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List of avant-garde films before 1930

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A list of avant-garde and experimental films made before 1930. Though some had dedicated music scores written for them, or were synchronized to records, nearly all of these films were silent. Several of them involve color, through tinting, hand-painting or even photographic color.

List

[edit]
Title Director Cast Country Subgenre/Notes
1900
A Nymph of the Waves Frederick S. Armitage Cathrina Barto United States Early use of optical printing[1]
1901
The Ghost Train Frederick S. Armitage United States Use of overprinting; section shown in negative[2][3]
Star Theatre Frederick S. Armitage United States a.k.a. "Building Up and Demolishing the Star Theatre." Single-frame, time-lapse subject[4][5]
1903
The Infernal Cake Walk Georges Méliès France Ghostly, in-camera superimpositions[6][7]
Down the Hudson Frederick S. Armitage, A.E. Weed United States Single-frame, time-lapse travel actually "up" the Hudson River[8][9]
1905
Interior NY Subway, 14th Street to 42nd Street Billy Bitzer United States Shot from front of subway car, largely abstract[10]
1906
The '?' Motorist Walter R. Booth United Kingdom Exceptional trick film in the style of Georges Méliés. Produced by R. W. Paul.[11]
1907
Les Kiriki - Acrobates Japonaises Segundo de Chomón France Exceptional trick film, shot from the ceiling facing downward[12]
1908
Fantasmagorie Émile Cohl France Early animation, reflective of the pre-modernist movement of the Incoherents[citation needed]
1910
The Hasher's Delerium Émile Cohl France Early animation; representation of a hallucination[13]
1911
The Automatic Moving Company Romeo Bosetti and/or Émile Cohl France Often attributed to Émile Cohl; recent scholarship points toward Bosetti.[14]
A Chord of Color Bruno Corra, Arnaldo Ginna Italy Abstract animation, Lost film[15]
Study on the Effects of Four Colors Bruno Corra, Arnaldo Ginna Italy Abstract animation, Lost film[15]
Translation of Mallarmé's poem "Flowers" into Colors Bruno Corra, Arnaldo Ginna Italy Abstract animation, Lost film[15]
Translation of Mendelssohn's Spring Song Bruno Corra, Arnaldo Ginna Italy Abstract animation, Lost film[15]
1912
The Dance Bruno Corra, Arnaldo Ginna Italy Abstract animation, Lost film[15][16]
The Rainbow Bruno Corra, Arnaldo Ginna Italy Abstract animation, Lost film[15][16]
1913
Rythmes colorés (Coloured Rhythm) Léopold Survage France Abstract animation; ca. 105 drawings made but not filmed[17][18][19]
Suspense Phillips Smalley, Lois Weber Valentine Paul, Lois Weber United States Contains early examples of split-screen and a car chase.
1914
Drama in the Futurist's Cabinet No. 13 Vladimir Kasyanov Mikhail Larionov, Natalia Goncharova, David Burliuk Russia Lost film[20][21]
1915
La Folie du Docteur Tube Abel Gance Albert Dieudonné France Archaic trick film, shot through Anamorphic lens[22]
The Hypocrites Lois Weber Courtenay Foote, Myrtle Stedman United States Allegorical and highly symbolic religious picture; nude principal character[citation needed]
The Picture of Dorian Gray Vsevolod Meyerhold, Mikhail Doronin Vavara Yanova, Vsevolod Meyerhold Russia Adaptation of Oscar Wilde story by symbolist theater director; Lost film[21]
1916
Diana the Huntress Charles W. Allen, Francis Trevelyan Miller Lionel Braham, Percy Richards United States Highly stylized mythic film; fragment only[23]
Intolerance D.W. Griffith Lillian Gish, Robert Harron United States Influential film which attempts to tell four stories at once; extensive use of montage[citation needed]
The Strong Man Vsevolod Meyerhold Mikhail Doronin, Vsevolod Meyerhold Russia Adaptation of Stanisław Przybyszewski play by symbolist theater director; Lost film[21]
1917
Thaïs Anton Giulio Bragaglia Thaïs Galizsky Italy Italian Futurist film; incomplete print extant.[24]
Vita futurista Arnaldo Ginna Filippo Marinetti, Giacomo Balla Italy Italian futurist film; Lost film[25]
1918
Âmes des fous Germaine Dulac Sylvio de Pedrelli, Ève Francis France Serial which incorporated avant-garde techniques; lost film.[26][27]
The Blue Bird Maurice Tourneur Tula Belle, Robin Macdougall United States Stylized, almost surrealistic, fantasy film[citation needed]
Nye dlya deneg radivshisya (Born Not for the Money) Nikandr Turkin Vladimir Mayakovsky, David Burliuk Soviet Union Russian futurist adaptation of Jack London story[citation needed] Lost film[28]
Il Perfido Incanto Anton Giulio Bragaglia Renée Avril, Thaïs Galizsky Italy Lost Italian Futurist film.[22]
Prunella Maurice Tourneur Isabel Berwin, Jules Raucourt United States Stylized, almost surrealistic, fantasy film; only a 30-minute fragment extant[29][30]
The Young Lady and the Hooligan Vladimir Mayakovsky, Yevgeni Slavinsky Fyodor Dunayev, Vladimir Mayakovsky, Aleksandra Rebikova Soviet Union The only surviving film appearance by arch-Russian futurist Vladimir Mayakovsky[28]
1919
The Fall of Babylon D.W. Griffith Constance Talmadge, Alfred Paget United States Edited from Intolerance, widely influential in Europe; introduced 'Russian montage' to Russia[citation needed]
Rose-France Marcel L'Herbier Claude-France Aïssé, Jacque Catelain France Symbolic romance[citation needed]
1920
Anywhere Out of the World Dudley Murphy Chase Harringdine United States Dance film, Lost film[31]
Aphrodite Dudley Murphy Katharine Hawley United States Dance film, Lost film[32][33]
The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari Robert Wiene Conrad Veidt, Lil Dagover Weimar Republic Expressionist horror film, greatly influential on avant-garde filmmakers, particularly in the United States[citation needed]
La Fête espagnole Germaine Dulac Ève Francis, Gaston Modot France First film written by Louis Delluc[34][22]
From Morn to Midnight Karlheinz Martin Ernst Deutsch Weimar Republic Adaptation of Expressionist play, only film made by theatre director Martin; barred from German cinemas at the time[35]
Genuine Robert Wiene Fern Andra, Hans Heinrich von Twardowski Weimar Republic Particularly extreme example of Expressionism[citation needed]
Nude Woman by Waterfall Claude Friese-Greene United Kingdom Dance film.[36]
Le silence Louis Delluc Ève Francis, Gabriel Signoret France Naturalist, experimental short[citation needed]

[22][37]

The Soul of the Cypress Dudley Murphy Chase Harringdine United States Dance film[38]
1921
El Dorado Marcel L'Herbier Ève Francis, Jacque Catelain France Melodrama, highly stylized sets and use of montage[citation needed]
Fièvre Louis Delluc Ève Francis, Gaston Modot France Naturalist melodrama[22]
Manhatta Paul Strand, Charles Sheeler United States First City film[39]
Opus 1 Walter Ruttmann Weimar Republic Abstract Animation[citation needed]
Opus 2 Walter Ruttmann Weimar Republic Abstract Animation[citation needed]
Rhythmus 21 Hans Richter Weimar Republic Abstract animation. Backdated by Richter, not actually completed or screened in 1921.[40]
1922
Danse macabre Dudley Murphy Adolph Bolm, Ruth Page United States Dance film[3]
The Enchanted City Warren Newcombe United States Art heavy futurist short[41]
La femme de nulle part Louis Delluc Ève Francis, Gine Avril France Naturalist melodrama[22]
Der Sieger Walter Ruttmann Weimar Republic Semi-abstract advertising film[citation needed]
1923
Cœur fidèle Jean Epstein Léon Mathot, Gina Manès France Naturalist melodrama, experimental sequence; cited in Curtis[22]
Dnevnik Glumova (Glumov's Diary) Sergei Eisenstein Grigori Alexandrov, Sergei Eisenstein Soviet Union Filmed inserts for The Wise Man, a production of the Moscow Proletkult Central Theater; issued as part of Kino Pravda No. 16[42][43]
L'ironie du Destin Dimitri Kirsanoff Dimitri Kirsanoff, Nadia Sibirskaïa France Naturalist melodrama; Lost film[22]
The Man Without Desire Adrian Brunel Ivor Novello United Kingdom Fantasy, cited by Rotha[44]
La mort du soleil Germaine Dulac André Nox, Denis Lorys France Social drama, experimental techniques[45]
Le Retour à la Raison Man Ray Alice Prin (Kiki de Montparnasse) France Insert film for a Dadist soirée[46]
La Roue Abel Gance Séverin-Mars, Ivy Close France Lengthy melodrama utilizing extensive segments of "Russian montage"[22]
La Souriante Madame Beudet Germaine Dulac Germaine Dermoz, Alexandre Arquillière France Social drama, experimental techniques. Considered one of the first feminist films.[47] Premiered 9 November 1923.[48]
The Crazy Ray René Clair Henri Rollan, Charles Martinelli France Surrealist comedy with science-fiction angle[49]
Rhythmus 23 Hans Richter Weimar Republic Abstract animation. Several scholars have shown that Richter likely backdated his film; this was probably made at least several years later.[50]
Salomé Charles R. Bryant Alla Nazimova, Mitchell Lewis United States Art Nouveau rendering of biblical story based on Aubrey Beardsley[51]
Sea of Dreams Warren Newcombe Hazel Lindsley United States Futuristic fantasy; Lost film[52]
1924
The Adventures of Oktyabrina Grigori Kozintsev, Leonid Trauberg Zinaida Torkhovskaya, Yevgeni Kumeiko Soviet Union First production of FEKS; lost film[53]
Aelita: Queen of Mars Iakov Protazanov Igor Ilyinsky, Mikhail Zharov Soviet Union Science-fiction film with Constructivist and Futurist sets.[54]
Ballet Mécanique Fernand Léger, Dudley Murphy Alice Prin France Cubist film, with music score by George Antheil[55][18]
Entr'acte René Clair Alice Prin, Francis Picabia, Erik Satie, Man Ray, Marcel Duchamp France Dadaist insert film for Erik Satie's ballet Relâche[56]
The Fugitive Futurist Gaston Quiribet United Kingdom Comedy featuring "melting" wipe effect; futuristic projections on travel[57]
L'Inhumaine Marcel L'Herbier Georgette Leblanc, Jacque Catelain France Highly stylized science fiction feature[58]
Interplanetary Revolution Nikolai Khodotaev, Zenon Komisarenko, Yuri Merkolov Soviet Union Satire of Protazanov's Aelita: Queen of Mars
Kino-Eye Dziga Vertov Soviet Union
Opus III Walter Ruttmann Weimar Republic Abstract animation[citation needed]
Au secours! Abel Gance Max Linder, Jean Toulout France Horror-comedy, highly experimental in style[59]
Symphonie Diagonale Viking Eggeling Sweden Abstract animation; in production from 1921.
Soviet Toys Dziga Vertov Soviet Union Satirical animation and advertising[60]
1925
Les aventures de Robert Macaire Jean Epstein Jean Angelo, Alex Allin France Fantasy serial, cited in Rotha[citation needed]
Battleship Potemkin Sergei Eisenstein Aleksandr Antonov, Grigori Alexandrov Soviet Union "Odessa Steps" sequence is a textbook example of Russian montage[citation needed]
La fille de l'eau Jean Renoir Catherine Hessling, Pierre Champagne France Naturalist drama, surrealist influenced[61]
Jean Cocteau fait du cinéma Jean Cocteau Jean Cocteau France 16mm short, Lost film[62]
KIPHO Julius Pinschewer, Guido Seeber Weimar Republic Trailer for International Film Congress of Berlin, 1925[63]
Lebende Buddhas Paul Wegener Paul Wegener, Asta Nielsen Weimar Republic Fragment only; fragment is more experimental than Expressionist[citation needed]
Opus IV Walter Ruttmann Weimar Republic Abstract animation[citation needed]
The Pottery Maker Robert J. Flaherty United States Semi-documentary, experimental in style[64]
A Quoi revent les jeunes films? Henri Chomette, Man Ray France Lost film. Made as a collaboration between Chomette and Ray; later sub-divided into three different films.[65]
Rebus Film Nr. 1 Paul Leni Weimar Republic Semi-abstract filmed puzzle, part of a series of eight films[66]
Rhythmus 25 Hans Richter Weimar Republic Abstract animation; Lost film[67]
Strike Sergei Eisenstein Soviet Union
Stromlinien Oskar Fischinger Weimar Republic Abstract animation[68]
The Way Francis Brugière Sebastian Droste, Rosalinde Fuller United States Unrealized project, dated by Rotha to 1923 and often dated to 1929; 1925 is correct[69]
1926
Anémic cinéma Marcel Duchamp France Dadaist semi-animated film[70]
Cinq minutes de cinéma pur Henri Chomette France Extract from A Quoi revent les jeunes films?[65]
Jeux des reflets et de la vitesse Henri Chomette France Extract from A Quoi revent les jeunes films?[citation needed]
Ménilmontant Dimitri Kirsanoff France Urban realist melodrama[71]
Filmstudie Hans Richter Weimar Republic Merger between abstract animation and photographic abstraction[72]
Moonland Neil McGuire, William A. O'Connor Mickey McBan United States Fantasy short, surrealist sets & situations[73]
Mother Vsevolod Pudovkin Vera Baranovskaya, Nikolai Batalov Soviet Union Gripping social realist drama, heavy use of montage[citation needed]
A Page of Madness Teinosuke Kinugasa Masuo Inoue, Yoshie Nakagawa Japan Surreal, intense representation of insanity using highly advanced film techniques.[74]
Raumlichtkunst series Oskar Fischinger Weimar Republic Abstract animation; multiple projector performances. Reconstructed 2012 by CVM in HD as a three projector installation.[75]
Rien que les heures Alberto Cavalcanti Blanche Bernis, Nina Chousvalowa France City film[citation needed]
Secrets of a Soul G. W. Pabst Werner Krauss, Ruth Weyher Weimar Republic Co-written with psychoanalysts Karl Abraham and Hanns Sachs, with dream sequence and sets by Ernő Metzner.
A Sixth Part of the World Dziga Vertov Soviet Union
Spirals Oskar Fischinger Weimar Republic Abstract Animation; incorporates footage made several years earlier[76]
Le voyage imaginaire René Clair Dolly Davis, Jean Bõrlin France Fantasy film with surrealist elements[77]
Wax Experiments Oskar Fischinger Weimar Republic Abstract Animation; incorporates footage going back to c. 1921[76]
1927
Bed and Sofa Abram Room Nikolai Batalov, Vladimir Fogel, Lyudmila Semyonova Soviet Union Written by Viktor Shklovsky
Berlin: Symphony of a Great City Walter Ruttmann Weimar Republic City film
City Film Ralph Steiner United States Amateur City film[78]
Combat de Boxe Charles Dekeukeleire Belgium Staging of boxing match, based on poem by Paul Werrie
Emak-Bakia Man Ray Alice Prin France Extract from A Quoi revent les jeunes films?[citation needed]
The End of St. Petersburg Vsevolod Pudovkin, Mikhail Doller Aleksandr Chistyakov, Vera Baranovskaya Soviet Union Historic epic[citation needed]
La Glace à trois faces (The Three-Sided Mirror) Jean Epstein Raymond Guérin-Catelain, Jeanne Helbling France Avant-garde projection of a narrative romance.[79]
Les Halles centrales Boris Kaufman France City film[80]
L'invitation au voyage Germaine Dulac Emma Gynt, Raymond Dubreuil France Impressionistic "Cinéma pur"[81]
Die Landpartie Alex Strasser Weimar Republic Animated "grotesque"[82]
Loony Lens Al Brick United States Anamorphic views; insert series to Fox Movietone newsreels, begun 1924, only 4 known,[73][83]
La marche des machines Eugène Deslaw France Semi-abstract art film of machinery; filmed by Boris Kaufman[84]
München-Berlin Wanderung Oskar Fischinger Weimar Republic Photographic single-frame film. Not released until decades later.[85]
Napoléon Abel Gance Albert Dieudonné, Antonin Artaud France Enormous historic epic, experimental techniques and multi-screen[citation needed]
Magic Umbrella Jerome Hill United States Genre parody, filmed in Rome; color and sound added in 1965[86]
Orgelstabe Oskar Fischinger Weimar Republic Abstract animation; series of experiments made over several years.[76]
La p'tite Lili Alberto Cavalcanti Catherine Hessling, Jean Renoir France Naturalist short, street film[citation needed]
Prelude Castleton Knight United Kingdom Experimental projection of Edgar Allan Poe's The Premature Burial, conventionally framed.[87]
En rade Alberto Cavalcanti Pierre Batcheff, Blanche Bernis France Urban realist melodrama[71]
Seelische Konstruktionen Oskar Fischinger Weimar Republic Abstract animation.[85]
Sur un air de Charleston Jean Renoir Catherine Hessling, Johnny Hudgins France Silly, surrealist dance short with sci-fi elements[citation needed]
Le train sans yeux Alberto Cavalcanti Hans Mierendorff, Gina Manès France Written by Louis Delluc[citation needed]
Vieux châteaux Eugène Deslaw Zet Molan France Artful semi-documentary[84]
Wing Beat Kenneth MacPherson United Kingdom
Your Acquaintance Lev Kuleshov Pyotr Galadzhev, Aleksandra Khokhlova, Yuri Vasilchikov Soviet Union Art direction by Aleksandr Rodchenko. Only a fragment survives.
1928
L'Argent Marcel L'Herbier Brigitte Helm, Alfred Abel France Experimental, modernized treatment of Zola novel[citation needed]
Blue Bottles Ivor Montagu Elsa Lanchester, Joe Beckett United Kingdom Hybrid of experimental style and slapstick comedy[88]
De Brug (The Bridge) Joris Ivens Netherlands
Celles qui s'en font Germaine Dulac France Visualization of music[citation needed]
The Fall of the House of Usher Jean Epstein Jean Debucourt, Marguerite Gance France Horror, highly stylized[citation needed]
Disque 957 Germaine Dulac France Visualization of music[89]
The Eleventh Year Dziga Vertov Soviet Union
L'Étoile de mer Man Ray Alice Prin France Surrealist film financed by Charles De Noailles; written by Robert Desnos
Ghosts Before Breakfast Hans Richter Weimar Republic Dadaist fantasy[citation needed]
Grotesken im Schnee Alex Strasser, Lotte Reiniger Weimar Republic Animated "grotesque" with sillouhettes[82]
Hände Stella Simon, Miklós Bandy Weimar Republic Stylized love story utilizing only hands; made in silent and sound versions[90]
Inflation Hans Richter Weimar Republic Montage made for the feature Der Dame mit der Maske (1928).[91] Visual abstraction on the subject of runaway inflation in Weimar-era Germany.
Impatience Charles Dekeukeleire Yvonne Selma Belgium Photographic abstract film[citation needed]
In the Shadow of the Machine Albrecht Viktor Blum, Leo Lania Weimar Republic Montage made of footage shot by Dziga Vertov for A Sixth Part of the World
Johann the Coffin Maker Robert Florey United States Horror short, Lost film[citation needed]
Jûjiro Teinosuke Kinugasa Akiko Chihaya, Junosuke Bando Japan Expressionistic treatment of Samurai story[92]
The Last Moment Paul Fejos Otto Matieson, Lucille La Verne United States Independently-made, experimental feature; Lost film[citation needed]
The Life and Death of 9413 - A Hollywood Extra Robert Florey, Slavko Vorkapich Jules Raucourt, George Voya United States Ultra low budget anti-Hollywood film[93][94]
The Love of Zero Robert Florey Anielka Elter, Captain Marco Elter United States [90]
Les nuits électriques Eugène Deslaw France Semi-abstract art film of neon signs[95]
October, a.k.a. Ten Days That Shook the World Sergei Eisenstein Nikolay Popov, Vasily Nikandrov Soviet Union Contains Eisenstein's most radical uses of montage[citation needed]
Le petite marchande d'alumettes Jean Renoir, Jean Tedesco Catherine Hessling, Eric Barclay France Fantasy short with surrealist elements[96]
Praha v záři světel (Prague Shining in Lights) Svatopluk Innemann Czechoslovakia City film[97]
Rennsymphonie Hans Richter Weimar Republic
The Seashell and the Clergyman Germaine Dulac Alex Allin, Genica Athanasiou France Surrealist dream film written by Antonin Artaud. Often dated to 1927, but premiered in Paris, 9 February 1928.[98]
The Tell-Tale Heart Charles Klein Charles Darvas, Hans Fuerberg United States Horror short[99]
Thèmes et Variations Germaine Dulac France Visualization of music[100]
There It Is Charles Bowers Charles Bowers, Kathryn McGuire United States Two reel comedy, absurd in the extreme[citation needed]
Twenty-Four Dollar Island Robert J. Flaherty United States City film, variously dated to 1926, 1927. Premiered in NYC, 1 January 1928[101]
Überfall Ernő Metzner Weimar Republic
The Fall of the House of Usher James Sibley Watson, Melville Webber United States Short film
Koko's Earth Control Dave Fleischer, Max Fleischer Koko the Clown United States Animated cartoon with exceptional visual dynamism; flash frames[citation needed]
Zvenigora Oleksandr Dovzhenko Mikola Nademsky, Semen Svashenko, Alexander Podorozhny Soviet Union Film poem with fantasy elements[102]
1929
Alles dreht sich, alles bewegt sich (Everything Turns, Everything Revolves) Hans Richter Weimar Republic Sound; music by Walter Gronostay. Only roughly half of this 15-minute experimental short still survives.[103][104]
Arsenal Oleksandr Dovzhenko Amvrosy Buchma, Georgiy Kharkiv, Semyon Svashenko Soviet Union
The Bridge Charles Vidor Nicholas Bela, Charles Darvas United States Experimental narrative film based on Ambrose Bierce story, also known as The Spy; sometimes dated 1930-31[citation needed]
Brumes d'automne Dimitri Kirsanoff Nadia Sibirskaïa France Film poem, with synchronized music track[71][105]
Dr Turner's Mental Home Dora Carrington, Beakus Penrose United Kingdom Short, experimental melodrama. Not publicly screened.
Drifters John Grierson United Kingdom Documentary with a distinctly modernist orientation[106]
Étude cinégraphique sur une arabesque Germaine Dulac France Visualization of music[107]
Every Day Hans Richter Sergei Eisenstein, Basil Wright United Kingdom Artful semi-documentary about everyday life[108]
H2O Ralph Steiner United States
Histoire de détective Charles Dekeukeleire Pierre Bourgeois Belgium Semi-abstract film; despite the title, not a detective story[citation needed]
Images d'Ostende Henri Storck Belgium
Impressionen vom alten Marseiller Hafen (Vieux Port) László Moholy-Nagy Weimar Republic City film[citation needed]
Lullaby Boris Deutsch Riva Deutsch, Michael Visaroff United States Expressionist drama, likely incomplete; Horak dates it to 1925[52]
Man with a Movie Camera Dziga Vertov Soviet Union
Monkey's Moon Kenneth MacPherson
Montparnasse Eugène Deslaw Luis Buñuel, Filippo Marinetti France City film, with synchronized sound[109]
My Grandmother Kote Mikaberidze Aleksandr Takaishvili, Bella Chernova Georgia Eccentric combination of avant-garde and social comedy[citation needed]
Les Mystères du Château de Dé Man Ray Man Ray, Georges Auric France Surrealist short funded by Charles De Noailles[citation needed]
The New Babylon Grigori Kozintsev, Leonid Trauberg David Gutman, Yelena Kuzmina Soviet Union Production of the Factory of the Eccentric Actor[110]
La Perle Henri D'Ursel Georges Hugnet, Kissa Kouprine, Renee Savoye, Mary Stutz Belgium Experimental narrative film.[111]
Pour vos beaux yeux Henri Storck Belgium
Rain Joris Ivens, Mannus Franken Netherlands
Skyscraper Symphony Robert Florey United States City film[112]
The Storming of La Sarraz Hans Richter, Sergei Eisenstein, Ivor Montagu Béla Balász, Léon Moussinac Weimar Republic Made during a film conference; Lost film[citation needed]
Studie Nr. 1 Oskar Fischinger Weimar Republic Abstract animation.[76]
Tusalava Len Lye New Zealand Abstract animation[113]
Un Chien Andalou Luis Buñuel Pierre Batcheff, Simone Mareuil France Short surrealist film written by Buñuel and Salvador Dalí[citation needed]
War Under the Sea M.G. MacPherson, Jean Michelson United States Artkino[114] production; Lost film[78]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  • Paul Rotha and Roger Manvell, "Movie Parade: A Pictorial Survey of the Cinema" London: The Studio, 1936
  • Jay Leyda, "Kino: A History of the Russian and Soviet Film" Princeton University Press, 1983 (originally published in 1960)
  • Parker Tyler, "Underground Film: A Critical History" New York: Da Capo Press, 1995 (originally published in 1969)
  • David Curtis, "Experimental Cinema" New York: Universe Books, 1970
  • P. Adams Sitney, "Visionary Film" New York: Oxford University Press, 1979
  • Jan-Christoper Horak, ed., Lovers of Cinema: the first American film avant-garde, 1919–1945. University of Wisconsin Press, 1998. ISBN 978-0-299-14684-9
  1. ^ "A Nymph of the Waves" – via www.youtube.com.
  2. ^ "The Ghost Train, 1903" – via www.youtube.com.
  3. ^ a b Unseen Cinema DVD Notes
  4. ^ "Star Theatre". Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA.
  5. ^ Bruce Posner, Unseen Cinema: Early American Avant-Garde Film 1893-1941, Black Thistle Press/Anthology Film Archives 2001
  6. ^ Malthête, Jacques; Mannoni, Laurent (2008), L'oeuvre de Georges Méliès, Paris: Éditions de La Martinière, p. 345, ISBN 9782732437323
  7. ^ Essai de reconstitution du catalogue français de la Star-Film; suivi d'une analyse catalographique des films de Georges Méliès recensés en France, Bois d'Arcy: Service des archives du film du Centre national de la cinématographie, 1981, pp. 120–21, ISBN 2903053073
  8. ^ Unseen Cinema DVD Notes http://unseen-cinema.com/
  9. ^ "Scenic Hudson".
  10. ^ MoMA Collection entry [1]
  11. ^ "'?' Motorist, The (1906)". BFI Screenonline.
  12. ^ "Les Kiriki - Acrobates japonais - 1907 - Europa Film Treasures". Archived from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
  13. ^ "1910 - an Animated Masterpiece - the Hasher's Delirium - Emile Cohl". 9 September 2010.
  14. ^ "The Automatic Moving Company".
  15. ^ a b c d e f Bendazzi, Giannalberto (25 August 2005). "The Italians Who Invented the Drawn-On Film Technique". Iota Center.
  16. ^ a b Bassan, Raphaël (December 2011). "Cinema and Abstraction: From Bruno Corra to Hugo Verlinde". Senses of Cinema.
  17. ^ "Léopold Survage | MoMA".
  18. ^ a b Standish D. Lawder, "The Cubist Cinema." New York University Press Anthology Film Archives series, 1975, ISBN 0814749577
  19. ^ "Leopold Survage - Colored Rhythm (BRUCE CHECEFSKY)" – via www.youtube.com.
  20. ^ "The Drama in the Futurists Cabinet No. 13 (1914)". Nitrateville.
  21. ^ a b c Leyda, Jay (1960). Kino: History of the Russian and Soviet Film. ISBN 978-0047910067.
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h i Curtis, David (1 January 1971). Experimental Cinema. Universe Books. ISBN 0876631316.
  23. ^ "Silent Beauties: Diana the Huntress - 1916". 15 March 2012.
  24. ^ ""THAIS" del 1916 con la Regia di Anton Giulio Bragaglia -CINEMA FUTURISTA: Film". www.youtube.com. Archived from the original on 15 February 2012.
  25. ^ Baga, Trisha (27 February 2010). "Love Story of the Painter Balla and a Chair" – via Vimeo.
  26. ^ Gwendolyn Audrey Foster, "Wome Film Directors: An International Bio-Critical Dictionary. Greenwood Press, Westport CT 1995, pg. 116
  27. ^ Sandy Flitterman-Lewis, "To Desire Differently: Feminism and the French Cinema. University of Illinois Press, Chicago, 1990
  28. ^ a b Petrić, Vlada. Constructivism in Film: The Man With the Movie Camera:A Cinematic Analysis. Cambridge University Press. 1987. Page 32. ISBN 0-521-32174-3
  29. ^ "Le Giornate del Cinema Muto - Database Proiezioni - PRUNELLA". www.cinetecadelfriuli.org.
  30. ^ "Prunella (1918)". IMDb.
  31. ^ Susan Delson, "Dudley Murphy: Hollywood Wild Card" University of Minnesota Press, 2006
  32. ^ "Reviews: Soul of the Cypress [and] Danse Macabre". www.weirdwildrealm.com.
  33. ^ William Moritz, "Visual Music and Film-As-An-Art Before 1950" in Karlstrom, ed. "On the Edge of America: California Modernist Art 1900-1950" University of California Press, 2005
  34. ^ "Le silence (1920)". IMDb.
  35. ^ "From Morning to Midnight (Web Exclusive)". Cineaste Magazine. Retrieved 20 August 2017.
  36. ^ "Nude Woman by Waterfall (1920) - extract - Claude Friese-Greene | BFI" – via www.youtube.com.
  37. ^ Abel, Richard (21 August 1984). French Cinema: The First Wave, 1915-1929. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691054087.
  38. ^ Unseen Cinema: Viva la Dance
  39. ^ "Paul Strand - Manhatta (1921)". www.youtube.com. Archived from the original on 20 February 2014.
  40. ^ Lucarelli, Fosco (30 July 2014), Rhythmus 21, an Early Abstract Film by Hans Richter
  41. ^ William Moritz, "Visual Music and Film-As-An-Art Before 1950" in Karlstrom, ed. On the Edge of America: California Modernist Art 1900-1950 University of California Press, 2005
  42. ^ Cavendish, Phil (2013). "From "Lost" to "Found": The "Rediscovery" of Sergei Eisenstein's Glumov's Diary and its avant-garde context". KinoKultura (41).
  43. ^ James Goodwin, Eisenstein, Cinema and History. University of Illinois Press, 1993
  44. ^ "BFI Screenonline: Man Without Desire, The (1923)". www.screenonline.org.uk.
  45. ^ "La Mort Du Soleil (Death of the Sun)". 14 September 2003.
  46. ^ Travers, James (28 December 2002). "Review of the film Le Retour à la raison (1923)". frenchfilms.org.
  47. ^ Popova, Maria (5 June 2012). "The First Feminist Film (1922)".
  48. ^ "La Souriante Madame Beudet" – via www.allocine.fr.
  49. ^ "The Crazy Ray - Paris Qui Dort". www.cs.mcgill.ca.
  50. ^ "Abstract Films from the 1920s: Making Rhythm Visible". 13 June 2011.
  51. ^ Coulthart, John (20 April 2007). "Alla Nazimova's Salomé".
  52. ^ a b William Moritz, "Visual Music and Film-As-An-Art Before 1950" in Karlstrom, ed. "On the Edge of America: California Modernist Art 1900-1950" University of California Press, 2005
  53. ^ Vselovod Pudovkin -- "The Youth of Maxim," Izvestiya, 17 December 1934; reprinted in Ian Christie, Richard Taylor -- "The Film Factory: Russian and Soviet Cinema in Documents 1896-1939," Routledge, Abingdon, Oxon 2002, ppg. 339
  54. ^ "Central Europe Review - Aelita: The first Soviet sci-fi film?". www.ce-review.org. Archived from the original on 4 April 2005. Retrieved 12 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  55. ^ "MOMA dadabase entry".
  56. ^ "Film Notes -Entr' Acte". www.albany.edu.
  57. ^ "The Fugitive Futurist (1924) | BFI National Archive" – via www.youtube.com.
  58. ^ "Gleaming the Cubist".
  59. ^ "The Devil's Manor: Au Secours! 1923".
  60. ^ "Dziga Vertov's Soviet Toys". 29 January 2012.
  61. ^ "莆田看纺传媒广告有限公司". www.digitalsilents.com.
  62. ^ "Ciné-club : Jean Cocteau". www.cineclubdecaen.com.
  63. ^ Malte Hagener, "Moving Forward, Looking Back: The European Avant-Garde and the Invention of Film Culture, 1919-1999" Amsterdam University Press, 2007
  64. ^ Alanen, Antti (19 January 2010). "Antti Alanen: Film Diary: The Pottery Maker".
  65. ^ a b First Light: Chomette
  66. ^ "Kino Lorber: Avant-Garde 2".
  67. ^ Suchenski, Richard (22 June 2017). "Richter, Hans – Senses of Cinema".
  68. ^ [Moritz, William. Optical Poetry. Fischinger filmography]
  69. ^ "Strange Flowers blog".
  70. ^ "DADA Companion entry".
  71. ^ a b c "Santiago Rubin de Celis, "The Paradoxes of Dimitri Kirsanoff"".
  72. ^ "Hans Richter - Filmstudie (1926)". Experimental Cinema.
  73. ^ a b Unseen Cinema program
  74. ^ Open Culture: A Page of Madness: The Lost, Avant Garde Masterpiece from the Early Days of Japanese Cinema (1926)[2]
  75. ^ "CVM - Raumlichtkunst".
  76. ^ a b c d [Moritz, William. Optical Poetry. Fischinger Filmography]
  77. ^ The Film Till Now: A Survey of World Cinema, with an additional section by Richard Griffith, revised and enlarged edition, (London: Vision, 1949)
  78. ^ a b Jan-Christoper Horak, ed., Lovers of Cinema: the first American film avant-garde, 1919-1945. University of Wisconsin Press, 1998. ISBN 978-0-299-14684-9
  79. ^ Senses of Cinema, "La Glace à trois faces," http://sensesofcinema.com/2006/cteq/glace-a-trois-faces/
  80. ^ "Les Halles centrales (1927)". IMDb.
  81. ^ "Double Bill: L'invitation au voyage (Germaine Dulac, 1927) & Paris qui dort (René Clair, 1924)". Sabzian.
  82. ^ a b "Filmblatt – Filmblatt ist die filmwissenschaftliche Zeitschrift von CineGraph Babelsberg e.V." 16 December 2023.
  83. ^ "Silent Era : Home Video Reviews". www.silentera.com.
  84. ^ a b "Vieux châteaux (1927)". IMDb.
  85. ^ a b [Moritz, William. Optical Poetry, Fischinger Filmography]
  86. ^ "The Jerome Foundation".
  87. ^ "Prelude (1927) | BFI National Archive" – via www.youtube.com.
  88. ^ "BFI Screenonline: Blue Bottles (1928)". www.screenonline.org.uk.
  89. ^ "Light Cone - DISQUE 957". lightcone.org.
  90. ^ a b Unseen Cinema DVD notes
  91. ^ "Die Dame mit der Maske | filmportal.de". www.filmportal.de.
  92. ^ "Crossroads (1928)". IMDb.
  93. ^ Hood, Nathanael (17 July 2010). "Forgotten Classics of Yesteryear: The Life and Death of 9413: A Hollywood Extra".
  94. ^ Jan Christopher Horak, ed. Lovers of Cinema: The First American Avant-Garde, University of Wisconsin Press, Madison WI 1995
  95. ^ "Les nuits électriques (1928)". IMDb.
  96. ^ "The Art and Culture of the Movies blog".
  97. ^ "Bohemian National Hall program".
  98. ^ Maryann de Julio, "Another Look at Germaine Dulac’s The Seashell and the Clergyman." Senses of Cinema, December 2013 [3]
  99. ^ "Jennifer Baldwin, "The Tell-Tale Lens"".
  100. ^ "Light Cone - THÈMES ET VARIATIONS". lightcone.org.
  101. ^ "The Twenty-Four Dollar Island (1927)". Ferdy On Films.
  102. ^ "Zvenigora (no 52)". 5 February 2010.
  103. ^ "Alles dreht sich, alles bewegt sich!". www.lost-films.eu.
  104. ^ "Hans Richter - Alles dreht sich, alles bewegt sich! (1929)". Experimental Cinema.
  105. ^ "Brumes d'automne (1929)". IMDb.
  106. ^ "BFI Screenonline: Drifters (1929)". www.screenonline.org.uk.
  107. ^ "Light Cone - ÉTUDE CINÉGRAPHIQUE SUR UNE ARABESQUE". lightcone.org.
  108. ^ "BFI Screenonline: Every Day (1929)". www.screenonline.org.uk.
  109. ^ "Montparnasse (1929)". IMDb.
  110. ^ Vincent Canby (3 October 1983). "'New Babylon,' Silent Russian Classic". The New York Times.
  111. ^ "La perle". IMDb.
  112. ^ "DVD More Treasures from the American Film Arcbives".
  113. ^ "BFI Screenonline: Tusalava (1929)". www.screenonline.org.uk.
  114. ^ "Unseen cinema. 1, The mechanized eye. Episode 16, "Oil" : a symphony in motion / Cineric, Inc. presents ; by Jean Michelson and M.G. MacPherson for Artkino ; direction, M.G. MacPherson". catalog.library.vanderbilt.edu. Retrieved 29 January 2022. Unrelated to the U.S. distributor of Soviet films, Artkino was the name chosen by two amateur movie enthusiasts, Jean D. Michelson and M.G. McPherson, from Burbank, California. In the late 1920s and early 1930s they completed several fiction shorts, which they shot in 35mm, including "War Under the Sea" (1929), "The Trap" (1930), and "Oil" (1930-33). —JAN-CHRISTOPHER HORAK
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