gave a lecture at the London International Surrealist Exhibition titled "Authentic Paranoiac Fantasies". He brought two Russian wolfhounds on leashes and wore a deep-sea diving suit to symbolize descending to the depths of the subconscious, but found it impossible to breathe inside the diving helmet. Dalí nearly suffocated before his companions realized something was wrong and freed him, which the audience enjoyed immensely in the belief that it was all part of the act.[1][2]
  • An amalgamation of Australian air carriers called Australian National Airways began operations.

July 2, 1936 (Thursday)

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July 3, 1936 (Friday)

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July 4, 1936 (Saturday)

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July 5, 1936 (Sunday)

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July 6, 1936 (Monday)

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  • Ethiopian Minister to the United Kingdom Workneh Eshete appealed to the British public for at least £2 million to continue the fight in Ethiopia.[13]
  • Ethiopian guerrilla fighters attacked a railway line 30 miles from Addis Ababa.[14]

July 7, 1936 (Tuesday)

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July 8, 1936 (Wednesday)

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  • An explosion at the Royal Arsenal in Woolwich killed 5 people.[16]
  • The British government announced that German airships would no longer be allowed to fly over Britain except in cases of emergency due to weather. The decision was made after the Hindenburg chose a course over England during a recent flight to the United States and back, drawing concerns that German officers aboard could be studying military bases and learning government secrets.[17]
  • Died: Thomas Meighan, 57, American film actor

July 9, 1936 (Thursday)

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July 10, 1936 (Friday)

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July 11, 1936 (Saturday)

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  • Austria and Germany signed an agreement in which Germany pledged to respect Austrian sovereignty in exchange for Austria favouring Germany in its policies.[8]
  • U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt formally opened the Triborough Bridge in New York City.[23]
  • Died: James Murray, 35, American film actor

July 12, 1936 (Sunday)

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July 13, 1936 (Monday)

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  • Viscount Cranborne responded to a question in the House of Commons by saying he understood that Heligoland was being refortified by Germany (in violation of Article 115 of the Treaty of Versailles).[25][26] Germany issued an official statement that same day denying "rumors that Heligoland will be made a forbidden area for military reasons and that bathing establishments will be closed."[27]
  • Died: José Calvo Sotelo, 43, Spanish politician (murdered)

July 14, 1936 (Tuesday)

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  • Bastille Day celebrations along the Champs-Élysées were marred by further riots by right wing demonstrators.[28]
  • The British government announced plans to mass-produce gas masks with the goal of one for every citizen. The masks would be stockpiled in centers around the country and then issued free of charge when the government deemed it necessary.[29]

July 15, 1936 (Wednesday)

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  • The League of Nations lifted sanctions against Italy.[5]
  • 5 died in political and labour disorders across Spain. The government made 150 arrests.[30]
  • Born: George Voinovich, politician, in Cleveland, Ohio (d. 2016)

July 16, 1936 (Thursday)

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  • An apparent attempt to assassinate Edward VIII was foiled on Constitution Hill. As the king's horse passed the crowd while returning to Buckingham Palace from a colours ceremony in Hyde Park, a man raised a revolver. A woman grabbed the man's arm and shouted, alerting a constable who knocked the weapon from his hand. The man, identified as George Andrew McMahon, told police he had no intention of harming the king and was only making a protest.[31]
  • Adolf Hitler sent Edward a telegram offering his "heartiest congratulations" on his escape.[31]
  • Italy lifted its wartime restrictions on meat and nightlife curfews.[32]
  • Father Charles Coughlin aligned himself with Francis Townsend and denounced President Roosevelt as a "great betrayer and liar", saying, "He who promised to drive the money changers from the temple has built up the greatest public debt in the nation's history. Is that driving the money changers from the temple?"[33]
  • Born: Yasuo Fukuda, 91st Prime Minister of Japan, in Takasaki, Gunma, Japan; Buddy Merrill, guitarist and musician, in Torrey, Utah (d. 2021)
  • Died: Alan Crosland, 41, American actor and film director (auto accident)

July 17, 1936 (Friday)

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July 18, 1936 (Saturday)

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July 19, 1936 (Sunday)

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July 20, 1936 (Monday)

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July 21, 1936 (Tuesday)

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  • The siege of the Alcázar began in Toledo.
  • The Tokyo Stock Exchange suspended trading because of a heavy slump caused by rumors that the stock exchanges would be placed under government control.[47]
  • 50,000 Turkish troops began moving into the Dardanelles.[48]

July 22, 1936 (Wednesday)

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  • British authorities warned Spanish warships that if shells continued to fall on Gibraltar, British artillery would return fire.[49]
  • Charles Lindbergh and wife Anne arrived in Berlin. Although ostensibly a goodwill visit, the American Embassy had invited Lindbergh in the hope that the German Air Ministry would try to impress him by inviting him to inspect their planes and air bases. That way, Lindbergh could take notes on the Luftwaffe's capabilities and report back to the U.S. government. As it turned out, that is exactly what happened.[50][51]

July 23, 1936 (Thursday)

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  • Alf Landon formally accepted the Republican nomination for president before a crowd of 80,000 in Topeka, Kansas. "If I am elected chief executive of this nation, I propose to restore our government to an efficient as well as constitutional basis", Landon declared.[52]
  • The Nationalist side in the Spanish Civil War set up a government (Junta) in Burgos.[5]
  • White Terror: The Nationalists took over Granada and began killing anyone suspected of Republican leanings.[5]
  • The French government decided to aid the Spanish Republic in the Civil War.[53]
  • Three MPs were ejected from the House of Commons during an incident of grave disorder in the 27th hour of a marathon session. On the topic of the government's unemployment assistance program, Home Secretary John Simon spoke of the responsibility of children to support their parents when John McGovern broke in with, "Why does the king not support his mother? He must be a despicable individual." (The latter line was stricken from Hansard.) George Buchanan then accused Simon of lying and refused to withdraw the charge. His colleague Campbell Stephen then stood and called the government "robbers and murderers of the working class" and Simon a "lying scoundrel" (this latter insult too was stricken from Hansard). Following a 15-minute recess, votes were taken and Buchanan, Stephen and McGovern were all suspended from the House.[54]
  • Eleanor Holm was suspended from the U.S. Olympic swimming team for attending drinking parties while aboard the SS Manhattan transporting the athletes to Germany.[55]
  • Born: Don Drysdale, baseball player, in Van Nuys, California (d. 1993)

July 24, 1936 (Friday)

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July 25, 1936 (Saturday)

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  • Germany became the first country to recognize Italian rule of Ethiopia by abolishing its legation in Addis Ababa and replacing it with a general consulate.[56]
  • Emilio Mola was formally designated commander of Nationalist operations in the north, and Francisco Franco the commander of the south.[57]
  • The French government announced it had decided not to sell aircraft to Spain at the moment.[53]

July 26, 1936 (Sunday)

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July 27, 1936 (Monday)

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July 28, 1936 (Tuesday)

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  • The Burgos Junta declared total martial law in all Nationalist-held parts of Spain.[43]
  • The Spanish Republic confiscated all church property in Spain to consolidate its resources to fight the uprising.[8]
  • German aircraft arrived in Morocco to assist the Nationalist side.[59]
  • Francisco Franco granted an interview to Jay Allen of the Chicago Tribune in which he claimed that his government was neither monarchist nor fascist, but "Nationalist Spanish", and that he had launched the rebellion to save Spain from communism. When asked what form his government would take, Franco replied it would be a "military dictatorship" with a plebiscite later on "for the nation to decide what it wanted."[61]
  • The Lindberghs met Hermann and Emmy Göring at a luncheon.[62]
  • Born: Russ Jackson, Canadian football player, in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

July 29, 1936 (Wednesday)

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  • The Nationalists captured Huelva.[57]
  • The Berliner Tageblatt revealed that Germany had begun to refortify Heligoland, contradicting its denial of July 13. The matter came up again in the House of Commons where Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden expressed the government's feeling that "individual matters of this kind, though they cannot pass unobserved, should not be raised at a moment and in a manner which might react unfavourably" on negotiations underway for a new European peace settlement.[63][64]
  • The epic costume drama film Anthony Adverse starring Fredric March premiered in Los Angeles.[65]
  • Born: Elizabeth Dole, politician, in Salisbury, North Carolina
  • Died: Frank Gavan Duffy, 84, Australian judge

July 30, 1936 (Thursday)

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  • Twelve Italian bomber planes, their markings and numbers painted over, took off from Sardinia heading for Spanish Morocco where they were to join the Nationalist side under the banner of the Spanish Legion. Nine completed the flight but one crashed at sea and two were forced down on the French side of the Moroccan border. Italian military markings still visible under the fresh paint, as well as documentation that French authorities found aboard the planes, exposed the Italian scheme. The next day, newspapers around the world published the revelation that Italy was providing military assistance to the rebels.[53]
  • Two days before the Summer Olympics were set to start in Berlin, Ernest L. Jahncke of the United States became the first person expelled from the International Olympic Committee. He was removed for his outspoken opposition to holding the Olympics in Germany.[66]
  • The historical film Mary of Scotland starring Katharine Hepburn premiered at Radio City Music Hall in New York City.[67]
  • Born: Buddy Guy, blues guitarist and singer, in Lettsworth, Louisiana; Ted Rogers, comedian, in Kennington, London, England (d. 2001)

July 31, 1936 (Friday)

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References

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  1. ^ Jones, Jonathan (March 1, 2001). "Me, Dali and the deep-sea diving suit". The Guardian. Retrieved August 16, 2015.
  2. ^ Shanes, Eric (2011). The Life and Masterworks of Salvador Dalí. e-Parkstone International. p. 42. ISBN 978-1-78042-879-6.
  3. ^ Schultz, Sigrid (July 3, 1936). "Glorify Hitler in Germany as New King Henry I". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 10.
  4. ^ "Jew Shoots Self in Hall of League". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. July 3, 1936. p. 1.
  5. ^ a b c d e "1936". MusicAndHistory. Archived from the original on June 10, 2013. Retrieved August 16, 2015.
  6. ^ Whittlesey, Lee H. (2014). Death in Yellowstone: Accidents and Foolhardiness in the First National Park. Roberts Rinehart Publishers. p. 16.
  7. ^ "Perry Defeats Von Cramm in Straight Sets". Chicago Daily Tribune. July 4, 1936. p. 11.
  8. ^ a b c "Chronology 1936". indiana.edu. 2002. Retrieved August 16, 2015.
  9. ^ Selye, Hans (1936). "A Syndrome Produced by Diverse Nocuous Agents". Nature. 138 (3479): 32. doi:10.1038/138032a0. S2CID 4014154.
  10. ^ Szabo, S.; Yoshida, M.; Filakovszky, J.; Juhasz, G. (2017). ""Stress" is 80 Years Old: From Hans Selye Original Paper in 1936 to Recent Advances in GI Ulceration". Current Pharmaceutical Design. 23 (27): 4029–4041. doi:10.2174/1381612823666170622110046. PMID 28641541.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ "Helen Jacobs Wins English Tennis Crown". Chicago Daily Tribune. July 5, 1936. p. Part 2 p. 9.
  12. ^ "French Cities Torn by Riots". Chicago Daily Tribune. July 6, 1936. p. 1.
  13. ^ "Hailes Appeals to Britain for 10 Million Loan". Chicago Daily Tribune. July 7, 1936. p. 3.
  14. ^ "Ethiopians Open Guerrilla War Against Italy". Chicago Daily Tribune. July 10, 1936. p. 6.
  15. ^ "Japan Dooms 17 to Die for Revolt". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. July 6, 1936. p. 1.
  16. ^ "Explosions Kill 5 at Britain's Main Arsenal". Chicago Daily Tribune. July 9, 1936. p. 4.
  17. ^ Darrah, David (July 9, 1936). "German Airships Barred from Air Lanes of Britain". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 4.
  18. ^ "72 Die, Drought Loss Mounting". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. July 8, 1936. p. 1.
  19. ^ "Half of U. S. Seared; 168 Dead". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. July 9, 1936. p. 1.
  20. ^ Darrah, David (July 10, 1936). "Britain Recalls Warships from the Mediterranean". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 7.
  21. ^ 'Legislator Is Slain In Auto,' Chicago Tribune, July 9, 1936, pg. 1, 11
  22. ^ "Richest Shek in World Made British Knight". Chicago Daily Tribune. July 11, 1936. p. 1.
  23. ^ "Roosevelt Dedication Opens Triboro Bridge". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. July 11, 1936. p. 1.
  24. ^ "Japan Executes 15 Leaders of Military Revolt". Chicago Daily Tribune. July 13, 1936. p. 10.
  25. ^ "Heligoland". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). July 13, 1936. Retrieved August 16, 2015.
  26. ^ Martin, Lawrence; Reed, John (2007). The Treaties of Peace, 1919–1923, Volume 1. Clark, New Jersey: The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. p. xiv. ISBN 978-1-58477-708-3.
  27. ^ "Briton Charges Reich Arming Of Helgoland". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. July 13, 1936. p. 1.
  28. ^ Taylor, Edmond (July 15, 1936). "Riot in Franve Mars Fete for Bastille's Fall". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
  29. ^ "Britain Will Make New Gas Masks for Entire Population". Chicago Daily Tribune. July 15, 1936. p. 15.
  30. ^ "5 in Spain Die in Labor Riots". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. July 15, 1936. p. 1.
  31. ^ a b "Edward's would-be killer leaves a trail of doubt". The Age. January 7, 2003. Retrieved August 16, 2015.
  32. ^ "Italy to Lift All Wartime Bans on Eating and Playing". Chicago Daily Tribune. July 10, 1936. p. 6.
  33. ^ "Coughlin Calls Roosevelt Liar, Great Betrayer". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. July 16, 1936. p. 1.
  34. ^ a b c Alexander, Robert J. (1999). The Anarchists in the Spanish Civil War, Volume 1. Janus Publishing. p. 124. ISBN 978-1-85756-400-6.
  35. ^ Jackson, Gabriel (1967). The Spanish Republic and the Civil War, 1931–1939. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 232. ISBN 978-0-691-00757-1.
  36. ^ Taylor, Edmond (July 18, 1936). "French Chamber Votes to Seize War Industries". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 10.
  37. ^ a b Graham, Helen. The Spanish Republic at War, 1936–1939. Cambridge University Press. pp. 81–83. ISBN 978-0-521-45932-7.
  38. ^ "Liberty Ended in Danzig by Nazi Decrees". Chicago Daily Tribune. July 19, 1936. p. 1.
  39. ^ "8 Nations Grant Turkey Right to Rearm Straits". Chicago Daily Tribune. July 19, 1936. p. 13.
  40. ^ "Civil War Rages in Spain". Chicago Daily Tribune. July 20, 1936. p. 1.
  41. ^ ""No pasarán!" – They shall not pass!". This Day in Quotes. July 19, 2013. Retrieved August 16, 2015.
  42. ^ "Bob Feller 1936 Pitching Gamelogs". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 16, 2015.
  43. ^ a b c d e Payne, Stanley G. (1987). The Franco Regime, 1936–1975. University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 123, 211. ISBN 978-0-299-11070-3.
  44. ^ Per photograph caption pg.146 and also text pg.201, Air Power, Budiansky, Stephen. Penguin Group, London, England. 2005.
  45. ^ a b Mercer, Derrik, ed. (1989). Chronicle of the 20th Century. London: Chronicle Communications Ltd. p. 467. ISBN 978-0-582-03919-3.
  46. ^ "Le Montreaux Palace over the years ..." Le Montreaux Palace. Retrieved August 16, 2015.
  47. ^ "Stock Exchange in Tokyo Closed by Heavy Slump". Chicago Daily Tribune. July 21, 1936. p. 1.
  48. ^ "Turkish Troops Move into Zone at Dardanelles". Chicago Daily Tribune. July 21, 1936. p. 9.
  49. ^ "British Cannon Warn Spain". Chicago Daily Tribune. July 23, 1936. p. 1.
  50. ^ "Col. Lindbergh Lands in Berlin". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. July 22, 1936. p. 1.
  51. ^ Wagner, Heather Lehr (2003). Charles Lindbergh. Chelesea House. pp. 78–79. ISBN 978-0-7910-7212-7.
  52. ^ Kinsley, Philip (July 24, 1936). "Nation Hears Landon Views". Chicago Daily Tribune. pp. 1, 4.
  53. ^ a b c d Coverdale, John F. (1975). Italian Intervention in the Spanish Civil War. Princeton University Press. pp. 3–4, 90. ISBN 978-1-4008-6790-5.
  54. ^ "Unemployment Assistance Act, 1934". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). July 22, 1936. Retrieved August 16, 2015.
  55. ^ a b "Germans Ask U. S. to Forgive Eleanor Holm". Chicago Daily Tribune. July 25, 1936. p. 1.
  56. ^ "Italian Rule of Ethiopia is Given Nazi Recognition". Chicago Daily Tribune. July 26, 1936. p. 17.
  57. ^ a b Cortada, James W., ed. (1982). Historical Dictionary of the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 500. ISBN 0-313-22054-9.
  58. ^ "100,000 See King Edward Unveil War Memorial". Chicago Daily Tribune. July 27, 1936. p. 5.
  59. ^ a b Simkin, John (2014). "Spanish Civil War: Chronology". Spartacus Educational. Retrieved August 16, 2015.
  60. ^ Minetor, Randi (2016). Death in Glacier National Park: Stories of Accidents and Foolhardiness in the Crown of the Continent. Guilford, Connecticut: Lyons Press. pp. 44–45. ISBN 9781493025473.
  61. ^ Allen, Jay (July 29, 1936). "Military Dictatorship Will Follow Rebel Success in Spain, Gen. Franco Declared". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 2.
  62. ^ Berg, Scott A. (1998). Lindbergh. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4711-3008-3.
  63. ^ "Nazis Arm Heligoland; Britain Ignores It as 'Minor Affront'". Chicago Daily Tribune. July 30, 1936. p. 2.
  64. ^ "Heligoland". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). July 29, 1936. Retrieved August 16, 2015.
  65. ^ Hanson, Patricia King, ed. (1993). The American Film Institute Catalog of Motion Pictures Produced in the United States: Feature Films, 1931–1940. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. p. 70. ISBN 0-520-07908-6.
  66. ^ Cymet, David (2010). History vs. Apologetics: The Holocaust, the Third Reich, and the Catholic Church. Plymouth: Lexington Books. pp. 85–86. ISBN 978-0-7391-3295-1.
  67. ^ "The Broadway Parade". Film Daily. New York: Wid's Films and Film Folk, Inc. July 27, 1936. p. 2.
  68. ^ "Tokio Is Awarded 1940 Olympic Meet on Bid of $485,000". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. July 31, 1936. p. 1.
  69. ^ "Presidents Travels to Canada". Office of the Historian. Retrieved August 16, 2015.
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