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List of wars by death toll

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This list of wars by death toll includes all deaths that are either directly or indirectly caused by war. These numbers include the deaths of military personnel which are the direct results of a battle or other military wartime actions, as well as wartime/war-related deaths of civilians which are often results of war-induced epidemics, famines, genocide, etc. Due to incomplete records, the destruction of evidence, differing methods of counting, and various other reasons, death tolls of wars have often been quite uncertain, and heavily debated.

While the definition of war isn't entirely clear-cut, there is a general understanding of what it is. Merriam-Webster defines war as "a state of usually open and declared armed hostile conflict between states or nations",[1] Oxford English Dictionary defines war as "hostile contention by means of armed forces, carried on between nations, states, or rulers, or between parties in the same nation or state; the employment of armed forces against a foreign power, or against an opposing party in the state",[2] and Encyclopædia Britannica defines war as "a conflict between political groups involving hostilities of considerable duration and magnitude".[3]

List

[edit]
This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.
War Death
range 		Date Combatants Location
World War II 50–85 million[4][5][6] 1937[a]–1945 Allied Powers vs. Axis Powers Global
Mongol invasions and conquests 20–57 million[9][10][11] 1207–1405 Mongol Empire vs. various states in Eurasia Asia and Europe
An Lushan Rebellion 13–36 million[12] 754–763 Tang Dynasty and Uyghur Khaganate vs. Yan Dynasty China
Three Kingdoms War 34 million[13] 220–280 Multiple sides China
Taiping Rebellion 20–30 million[14][15] 1850–1864 Qing Dynasty vs. Taiping Heavenly Kingdom China
World War I 15–30 million[16][17][18] 1914–1918 Allied Powers vs. Central Powers Global
Manchu Conquest of China 25 million[19][20] 1618–1683 Manchu vs. Ming Dynasty China
Russian Civil War 7–12 million[21] 1917–1922 Multiple sides; Bolsheviks, Anti-Bolshevik left, White Movement, Allied and Central Intervention, as well as various separatists Russia
Thirty Years' War 4–12 million[22] 1618–1648 Anti-Imperial Alliance vs. Imperial Alliance Europe
Spanish conquest of Mexico 10.5 million[23][24] 1519–1530 Spanish Empire and allies vs. Aztec Empire and allies Mexico
Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire 10 million[25] 1533–1572 Spanish Empire vs. Inca Empire South America
Chinese Civil War 4–9 million[26] 1927–1949 Multiple sides; but predominantly Communists vs. Kuomintang China
Crusades 1–9 million[27][28][13] 1095–1291 Originally Byzantine Empire vs. Seljuk Empire, but evolved into Christians vs. Muslims Europe and the Middle East
Reconquista 7 million[29] 718–1492 Spanish and Portuguese Christians vs. Spanish and Portuguese Muslims Iberia
Napoleonic Wars 5–7 million[30] 1803–1815 French Republic, later French Empire, vs. Coalition forces Europe
Second Congo War 3–5.4 million[31][32][33] 1998–2003 Multiple sides Democratic Republic of the Congo
Spanish conquest of New Granada 5.25 million[34][35] 1499–1540 Spanish Empire and Klein-Venedig vs. Muisca Confederation and other civilizations Colombia
Deccan wars 4.6–5 million[36] 1680–1707 Mughal Empire vs. Maratha Confederacy India
War on terror 4.5–4.6 million[37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44] 2001–present Multiple sides Afghanistan, Iraq, Pakistan, Syria, Yemen, Philippines, Maghreb, and Nigeria
Nigerian Civil War 3.04–4.1 million[45][46] 1967–1970 Nigeria vs. Biafra Nigeria
French Wars of Religion 2–4 million[47] 1562–1598 French catholics vs Huguenots France
Korean War 2.5–3.5 million[48][26] 1950–1953 North Korea vs. South Korea Korea
Vietnam War 1.1–3.4 million[49][50] 1955–1975 North Vietnam vs. South Vietnam Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia
Hundred Years' War 2.3–3.3 million[51][52][13] 1337–1453 House of Valois vs. House of Plantagenet Western Europe
Afghan conflict 1.17–3 million[53][54] 1978–present Multiple sides; Afghan mujahideen, later Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan vs. Soviet Union, Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, Northern Alliance, and the United States-led coalition Afghanistan and Pakistan
Delhi Conquest of North India 0.5–3 million[55] 1300–1310 Delhi Sultanate vs. North Indian States Northern India
Bangladesh Liberation War 0.3–3 million[56] 1971 India and Provisional Government of Bangladesh vs. Pakistan Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan
Mexican Revolution 1.7–2.7 million[57] 1910–1920 Anti-government vs. Pro-government Mexico
Ethiopian Civil War and Eritrean War of Independence 1.75–2 million[58][59][60] 1961–1991 EPRDF, later EPLF vs. Derg and People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ethiopia and Eritrea
Russo-Circassian War and Caucasian War 1.5–2 million[61] 1763–1864 Circassian Confederation, Principality of Abkhazia, and Caucasian Imamate vs. Russian Empire Caucasus
Second Sudanese Civil War 1–2 million[62][63] 1983–2005 Sudan vs. SSPDF Sudan
Akbar's Conquest of North India 1–2 million[64] 1556–1605 Mughal Empire vs. North Indian States Northern India
Indian Rebellion of 1857 0.8–2 million[65] 1857–1858 United Kingdom and allies vs. Indian rebels and allies India
Punic Wars 1.25–1.85 million[66][67][68] 264 BCE–146 BCE Roman Republic vs. Ancient Carthage Southern Europe, the Mediterranean Sea, and North Africa
Gallic Wars 1.47 million[69][70][71] 58 BCE–50 BCE Roman Empire vs. Gauls Gaul
Jewish-Roman wars 0.35–1.4 million[72][73] 66–135 Roman Empire vs. Judean provisional government Fertile Crescent
Seven Years' War 1 million[74] 1756–1763 Great Britain, Kingdom of Prussia, Hanover, Portugal and allies vs. Kingdom of France, Habsburg empire, Saxony, Spain and allies Global
American Civil War 0.6–1 million[75][76] 1861–1865 United States vs. Confederate States United States of America
First Sudanese Civil War 0.5–1 million[77][78] 1955–1972 Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, later Democratic Republic of the Sudan vs. Sudan Defence Force Sudan
First Indochina War 0.4–0.84 million[79][80] 1946–1954 Viet Minh, Pathet Lao, and Khmer Issarak vs. French Union Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia
Burundian Civil War 0.55–0.8 million[81][82] 1993–2005 Burundi vs. Ethnic Hutu vs. Tutsi Militants Rwanda and Burundi
War of Austrian Succession 0.75 million[83] 1740–1748 France, Prussia, Spain, and allies vs. Habsburg monarchy, Great Britain, Dutch Republic, and allies Europe, Americas, and India
Crimean War 0.61–0.67 million[84][85][86] 1853–1856 Russian Empire vs. Ottoman Empire, France and United Kingdom Crimea, Black Sea, Caucasus and Balkans
Bahmani–Vijayanagar War (1362–1367) 0.6 million[87] 1362–1367 Vijayanagara Empire and Musunuri Nayakas vs. Bahmani Sultanate India
Mexican War of Independence 0.6 million[88] 1810–1821 Mexican patriots vs. Spanish Empire Mexico, Central America, and United States of America
Tigray War 0.16–0.6 million[89][90] 2020–2022 Ethiopia and Eritrea vs. Tigray People's Liberation Front and allies Ethiopia
Northern Wars 0.57 million[91][92][93][94] 1554–1721 Tsardom of Russia, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and allies vs. Swedish Empire and allies Northern and Eastern Europe
Roman-Germanic wars 0.54 million[95][96] 113 BCE–774 Roman Republic, later Roman Empire and Byzantine Empire vs. Germanic tribes Germania
Iran-Iraq War 0.45–0.5 million[97][98] 1980–1988 Islamic Republic of Iran vs. Iraqi Republic Iran and Iraq
Paraguayan War 0.15–0.5 million[99] 1864–1870 Empire of Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay vs. Paraguay South America
Papua conflict 0.1–0.5 million[100][101] 1962–present Indonesia vs. Free Papua Movement New Guinea
Eighty Years' War 0.1–0.5 million[102] 1566–1648 Spanish Empire vs. Separatist Dutch Republic Low Countries
Spanish Civil War 0.35–0.47 million[103][104][105] 1936–1939 Nationalists vs. Republicans Spain
Colombian conflict 0.45 million[106] 1964–present Colombia vs. Colombian and Mexican drug cartels and paramilitaries vs. FARC Colombia
Polish–Ottoman Wars 0.43 million[107][108] 1485–1699 Poland-Lithuania, Holy League and allies vs. Ottoman Empire and allies Central Europe and Balkans
Roman–Greek wars 0.42 million[109] 280 BCE–30 BCE Roman Republic vs. Greek states, later Greek rebels and Ptolemaic Kingdom Greece, Asia Minor, Egypt and Italy
Maratha invasions of Bengal 0.4 million[110][111] 1741–1751 Maratha Confederacy vs. Bengal Nawab Western India
Colombian War of Independence 0.4 million[112] 1810–1825 Colombian patriots vs. Spanish Empire Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela
Third Indochina War 0.4 million[113] 1975–1991 Democratic Kampuchea, China, and Thailand vs. Vietnam, Laos, and People's Republic of Kampuchea vs. Communist Party of Thailand Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia
War in Darfur 0.4 million[114] 2003–2020 Sudan vs. SRF and SLM/A Sudan
Mexican war on drugs 0.35–0.4 million[115][116] 2006–present Mexico vs drug cartels Mexico
Cuban War of Independence and Spanish–American War 0.39 million[117][118] 1895–1898 United States, Cuban Revolutionaries, and Philippine Revolutionaries vs. Spanish Empire Caribbean and the Philippines
South Sudanese Civil War 0.38 million[119] 2013–2020 South Sudan vs. SPLM-IO, Nuer White Army, and SSDM South Sudan
Ottoman–Venetian wars 0.34 million[120][121] 1415–1718 Ottoman Empire vs. Holy League Mediterranean Sea, Greece and Cyprus
Gulf War 0.17–0.3 million[122][123] 1990–1991 Kuwait and the United States-led coalition vs. Iraq Kuwait and Iraq
Roman conquest of Britain 0.13–0.29 million[124][125][126] 43–84 Roman Empire vs. Celtic Britons Great Britain
Russo-Ukrainian War 0.12–0.28 million[127][128][129][130][131] 2014–present Russia vs. Ukraine Ukraine, Russia, and the Black Sea
Philippine–American War 0.21–0.27 million[132] 1899–1913 United States vs. Philippine Republic, later Tagalog Republic, Sultanate of Sulu and Sultanate of Maguindanao Philippines
Cristero War 0.25 million[133] 1926–1929 Mexico vs. Cristeros Mexico
First Congo War 0.25 million[134] 1996–1997 Zaire vs. AFDL Democratic Republic of the Congo
Kalinga War 0.25 million[135] 262 BCE–261 BCE Maurya Empire vs. Kalinga India
Myanmar conflict 0.23 million[136][137] 1948–present National Unity Government of Myanmar vs. State Administration Council Myanmar
American Revolution 0.18–0.23 million[138][139] 1775–1783 American Patriots vs. Great Britain United States of America
Indian Invasion of Hyderabad 0.2 million[140][141] 1948 India vs. Hyderabad India
La Violencia 0.2 million[142] 1948–1958 Colombian Conservative Party vs. Colombian Liberal Party Colombia
Guatemalan Civil War 0.14–0.2 million[143][144] 1960–1996 Government of Guatemala vs. Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity Central America
North Yemen civil war 0.1–0.2 million[145][146] 1962–1970 Kingdom of Yemen vs. Yemen Arab Republic Yemen
Portuguese Colonial War 0.14–0.18 million[147][148][149] 1961–1974 Estado Novo vs. MPLA, PAIGC, FNLA, among others Angola, Guinea, and Mozambique
Thousand Days' War 0.1–0.18 million[150] 1899–1902 Colombian Conservative Party vs. Colombian Liberal Party Colombia
Russo-Japanese War 0.12–0.16 million[151] 1904–1905 Empire of Japan vs. Russian Empire East Asia
Arab-Israeli conflict 0.15 million[152][153][154][155] 1948[b]–present State of Israel vs. Arab League, Islamic Republic of Iran, Hezbollah, Hamas, and the Houthi movement Levant
Sudanese civil war (2023–present) 0.15 million[157][158] 2023–present Sudan and allies vs. Rapid Support Forces and allies Sudan
Lebanese Civil War 0.12–0.15 million[159][160][161] 1975–1990 Multiple sides Levant
Yugoslav Wars 0.13–0.14 million[162][163] 1991–2001 Separatist forces and NATO vs. Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, later Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Balkans
Chaco War 0.08–0.13 million[164][165][166] 1932–1935 Paraguay vs. Bolivia Paraguay and Bolivia
Congo Crisis 0.1 million[167] 1960–1965 Republic of the Congo, later Democratic Republic of the Congo, and allies vs. Free Republic of the Congo, South Kasai, Katanga, Kwilu rebels, Simba rebels, and allies Republic of the Congo
Federal War 0.1 million[13] 1859–1863 Federalists vs. Conservatives Venezuela
Nanda–Mauryan War 0.1 million[168] 323 BCE–321 BCE Maurya Empire vs. Nanda Empire India
Salvadoran Civil War 0.08–0.1 million[169][170][171] 1979–1992 Salvadoran government vs. Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front Central America
Nicaraguan Revolution 0.06–0.1 million[172] 1961–1990 Somoza family vs. Sandinista National Liberation Front Central America

Charts and Graphs

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Bubble chart of wars over 1.5M deaths.
Seven deadliest wars after 1900. The length of each spiral segment is proportional to the war's duration and its area size to its death toll.

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ While the war in Europe began in 1939, the Marco Polo Bridge Incident is often considered by many to be the beginning of World War II at large[7][8]
  2. ^ While the starting point of the conflict is usually denoted as the 1948 Arab-Israeli War or the 1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, violent strife emerged in the region as soon as 1920 during the Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine. [156]

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Further reading

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