List of Canadian nurses who died in World War I
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This is a list of Canadian nurses who died during World War I. Canadian nurses were given the nickname "Bluebirds," because of their blue dresses and white veils. Out of the over three thousand Canadian nurses who volunteered their services 53 nurses died while serving their country.[1] The military history of Canadian nurses during World War I began on August 4, 1914, when the United Kingdom entered the First World War (1914–1918) by declaring war on Germany. The British declaration of war automatically brought Canada into the war, because of Canada's legal status as a British Dominion which left foreign policy decisions in the hands of the British parliament.
When Canada entered the war there were five Permanent Force nurses and 57 listed in reserve. By 1917 the Canadian Army Nursing Service included 2,030 nurses, of which 1,886 were overseas, with 203 on reserve. By the end of the war, 3,141 had enlisted.[1] The First World War had Casualty Clearing Station, an advance unit, that was close to the front line. Being near the front these stations were often bombed or hit by artillery. In one such incident in May 1918 a number of nurses were killed when the building they were tending wounded was bombed by Imperial German Aircraft. In another incident, on June 27, 1918, 14 nurses were killed when their hospital ship Hospital Ship HMHS Llandovery Castle was torpedoed while travelling from Halifax, Nova Scotia, to Liverpool, England.[2]
War wasn't the only threat to nurses as at least six died in late 1918 of "pneumonia," probably related to the Spanish flu which raged throughout the world during the winter of 1918/1919.
List of Canadian nurses who died during WWI
[edit]No. | Name | Unit | Division | Age | Date of death | Photo | Circumstances of death | Place of death | Ref(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Agnes Estelle Alpaugh | Canadian Army Medical Corps | 27 | October 12, 1918 | [3] | ||||
2 | Dorothy Mary Yarwood Baldwin | Canadian Army Nursing Service | 3 Stationary Hospital | 26 | May 30, 1918 | Killed during a bombing raid | Raid at Doulens, France | [4] | |
3 | Margaret Elisa Baker | Canadian Army Medical Corps | 45 | May 30, 1919 | Ontario, Canada | [5] | |||
4 | Miriam Eastman Baker | Canadian Army Medical Corps | 15 General Hospital | 32 | October 17, 1918 | UK | [6] | ||
5 | Christina Campbell | Canadian Army Medical Corps | 5 General Hospital | 40 | June 27, 1918 | ![]() |
Drowning | Hospital Ship HMHS Llandovery Castle | [2] |
6 | Bertha Bartlett | Newfoundland Voluntary Aid Detachment | 23 | November 3, 1918 | London, United Kingdom | [7] | |||
7 | Ernestine Champagne | Canadian Army Medical Corps | 8 General Hospital | 39 | March 24, 1919 | Quebec, Canada | [8] | ||
8 | Ainslie St Clair Dagg | Canadian Army Medical Corps | 15 General Hospital | 26 | November 29, 1918 | ![]() |
Died of pneumonia | Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom | [9] |
9 | Lena Aloa Davis | Canadian Army Nursing Service | 4 General Hospital | 29 | February 21, 1918 | ![]() |
Died of illness contracted on duty in Salonika | Greece | [10] |
10 | Gertrude Donaldson (Petty) | Canadian Army Medical Corps | 1 General Hospital | 26 | July 29, 1919 | Ontario, Canada | [11] | ||
11 | Carola Josephine Douglas | Canadian Army Medical Corps | June 27, 1918 | ![]() |
Drowning | Hospital Ship HMHS Llandovery Castle | [2] | ||
12 | Alexina Dussault | Canadian Army Medical Corps | June 27, 1918 | ![]() |
Drowning | Hospital Ship HMHS Llandovery Castle | [2] | ||
13 | Agnes Florien Forneri | Canadian Army Medical Corps | 8 General Hospital | 28 | April 24, 1918 | ![]() |
12 Canadian Hospital, Bramshott, UK | [12] | |
14 | Minnie Aenath Follette | Canadian Army Medical Corps | June 27, 1918 | ![]() |
Drowning | Hospital Ship HMHS Llandovery Castle | [2] | ||
15 | Margaret Jane Fortescue | Canadian Army Medical Corps | June 27, 1918 | ![]() |
Drowning | Hospital Ship HMHS Llandovery Castle | [2] | ||
16 | Margaret Marjory (Pearl) Fraser | Canadian Army Medical Corps | June 27, 1918 | ![]() |
Drowning | Hospital Ship HMHS Llandovery Castle | [2] | ||
17 | Christine Frederickson | Canadian Army Medical Corps | 32 | October 28, 1918 | Manitoba, Canada | [13] | |||
18 | Minnie Katherine Gallaher | Canadian Army Medical Corps | June 27, 1918 | ![]() |
Drowning | Hospital Ship HMHS Llandovery Castle | [2] | ||
19 | Sarah Ellen Garbutt | Canadian Army Nursing Service | Ontario Military Hospital | 49 | August 20, 1917 | ![]() |
Died of cancer | Vincent Square Hospital London | [14] |
20 | Grace Mabel Grant | Canadian Army Medical Corps | 35 | September 12, 1919 | Died of Nephritis ( inflammation of the kidneys) | Halifax | [15] | ||
21 | Matilda Ethel Greene | Canadian Army Nursing Service | 7 General Hospital | 32 | October 9 1918 | ![]() |
Died of pneumonia | No 24 British General Hospital, Etaples, France | [16] |
22 | Victoria Belle Hennan | Canadian Army Medical Corps | 9 General Hospital | 31 | October 23, 1918 | Kent, United Kingdom | [17] | ||
23 | Myrtle Margaret Hunt | Canadian Army Medical Corps | 28 | January 16, 1918 | Nova Scotia, Canada | [18] | |||
24 | Jessie Brown Jaggard | Canadian Army Medical Corps | 3 Stationary Hospital | 42 | September 25, 1915 | ![]() |
Died through illness | West Mudros, Lemnos | [19] |
25 | Lenna Mae Jenner | Canadian Army Medical Corps | 29 | December 12, 1918 | ![]() |
Kent, United Kingdom | [17] | ||
26 | Jessie Jarvis | Canadian Army Medical Corps | 29 | May 23, 1918 | Nova Scotia, Canada | [20] | |||
27 | Ida Lilian Kealy | Canadian Army Medical Corps | 1 General Hospital | 38 | March 12, 1918 | ![]() |
Died of pneumonia | Hampshire, United Kingdom | [21] |
28 | Jessie Nelson King | Canadian Army Medical Corps | 1 General Hospital | 26 | April 4, 1919 | Pas de Calais, France | [22] | ||
29 | Margaret Lowe | Canadian Army Nursing Service | 1 General Hospital | 30 | May 28, 1918 | ![]() |
Killed during a bombing raid | Etaples, France | [23] |
30 | Katherine Maud MacDonald | Canadian Army Nursing Service | 1 General Hospital | 25 | May 19, 1918 | ![]() |
Killed during a bombing raid | Etaples, France | [23] |
31 | Agnes McDougall | Canadian Army Medical Corps | 46 | July 18, 1919 | Ontario, Canada | [24] | |||
32 | Rebecca MacIntosh | Canadian Army Medical Corps | 9th Canadian General Hospital | 26 | March 7, 1919 | Flintshire, United Kingdom | [25] | ||
33 | Margaret Christine MacLeod | Canadian Army Medical Corps | 32 | December 20, 1919 | Nova Scotia, Canada | [26] | |||
34 | Agnes MacPherson | Canadian Army Nursing Service | RRC 3 Stationary Hospital | 27 | May 30, 1918 | Killed during a bombing raid | Etaples, France | [27] | |
35 | Jessie Mabel McDiarmid | Canadian Army Medical Corps | 5 General Hospital | June 27, 1918 | ![]() |
Drowning | Hospital Ship HMHS Llandovery Castle | [2] | |
36 | Rebecca Ellen McEachen | Canadian Army Medical Corps | 32 | November 16, 1918 | Ontario, Canada | [2] | |||
37 | Evelyn Verrall McKay | Canadian Army Medical Corps | 3 General Hospital | 25 | November 4, 1918 | ![]() |
Died of pneumonia | Boulogne, France | [2] |
38 | Mary Agnes McKenzie | Canadian Army Medical Corps | 38 | June 27, 1918 | ![]() |
Drowning | Hospital Ship HMHS Llandovery Castle | [2] | |
39 | Rena McLean | Canadian Army Medical Corps | 2 Stationary Hospital | June 27, 1918 | ![]() |
Drowning | Hospital Ship HMHS Llandovery Castle | [2] | |
40 | Henrietta Mellett | Canadian Army Medical Corps | 15 General Hospital | 34 | October 10, 1918 | ![]() |
Drowned when ship was torpedoed | In the Irish Sea when the RMS Leinster was sunk by SM UB-123 | [28] |
41 | Mary Frances Elizabeth Munro | Canadian Army Medical Corps | 3 Stationary Hospital | 49 | September 7, 1915 | Died of Dysentery | 3 Stationary Hospital, Greece | [2][29] | |
42 | Grace Eleanor Boyd Nourse | Canadian Army Medical Corps | 37 | February 3, 1916 | Quebec, Canada | [30] | |||
43 | Eden Lyal Pringle | Canadian Army Nursing Service | 3 Stationary Hospital | 24 | May 30, 1918 | ![]() |
Killed during a bombing raid | Doullens, France | [31] |
44 | Jean Ogilvie Alport (Roberts) | Canadian Army Medical Corps | 4 General Hospital | 32 | November 13, 1918 | Saskatchewan, Canada | [32] | ||
45 | Nellie Grace Rogers | Canadian Army Medical Corps | 28 | October 19, 1918 | Died of pneumonia | Davisville Hospital | [33] | ||
46 | Elsie Gertrude Ross | Canadian Army Medical Corps | 33 | February 26, 1916 | Died of pleuropneumonia | Ontario, Canada | [34] | ||
47 | Ada Janet Ross | Canadian Army Medical Corps | 1 General Hospital | 50 | July 12, 1918 | ![]() |
Died of tuberculosis, peritonitis and pleurisy. | Derbyshire, United Kingdom | [35] |
48 | Mary Belle Sampson | Canadian Army Medical Corps | June 27, 1918 | ![]() |
Drowning | Hospital Ship HMHS Llandovery Castle | [2] | ||
49 | Gladys Irene Sare | Canadian Army Medical Corps | June 27, 1918 | Drowning | Hospital Ship HMHS Llandovery Castle | [2] | |||
50 | Letitia "Etta" Sparks | Canadian Army Medical Corps | 7 General Hospital | 38 | August 20, 1917 | ![]() |
Died of cancer | Kitchener Military Hospital, Brighton, England | [36] |
51 | Anna Irene Stamers | Canadian Army Medical Corps | June 27, 1918 | ![]() |
Drowning | Hospital Ship HMHS Llandovery Castle | [2] | ||
52 | Jean Templeman | Canadian Army Medical Corps | June 27, 1918 | Drowning | Hospital Ship HMHS Llandovery Castle | [2] | |||
53 | Alice Louise Trusdale | Canadian Army Medical Corps | 26 | September 12, 1919 | Ontario, Canada | [37] | |||
54 | Addie Allen (Adruenna) Tupper | Canadian Army Medical Corps | 2 General Hospital | 46 | December 9, 1916 | ![]() |
Died of pneumonia | Middlesex, United Kingdom | [38] |
55 | Pearson Twist | Canadian Military V.A.D. | 33 | September 26, 1918 | [39] | ||||
56 | Gladys Maude Mary Wake | Canadian Army Nursing Service | 1 General Hospital | 34 | May 21, 1918 | ![]() |
Died of wounds | Etaples, France | [23] [40] |
57 | Anna Elizabeth Whitely | Canadian Army Nursing Service | 10 Stationary Hospital | 46 | April 21, 1918 | ![]() |
Boulogne, France | [41] |
Other Allied nations
[edit]Out of the 3,141 nurses who served during World War I, 53 died. Below are other nations and their nurse casualties.
Nationality | Number of nurses killed | Notes | Total nurses enlisted | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
![]() |
29 | 29 Australian nurses died from disease or injuries; 25 of these died on active service, and 4 died in Australia from injuries or illness sustained during their service | 2562 (Officially 2139 nurses served overseas and 423 in Australia but as many as 5000 may have served according to some reports.[42]) | [43] |
![]() |
16 | 16 New Zealand nurses died during the war, including 10 who died in the sinking of the hospital ship SS Marquette. | 550 | [44] |
See also
[edit]Bibliography
[edit]Notes
- ^ a b Veterans Affairs Canada 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r CBC Radio 2018.
- ^ Veterans Affairs Canada - Alpaugh 2022.
- ^ Veterans Affairs Canada - Baldwin 2022.
- ^ Veterans Affairs Canada - M Baker 2022.
- ^ Veterans Affairs Canada - Baker 2022.
- ^ Veterans Affairs Canada - Bartlett 2022.
- ^ Veterans Affairs Canada - Champagne 2022.
- ^ Veterans Affairs Canada - Dagg 2022.
- ^ Veterans Affairs Canada - Davis 2022.
- ^ Veterans Affairs Canada - Petty 2022.
- ^ Veterans Affairs Canada - Forneri 2022.
- ^ Veterans Affairs Canada - Frederickson 2022.
- ^ Veterans Affairs Canada - Garbutt 2022.
- ^ Veterans Affairs Canada - Grant 2022.
- ^ Veterans Affairs Canada - Green 2022.
- ^ a b Veterans Affairs Canada - Hennan 2022.
- ^ Veterans Affairs Canada - Hunt 2022.
- ^ Veterans Affairs Canada - Jaggard 2022.
- ^ Veterans Affairs Canada - Jarvis 2022.
- ^ Veterans Affairs Canada - Kealy 2022.
- ^ Veterans Affairs Canada - King 2022.
- ^ a b c Habkirk & Farrugia 2021, p. 153.
- ^ Veterans Affairs Canada - McDougall 2022.
- ^ Veterans Affairs Canada - MacIntosh 2022.
- ^ Veterans Affairs Canada - MacLeod 2022.
- ^ Veterans Affairs Canada - MacPherson 2022.
- ^ Veterans Affairs Canada - Mellett 2022.
- ^ Veterans Affairs Canada - Munro 2022.
- ^ Veterans Affairs Canada - Nourse 2022.
- ^ Veterans Affairs Canada - Pringle 2022.
- ^ Veterans Affairs Canada - Roberts 2022.
- ^ Veterans Affairs Canada - Rogers 2022.
- ^ Veterans Affairs Canada - E Ross 2022.
- ^ Veterans Affairs Canada - Ross 2022.
- ^ Veterans Affairs Canada - Sparks 2022.
- ^ Veterans Affairs Canada - Trusdale 2022.
- ^ Veterans Affairs Canada - Tupper 2022.
- ^ Veterans Affairs Canada - Twist 2022.
- ^ Veterans Affairs Canada - Wake 2022.
- ^ Veterans Affairs Canada - Whitely 2022.
- ^ Harvey 2014.
- ^ Witton & Hillier 2021.
- ^ New Zealand History 2021.
References
- Veterans Affairs Canada - Alpaugh (2022). "Nursing Sister Agnes Estelle Alpaugh". Government of Canada. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
- Veterans Affairs Canada - Baldwin (2022). "Nursing Sister Dorothy Mary Yarwood Baldwin". Government of Canada. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
- Veterans Affairs Canada - M Baker (2022). "Margaret Elisa Baker". Government of Canada. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
- Veterans Affairs Canada - Baker (2022). "Nursing Sister Miriam Eastman Baker". Government of Canada. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
- Veterans Affairs Canada - Bartlett (2022). "Nurse Bertha Bartlett". Government of Canada. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
- CBC Radio (June 15, 2018). "Canadian nurses killed in WWI hospital ship sinking commemorated in opera". CBC Radio. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
- Veterans Affairs Canada - Champagne (2022). "Nursing Sister Ernestine Champagne". Government of Canada. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
- Veterans Affairs Canada - Dagg (2022). "Nursing Sister Ainslie St Clair Dagg". Government of Canada. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
- Veterans Affairs Canada - Davis (2022). "Nursing Sister Lena Aloa Davis". Government of Canada. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
- Veterans Affairs Canada - Forneri (2022). "Nursing Sister Agnes Florien Forneri". Government of Canada. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
- Veterans Affairs Canada - Frederickson (2022). "Nursing Sister Christine Frederickson". Government of Canada. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
- Veterans Affairs Canada - Garbutt (2022). "Nursing Sister Sarah Ellen Garbutt". Government of Canada. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
- Veterans Affairs Canada - Grant (2022). "Nursing Sister Grace Mabel Grant". Government of Canada. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
- Veterans Affairs Canada - Green (2022). "Nursing Sister Matilda Ethel Green". Government of Canada. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
- Habkirk, Evan J.; Farrugia, Peter (2021). Portraits of Battle: Courage, Grief, and Strength in Canada's Great War. University of British Columbia Press. ISBN 9780774864947. - Total pages: 328
- Harvey, Eliza (August 4, 2014). "World War I: Thousands of Australian nurses missed out on recognition". ABC News. Retrieved May 29, 2022.
- Veterans Affairs Canada - Hennan (2022). "Nursing Sister Victoria Belle Hennan". Government of Canada. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
- Veterans Affairs Canada - Hunt (2022). "Nursing Sister Myrtle Margaret Hunt". Government of Canada. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
- Veterans Affairs Canada - Jaggard (2022). "Matron Jessie Brown Jaggard". Government of Canada. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
- Veterans Affairs Canada - Jarvis (2022). "Nursing Sister Jessie Jarvis". Government of Canada. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
- Veterans Affairs Canada - Kealy (2022). "Nursing Sister Ida Lilian Kealy". Government of Canada. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
- Veterans Affairs Canada - King (2022). "Nursing Sister Jessie Nelson King". Government of Canada. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
- Veterans Affairs Canada - MacPherson (2022). "Nursing Sister Agnes MacPherson". Government of Canada. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
- Veterans Affairs Canada - McDougall (2022). "Nursing Sister Agnes McDougall". Government of Canada. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
- Veterans Affairs Canada - McEachen (2022). "Nursing Sister Rebecca Ellen McEachen". Government of Canada. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
- Veterans Affairs Canada - MacIntosh (2022). "Nursing Sister Rebecca MacIntosh". Government of Canada. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
- Veterans Affairs Canada - MacLeod (2022). "Nursing Sister Margaret Christine MacLeod". Government of Canada. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
- Veterans Affairs Canada - Mellett (2022). "Nursing Sister Henrietta Mellett". Government of Canada. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
- Veterans Affairs Canada - Munro (2022). "Nursing Sister Mary Frances Elizabeth Munro". Government of Canada. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
- New Zealand History (September 15, 2021). "New Zealand Army Nursing Service". Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
- Veterans Affairs Canada - Nourse (2022). "Nursing Sister Grace Eleanor Boyd Nourse". Government of Canada. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
- Veterans Affairs Canada - Petty (2022). "Nursing Sister Gertrude Donaldson (Petty)". Government of Canada. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
- Veterans Affairs Canada - Pringle (2022). "Nursing Sister Eden Lyal Pringle". Government of Canada. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
- Veterans Affairs Canada (March 29, 2017). "The Nursing Sisters of Canada". Government of Canada. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
- Veterans Affairs Canada - Roberts (2022). "Jean Ogilvie Alport (Roberts)". Government of Canada. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
- Veterans Affairs Canada - Rogers (2022). "Nursing Sister Nellie Grace Rogers". Government of Canada. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
- Veterans Affairs Canada - Ross (2022). "Nursing Sister Ada Janet Ross". Government of Canada. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
- Veterans Affairs Canada - E Ross (2022). "Nursing Sister Elsie Gertrude Ross". Government of Canada. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
- Veterans Affairs Canada - Sparks (2022). "Nursing Sister Letitia Sparks". Government of Canada. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
- Veterans Affairs Canada - Trusdale (2022). "Nursing Sister Alice Louise Trusdale". Government of Canada. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
- Veterans Affairs Canada - Tupper (2022). "Nursing Sister Addie Allen (Adruenna) Tupper". Government of Canada. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
- Veterans Affairs Canada - Twist (2022). "Nurse Dorothy Pearson Twist". Government of Canada. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
- Veterans Affairs Canada - Wake (2022). "Nursing Sister Gladys Maude Mary Wake". Government of Canada. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
- Veterans Affairs Canada - Whitely (2022). "Nursing Sister Anna Elizabeth Whitely". Government of Canada. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
- Witton, Dr Vanessa; Hillier, Dr Kathryn (August 16, 2021). "Nursing History". RPA Museum. Retrieved May 29, 2022.