List of African American newspapers in Tennessee
Appearance
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Maryville_Republican_1867-11-02.jpg/220px-Maryville_Republican_1867-11-02.jpg)
This is a list of African American newspapers that have been published in Tennessee. It includes both current and historical newspapers.
More than 100 such papers have been published in Tennessee.[1] The first was The Colored Tennessean, first published in Nashville on April 29, 1865.[2]
Newspapers currently in publication are highlighted in green in the list below.
Newspapers
[edit]City | Title | Beginning | End | Frequency | Call numbers | Remarks
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Athens | Watchman | 1891[3] | 1895[3] | |||
Chattanooga | The Chattanooga Advocate | 1915[4] | 1900s[4] | Weekly[4] | ||
Chattanooga | 1898[3] | 1916[3] | Weekly[5] | |||
Chattanooga | Citizen | 1947[3] | 1947[3] | |||
Chattanooga | Colored Citizen | 1908[3] | 1911[3] | |||
Chattanooga | Chattanooga Courier | 1990s[6] | 1990s[6] | Weekly[6] | ||
Chattanooga | Defender | 1917[3] | 1937[3] | |||
Chattanooga | The Chattanooga Enterprise | 1969[7] | 1900s[7] | Weekly[7] | ||
Chattanooga | Freeman | 1896[3] | 1897[3] | |||
Chattanooga | Harambee | 1974[3] | 1974[3] | |||
Chattanooga | Independent Tribune | 1886[3] | 1886[3] | |||
Chattanooga | Industrial Searchlight | 1899[3] | 1903[3] | |||
Chattanooga | Journal | 1973[3] | 1974[3] | |||
Chattanooga | Justice | 1887[8] | 1887[3] | Weekly[8] |
|
|
Chattanooga |
|
1986[11] | 1994[10] | Weekly[10] | ||
Chattanooga | Sun | 1913[12] | 1915[12] | |||
Chattanooga | National Democracy | 1918[12] | 1921[12] | |||
Chattanooga |
|
current | Weekly | |||
Chattanooga | The Chattanooga North Star | 1982[13] | 1980s[13] | Weekly[13] | ||
Chattanooga | Observer | 1890[12] | 1895[12] |
|
||
Chattanooga | Chattanooga Observer | 1927[12] or 1928?[14] | 1966[12] | Weekly[14] | ||
Chattanooga | Radiance | 1978[12] | 1978[12] | |||
Chattanooga | Southern American | 1884[12] | 1887[12] | |||
Chattanooga | Tribune | 1928[12] | 1931[12] | |||
Clarksville | News Herald | 1913[12] | 1917[12] | |||
Clarksville | Negro Index | 1901[12] | 1903[12] | |||
Clarksville | Sun | 1950s[15] | 1950s[15] | |||
Columbia | Headlight | 1893[15] | 1895[15] | |||
Columbia | Columbia Index | 1901[16] | 1900s[16] | Monthly newspaper[16] | ||
Fayetteville | Advocate | 1900[15] | 1905[15] | |||
Fayetteville | Rising Sun | 1895[15] | 1899[15] | |||
Franklin | The Black Perspective Inside/Out | 1981[17] | 1980s[17] | Monthly newspaper[17] |
|
|
Gallatin | The Major | 1905[15] | 1914[15] | Twice monthly[18] |
|
|
Jackson | 1890[19] | 1890[15] | Weekly[19] | |||
Jackson | Afro-American Standard | 1903[15] | 1906[15] | |||
Jackson | Community Focus | 1985[21] | 1987[21] | Weekly[21] |
|
|
Jackson | Gazette | 1910[15] | 1912[15] | |||
Jackson | The Jackson Headlight | 1899[15] or 1900[22] | 1900[15] | Weekly[23] | ||
Jackson | The Metro Forum | 1989[24] | ? | Weekly[24] | ||
Jackson | News | 1906[15] | 1907[15] | |||
Knoxville | Knoxville Bulletin | 1881[25] | ? |
|
||
Knoxville | Knoxville Crusader | 1963[26] | ?[26] | Weekly[26] |
|
|
Knoxville | The East Tennessee News | 1906[15] or 1908?[27] | 1948[15] | Weekly[27] |
|
|
Knoxville | The Enlightener | 1989[28] | 1990s[28] | Weekly[28] | ||
Knoxville | Enquirer | 1939?[29] | 1939?[29] | |||
Knoxville | The Knoxville Examiner | 1982[30] | ? | Biweekly[30] | ||
Knoxville | The Examiner | 1878[25] | 1878[29] |
|
||
Knoxville | The Knoxville Express | 1982[31] | 1982[31] | Biweekly[31] |
|
|
Knoxville | Flashlight Herald | 1931[29] | 1963[29] | |||
Knoxville | Gleaner | 1891[29] | 1900[29] | Founded by printer and attorney James Leonard Smith.[32] | ||
Knoxville | Herald | 1927[29] | 1935[29] | |||
Knoxville | Independent Call | 1952[29] | 1961[29] | |||
Knoxville | Keyana | 1974[33] | 1974[33] | Weekly[33] | ||
Knoxville | The Keyana Spectrum | 1974[34] | 1975[33] | Weekly[34] | ||
Knoxville | Messenger | 1908[33] | 1910[33] | |||
Knoxville | Monitor | 1944[33] | 1954[33] | |||
Knoxville |
|
1887[35] or 1888[38] | 1895[35] or 1892[33] | Biweekly[35] or weekly[36] |
|
|
Knoxville | New South | 1887[39] | 1895[39] | |||
Knoxville | Public Guide | 1934[39] | 1938[39] | |||
Knoxville | Review | 1904[39] | 1910[39] | |||
Knoxville | The Righteous Tribe | 1973[40] | ?[40] | Biweekly[40] | ||
Knoxville | The Knoxville Spectrum | 1974[41] or 1975[39] | 1975[41] | Weekly[41] | ||
Knoxville | Times | 1964[39] | 1966[39] | |||
Knoxville | Voice | 1949[39] | 1949[39] | |||
Liberty | Afro-American | 1899[39] | 1902[39] | |||
Maryville |
|
1879[39] | 1882[39] | |||
Maryville | The Maryville Monitor | 1872[42] | 1874[42] | Monthly newspaper[42] |
|
|
Maryville |
|
1867[43] | 1878[43] or 1877[39] | Weekly[43] |
|
|
Memphis | African American Voice | 1994?[44] | ?[44] | Monthly newspaper[44] | ||
Memphis | Afro-American | 1895[45] | 1895[45] | |||
Memphis |
|
1902[45] or 1903[47] or 1904?[46] | 1920[45] | Weekly[47] |
|
|
Memphis | Colored Citizen | 1900[45] | 1921[45] | |||
Memphis | Dublin Weekly Bulletin | 1920[48] | 1922[48] | |||
Memphis | The Greater Memphis & Mid-South Silver Star News | 1980s[49] | 1998[49] | Weekly[49] | ||
Memphis | Head and Hand | 1902?[48] | 1902?[48] | |||
Memphis | Headlight | 1886[48] | 1888[48] | |||
Memphis |
|
1888[51] | 1892[50] |
|
||
Memphis | Index | 1923[48] | 1936[48] | |||
Memphis | The Jerusalem Chronicle | 1990[53] | current | Monthly[53] |
|
|
Memphis | Journal | 1936[48] | 1938[48] | |||
Memphis | Mid-South Express | 1979[48] | 1980s[54] | Weekly[54] |
|
|
Memphis | The Mid-South Tribune | 1996[55] | Weekly[55] | |||
Memphis | Mid-Weekly Progress | 1905[48] | 1910[48] | |||
Memphis | The Moon Illustrated Weekly | 1905[56] or 1906[48] | 1906[56] | Weekly[56] |
|
|
Memphis | The New Tri-State Defender | 1961[57] | 1967[57] | Weekly[57] | ||
Memphis | Outlook | 1902[48] | 1906 + 1920s[48] | |||
Memphis | Record | 1920[48] | 1922[48] | |||
Memphis | Scimitar | 1898[58] | 1900[58] | |||
Memphis | The Memphis Sentinel | 1940[59] | 1900s[59] | Weekly[59] | ||
Memphis | Signal | 1901[58] | 1916[58] | |||
Memphis | The Memphis Silver Star News | 1980s[60] | 1989[60] | Weekly[60] | ||
Memphis | Star Times | 1954[58] | 1957[58] | |||
Memphis | Sun | 1913[58] | 1913[58] | |||
Memphis | Times | 1918[58] | 1937[58] | |||
Memphis | The Times-Herald | 1959[61] | 1900s[61] | Weekly[61] | ||
Memphis |
|
1951[62] | current | Weekly[62] | ||
Memphis | The Tri-state Tribune | 1920s[64] or 1930[58] | 1932[58] | Weekly[64] | ||
Memphis | Memphis Triangle | 1920s[65] or 1930[58] | 1932[58] | Weekly[65] |
|
|
Memphis | Memphis Watchman | 1884?[66] | 1889?[66] | Weekly[66] |
|
|
Memphis | Weekly Planet | 1872[58] | 1872[58] | Weekly | ||
Memphis | Memphis World | 1931[67] | 1972[58] | Twice weekly[67] or weekly[68] | ||
Morristown | Reporter | 1920[69] | 1921[69] | |||
Murfreesboro | The Murfreesboro News | 1954[70] or 1956[69] | 1966[69] | Monthly newspaper[70] |
|
|
Murfreesboro | The Murfreesboro Union | 1920[71] | 1900s[71] | [71] |
|
|
Nashville | 780 Countdown | 1962[72] | 1964[72] | |||
Nashville | The Block Bulletin | 1947[74] or 1950[69] | 1950s[73] | Monthly newspaper[74] |
|
|
Nashville | 1963[75] | 1965[69] | Twice monthly[75] |
|
||
Nashville | Citizen | 1893[69] | 1905[69] | |||
Nashville | The City Examiner | 1960[69] or 1962[76] | 1962?[76] | Weekly[76] |
|
|
Nashville | Nashville Clarion | 1896[77] or 1902[69] | 1937[69] | Weekly[77] |
|
|
Nashville | The Colored Tennessean | 1865[78] | 1866[78] or 1867[69] | Weekly[78] |
|
|
Nashville | The Nashville Commentator | 1948[80] | 1971[79] | Weekly[80] | ||
Nashville | Corner Stone | 1881[79] | 1892[79] | |||
Nashville | The Nashville Defender | 1938[81] | 1943[79] | Weekly[81] |
|
|
Nashville | The Ebony Gazette | 1975[82] | 1976[79] | Weekly[82] |
|
|
Nashville | Emigration Herald | 1879[79] | 1879[79] | |||
Nashville | Free Lance | 1885[79] | 1887[79] | |||
Nashville | 1930s[84] | 1960[83] | Weekly[85] |
|
||
Nashville | The Nashville Globe | 1906[86] | 1930s[86] | Weekly[86] |
|
|
Nashville | The Herald Examiner | 1976[87] | 1976[83] | Biweekly[87] or irregular[88] |
|
|
Nashville | Herald and Pilot | 1879[83] | 1879[83] | |||
Nashville | Independence News | 1972[89] | ?[89] | Biweekly[89] |
|
|
Nashville | Nashville Independent | 1929[83] or 1931[90] | 1938[83] | Weekly[90] |
|
|
Nashville | Metropolitan | 1979[83] | 1979[83] | |||
Nashville | Metropolitan Times | 1980[93] | 1997[92] | Weekly[93] |
|
|
Nashville | Metropolitan Weekly | 1980[94] | 1980s[94] | Irregular[94] | ||
Nashville | The Mid-State Observer | 1978[95] | 1970s[83] | Weekly[95] or irregular[96] |
|
|
Nashville | Neighborhood Times | 1959[97] | 1962[97] | Monthly newspaper (two summer months combined)[97] | ||
Nashville | News | 1914[83] | 1918[83] | |||
Nashville | Nashville News-Star | 1960[98] | 1961[83] | Weekly[98] | ||
Nashville | Palladium | 1883[83] | 1909[83] | |||
Nashville | 1988[100] | current | Weekly[99] |
|
||
Nashville | The Nashville Sun | 1950[102] | ?[102] | Weekly[102] |
|
|
Nashville |
|
1865[104] or 1866[103] | 1867[103] or 1866[104] | Weekly[103] |
|
|
Nashville | The Tennessee Star | 1886[105] | 1891[105] | Weekly[105] |
|
|
Nashville | Sun | 1950[72] | 1951[72] | |||
Nashville | Times Mirror Tennessee | 1997[106] | 1998[106] | Weekly[106] | ||
Nashville | Tribune | 1912[72] | 1913[72] | |||
Nashville | The Tennessee Tribune | 1992[107] | current | Weekly[107] | ||
Nashville | Uplift | 1973[72] | 1976[72] | |||
Nashville | The Urban Journal | 1998[108] | ? | Weekly[108] | ||
Nashville | Weekly Pilot | 1878 / 1879[72] | 1879 / 1879[72] | |||
Nashville | Nashville World | 1932[72] | 1938[72] | Weekly[109] | ||
Nashville | Yours | 1949[72] | 1949[72] | |||
Paris | Headlight | 1909[72] | 1911[72] | |||
Winchester | Negro Enterprise | 1899[72] | 1900[72] |
See also
[edit]- List of African American newspapers and media outlets
- List of African American newspapers in Alabama
- List of African American newspapers in Arkansas
- List of African American newspapers in Georgia
- List of African American newspapers in Kentucky
- List of African American newspapers in Mississippi
- List of African American newspapers in Missouri
- List of African American newspapers in North Carolina
- List of African American newspapers in Virginia
- List of newspapers in Tennessee
Works cited
[edit]- Brown, Karen Fitzgerald (1982). The Black Press of Tennessee: 1865-1980 (Ph.D. thesis). University of Tennessee.
- Danky, James Philip; Hady, Maureen E., eds. (1998). African-American newspapers and periodicals : a national bibliography. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674007888.
- Shannon, Samuel (1983). "Tennessee". In Suggs, Henry Lewis (ed.). The Black Press in the South, 1865–1979. ISBN 9780313222443.
References
[edit]- ^ Brown 1982, p. 9.
- ^ Shannon 1983, p. 313.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Brown 1982, p. 197.
- ^ a b c "About The Chattanooga advocate. (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 1915-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b "About Chattanooga weekly blade. (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 19??-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b c "About Chattanooga courier. (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 199?-199?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b c "About The Chattanooga enterprise. (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 1969-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b "About Justice. [online resource] (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 1887-18??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ "About Justice. [volume] (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 1887-18??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b "About News weekly. (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 1989-1994". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b "About Chattanooga news weekly. (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 1986-1989". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Brown 1982, p. 198.
- ^ a b c "About The Chattanooga north star. (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 1982-198?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 145, ¶ 1504.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Brown 1982, p. 199.
- ^ a b c "About Columbia index. [volume] (Columbia, Tenn.) 1901-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b c d "About The black perspective inside/out. ([Franklin, Tenn.]) 1981-198?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b "About The major. (Gallatin, Tenn.) 190?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 26, ¶ 259.
- ^ "About The Afro-American sentinel. (Jackson, Tenn.) 1890-189?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b c d "About Community focus. (Jackson, Tenn.) 1985-1987". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ "About The Jackson headlight. [volume] (Jackson, Tenn.) 1900-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 309, ¶ 3244.
- ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 360, ¶ 3770.
- ^ a b c d Lewis L. Laska (2018-03-01). "William F. Yardley". Tennessee Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2020-02-09.
In 1878 Yardley was the publisher and editor of Knoxville's first black newspaper, the Knoxville Examiner. In 1882 he organized and published another newspaper, the Knoxville Bulletin.
- ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 329, ¶ 3437.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 203, ¶ 2119.
- ^ a b c "About The enlightener. (Knoxville, Tenn.) 1989-199?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Brown 1982, p. 200.
- ^ a b "About The Knoxville examiner. [volume] ([Knoxville, Tenn.]) 1982-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b c d "About The Knoxville express. [volume] (Knoxville, Tenn.) 1982-1982". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ Who's who of the Colored Race: A General Biographical Dictionary of Men and Women of African Descent. 1915. p. 248.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Brown 1982, p. 201.
- ^ a b "About The Keyana spectrum. (Knoxville, Tenn.) 1974-197?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b c d e Danky & Hady 1998, p. 404, ¶ 4204.
- ^ a b "About The Knoxville Negro world. [volume] (Knoxville, Tenn.) 1887-1888". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ "About The Weekly Negro world. [volume] (Knoxville, Tenn.) 1887-1887". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ "About Negro world. [volume] (Knoxville, Tenn.) 1888-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Brown 1982, p. 202.
- ^ a b c "About The righteous tribe. (Knoxville, Tenn.) 1973-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b c "About The Knoxville spectrum. (Knoxville, Tenn.) 1974-1975". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b c d "About The Maryville monitor. [volume] (Maryville, Tenn.) 1872-1874". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 354, ¶ 3707.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 14, ¶ 136.
- ^ a b c d e f Brown 1982, p. 203.
- ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 110, ¶ 1145.
- ^ a b c "About Bluff City news. (Memphis, Tenn.) 1903-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Brown 1982, p. 204.
- ^ a b c "About The greater Memphis & Mid-South silver star news. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 198?-1998". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b c Kenneth W. Goings (2019-10-07). "Memphis Free Speech". Tennessee Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2020-02-10.
The Free Speech received national attention in 1892 for its coverage of the so-called Curve Riot.
- ^ Brown 1982, p. 81.
- ^ Brown 1982, pp. 81–82.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 313, ¶ 3288.
- ^ a b c "About Mid-South express. (Memphis, Tenn.) 197?-198?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b "About The Mid-South tribune. (Memphis, Tenn.) 1996-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 375, ¶ 3909.
- ^ a b c "About The new tri-state defender. (Memphis, Tenn.) 1961-1967". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Brown 1982, p. 205.
- ^ a b c "About The Memphis sentinel. (Memphis, Tenn.) 1940-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b c "About The Memphis silver star news. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 198?-1989". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b c "About The Times-herald. (Memphis, Tenn.) 1959-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 568, ¶ 5931.
- ^ "About The tri-state defender. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1951-1961". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b "About The Tri-state tribune. (Memphis, Tenn) 192?-193?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b c "About Memphis triangle. [online resource] (Memphis, Tenn.) 192?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 357, ¶ 3749.
- ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 358, ¶ 3750.
- ^ "About Memphis world. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1931-197?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Brown 1982, p. 206.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 379, ¶ 3959.
- ^ a b c d "About The Murfreesboro union. [online resource] (Murfreesboro, Tenn.) 1920-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Brown 1982, p. 209.
- ^ "About The block bulletin. (Nashville, Tenn.) 194?-195?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 109, ¶ 1129.
- ^ a b c d "About Capitol city defender. (Nashville, Tenn.) 1963-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 154, ¶ 1606.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 385, ¶ 4026.
- ^ a b c "About The colored Tennessean. [online resource] (Nashville, Tenn.) 1865-1866". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Brown 1982, p. 207.
- ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 385, ¶ 4027.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 386, ¶ 4028.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 204, ¶ 2132.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Brown 1982, p. 208.
- ^ a b c "About Nashville globe and independent. [volume] (Nashville, Tenn.) 193?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 386, ¶ 4029.
- ^ a b c d "About The Nashville globe. [online resource] (Nashville, Tenn.) 1906-193?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 274, ¶ 2877.
- ^ "About The herald examiner. (Nashville, Tenn.) 1976-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 294, ¶ 3094.
- ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 386, ¶ 4030.
- ^ "About Nashville independent. (Nashville, Tenn.) 1931-193?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b "About Metropolitan times. [volume] (Nashville, Tenn.) 198?-1997". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 362, ¶ 3788.
- ^ a b c "About Metropolitan weekly. ([Nashville, Tenn.) 1980-198?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 363, ¶ 3801.
- ^ "About The mid-state observer. (Nashville, Tenn.) 1978-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b c "About Neighborhood times. [volume] (Nashville, Tenn.) 1959-1962". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b "About Nashville news-star. (Nashville, Tenn.) 1960-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 386, ¶ 4032.
- ^ a b "About Nashville pride. [volume] (Nashville, Tenn.) 1988-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ Pride Publishing Group. "Nashville Pride Newspaper, Nashville Community Newspaper". Retrieved 2020-02-10.
The Nashville PRIDE newspaper was founded on January 15, 1988 by Dr. Larry D. Davis and Dr. Cynthia E. Hodge.
- ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 386, ¶ 4033.
- ^ a b c d e Danky & Hady 1998, p. 556, ¶ 5807.
- ^ a b c "About The colored Tennessean. [volume] (Nashville, Tenn.) 1865-1866". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 556, ¶ 5809.
- ^ a b c "About Times mirror Tennessee. (Nashville, Tenn.) 1997-1998". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 557, ¶ 5811.
- ^ a b "About The urban journal. (Nashville, TN) 1998-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ "About Nashville world. (Nashville, Tenn.) 193?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.