Looney Tunes River Ride
Looney Tunes River Ride | |
---|---|
Warner Bros. Movie World | |
Area | Kids' WB Fun Zone |
Coordinates | 27°54′21″S 153°18′40″E / 27.905788°S 153.311053°E |
Status | Removed |
Opening date | 3 June 1991 |
Closing date | 1 February 2011 |
Replaced by | Junior Driving School |
Warner Bros. Movie World Germany | |
Area | Looney Tunes Land |
Coordinates | 51°37′09″N 6°58′27″E / 51.619091°N 6.974105°E |
Status | Removed |
Opening date | 30 June 1996 |
Closing date | 31 October 2004 |
Replaced by | Ice Age Adventure |
General statistics | |
Type | Free flow boat ride |
Manufacturer | Warner Bros. Movie World |
Designer | Sanderson Group[1][2] |
Lift system | 1 vertical lift |
Duration | 5:00 |
Boats | 14[3] boats. Riders are arranged 4 across in 4 rows for a total of 16 riders per boat. |
Height restriction | 90 cm (2 ft 11 in) |
Restraint style | Lap bar |
Must transfer from wheelchair |
Looney Tunes River Ride (formerly known as Looney Tunes Studio - Journey into Fantasy and the Looney Tunes Studio Tour) was a dark boat ride at the amusement park Warner Bros. Movie World at Gold Coast, Australia. The ride was unveiled on 3 June 1991, the same time as the park, and was closed on 1 February 2011 to make way for the Junior Driving School.[4][5]
History
[edit]Looney Tunes River Ride opened with the Warner Bros. Movie World on 3 June 1991 as Looney Tunes Studio - Journey into Fantasy, and was sponsored by the Nine Network.[6][7][1][8][9][10] It was one of four attractions in the Looney Tunes Land section of the park.[11] The ride later had its name changed to Looney Tunes Studio Tour. In 1995, Nine Network's sponsorship of the ride ended, and in December 1997, its name was changed to Looney Tunes River Ride alongside the launch of Looney Tunes Village.[12]
On 30 June 1996, Looney Tunes Adventure opened with Warner Bros. Movie World in Germany as Looney Tunes Studio Tour, and was sponsored by Langnese. The ride was very similar to the version that opened in Australia.[13][14][15] Langnese's sponsorship of the ride ended in 1997, and in 1998, the ride's name was changed to Looney Tunes Adventure. On 3 April 2004, Warner Bros. Movie World in Germany was acquired by StarParks. This acquisition resulted in various Warner Bros.-licensed properties, including DC Comics and Looney Tunes, being removed from the park on 31 October 2004. On 19 March 2005, Movie Park Germany opened with Looney Tunes Adventure being rethemed to Ice Age Adventure.[16][17]
In early January 2011, as Looney Tunes River Ride had many ongoing technical problems and was out of date, Warner Bros. Movie World announced that the ride would close on 14 February 2011 until further notice.[18] Towards the end of the month, the closing date was preponed to 1 February 2011.[19] On 1 February 2011, the ride was permanently closed, and its queue area was converted into a viewing area for the Road Runner Roller Coaster.[7][20][21][22] It was later confirmed that the Looney Tunes River Ride would be replaced with Junior Driving School on 12 September 2014.[23][24] On 10 December 2012, the boats, electric steam boilers, slimline tanks and sawed tree used in the Looney Tunes River Ride were put up for auction at Village Roadshow Studios.[3]
At Warner Bros. Movie World in Australia, a Speedy Gonzales animatronic from the end of the ride is used in Speedy Gonzales Tijuana Taxis.[25] Porky Pig, Sylvester and Sylvester Jr. animatronics from the ride were used during Mrs Claus' Christmas Feast at White Christmas in December 2023.[26] In Movie Park Germany, many elements of the ride still exist to this day. A Tweety animatronic could be found in Ice Age Adventure when the ride first opened.[27] A Wile E. Coyote animatronic is seen in the Roxy 4D-Kino's entrance lobby for Looney Tunes 4-D: Starring Road Runner & Wile E. Coyote.[28][29] Movie Park Studio Tour, an Intamin Multi Dimension Coaster that opened on 5 July 2021 in the same building as Ice Age Adventure (5 years after that ride's closure), contains various callbacks to the park's defunct rides and attractions, including Looney Tunes Adventure;[30] production drawings for the ride can be found during the queue area,[31] and the head of a Bugs Bunny animatronic is seen hiding in the window of a subway train among the film props.[32]
Ride experience
[edit]Australia
[edit]The ride began with guests queuing outside a white show building decorated as a movie studio and labelled "Stage 14". They would then be led into a room where they were welcomed to Looney Tunes Studios in "Hollywood" by a tour guide from the studios' Public Relations Department. The guests were then informed that they would be taken on a tour of the studio where the latest Looney Tunes movie, directed by and starring Bugs Bunny, was being shot. However, Bugs had thrown a temper tantrum and dug a hole into the center of the Earth down to Australia, resulting in the production to cease. The guests would then walk into the reception area, labelled "Sound Stages", where the guide would show them a light which indicated the production status. Since production had been stopped, the guests would proceed through a door to the next room, labelled "Sound Stages 2 and 3". This room was filled with animatronic Looney Tunes characters, three of whom (Porky Pig, Elmer Fudd and Wile E. Coyote) were looking down a hole in the ground. The guide would tell the guests that the movie was overscheduled and way overbudget, before asking the Looney Tunes if they realized how much the delay was costing the studio, and asking about Bugs' whereabouts. He/she would ask Foghorn Leghorn how they could get Bugs back, to which he and Elmer explained that Bugs had dug a hole through the middle of the Earth to Australia. Foghorn told the guide that they could follow Bugs in an earth drill in Sound Stage 2 or go with the Tasmanian Devil down the hole. The guide would tell the Looney Tunes to follow Taz down the hole, and the guests were then moved into the giant earth drill on the set of a space movie in Sound Stage 2, where they were transported through the Earth to come out at Australia.[7][33]
Upon arrival, the guests would be welcomed to Australia by Snowy River Sam (played by a cast member). Guests would then get on 4 boats, each with 4 rows of 4 seats each, before being taken through an animatronic-filled ride where everyone was searching for Bugs. They went past several scenes, including Sylvester falling off a rock while trying to catch Tweety and Bugs tugging on Porky's fishing line from behind the rock, Elmer and Yosemite Sam attempting to hunt Bugs, Foghorn and Sylvester Jr. sawing a tree to reach a hiding Bugs, while Marc Antony sleeps and dreams of sheep; Bugs commenting on how the Looney Tunes still think that he would fall for the "tree across the river" trick as Foghorn searches for him on a cliff, Foghorn, Daffy Duck and Speedy Gonzales blowing the ground with explosives while Taz chews on the wire, Wile E. firing his cannons at the guests and attempting to crush them with a boulder, ignoring Porky, Sylvester and Pepé Le Pew's pleas to stop; Bugs feeding a saltwater crocodile some carrots, and Bugs sitting on a branch with two koalas, saying that he will take them as friends over a crocodile before singing to the tune of "Waltzing Matilda". Towards the end of the ride, the guests entered a cave, and as they approached a waterfall, it stopped flowing, and they were taken up to a higher part of the cave. The guests' boats turned to the left, and just as they met a frilled lizard, a surprising drop occurred.[7][33] They then went past another scene identical to the one with the animatronics in the pre-show, this time joined by Bugs, who acted as their guide and was directing the movie. The boats would stop at the unloading station, and the guests disembarked while Porky delivered his signature line, "Th-th-th-that's all, folks!"[14]
Germany
[edit]The ride began with guests queuing outside a beige show building decorated as a movie studio. They would then be led into a room where they were welcomed to Looney Tunes Studios in "Hollywood" by a tour guide. The guests were then informed that they would be taken on a tour of the studio where the latest Looney Tunes movie, directed by Bugs Bunny, was being shot. The guide would look at a clock and tell the guests that the shooting of the movie had just begun. The guests would then walk into the reception area, where the guide would show them a light that indicated the production status. The guide would press a button, look surprised because he/she pressed the wrong one, and tell the guests that they should be able to come into Stage 1. He/she then got out a phone to contact the studio to receive approval to proceed to Stage 1, only to be told that Bugs is not present. The guests would proceed through a door to Stage 1, which was filled with animatronic Looney Tunes characters, except Bugs. Disagreeing with their director's abscene, the Looney Tunes expressed themselves. Foghorn Leghorn and Speedy Gonzales would tell the guide that Bugs went to Germany to look for a real castle for their new movie because he did not like the scenery in the studio. Speedy also mentions that he has heard of dragons living in castles in Germany. The Looney Tunes would also wonder how to get to Germany, with Elmer Fudd saying that they would need a rocket to reach Bugs. Speedy had an idea, telling the others that Marvin the Martian was shooting a movie outside Stage 1, and suggested that he could take the guests to Germany in his rocket, Marsianischen Mulluske ("the Martian Mulluske"). The guide agreed and showed the guests the way to the rocket. Guests were moved into Marvin's rocket, which transported them to Germany.[34][35]
Upon arrival in the Black Forest, a cast member would welcome the guests and tell them that Bugs had invited them to join him in his search for a filming location, and also warned them about the dragons that resided in Germany. Guests would then get on 4 boats, each with 4 rows of 4 seats each, before being taken through an animatronic-filled ride. During the ride, Bugs was excited about finding a new shooting location. The guests would increasingly learn more about a possible dragon in Germany from the Looney Tunes, some of whom were in turmoil due to the fact that a dragon seemed to be close by. Bugs, however, did not believe the rumors, feeling that they could not be taken at face value. In one scene, the guests also encountered a dragon egg that had hatched. Towards the end of the ride, Bugs started feeling that the dragon rumors could be true, and wondered where one could be hiding. The guests were then lifted up a bridge and the drawbridge of a castle, as Speedy warned them about the dragons' existence in Germany. When they entered the castle, they heard a roar, and a light shone on the dragon, revealing him to be a baby dragon. He would say that he was frightened by his roar and did not want to frighten the guests, and then a surprising drop occurred. The guests went past another scene identical to the one with the animatronics in the pre-show, this time with a new set at the foot of the castle and joined by Bugs, who was directing the movie, while the dragon stuck his head out of a window in the castle. Bugs told the dragon to give a big roar, but the dragon did not want to due to having stage fright. The boats would stop at the unloading station, and the guests disembarked while Porky delivered his signature line, "Th-th-th-that's all, folks!"[34][35]
Voice cast
[edit]- Greg Burson as Bugs Bunny, Elmer Fudd, Yosemite Sam, Foghorn Leghorn and Pepé Le Pew
- Joe Alaskey as Daffy Duck, Sylvester, and Speedy Gonzales
- Bob Bergen as Porky Pig and Tweety
- Mel Blanc as Tasmanian Devil (archive recordings)
- Paul Julian as Road Runner (archive recordings)
- Noel Blanc as Marc Antony
- Wile E. Coyote and Sylvester Jr. appear, but don't speak
Ride design
[edit]Looney Tunes River Ride was originally designed by Village Roadshow Theme Parks for Warner Bros. Movie World in Australia.[36] Sanderson Group and Natureworks designed and installed the ride's entrance, queue areas, theming (including the earth drill) and special effects.[1][2][37] Alan Griffith Architect formed a strong working relationship with Warner Bros. International Recreation Enterprises on the ride.[38] Village Roadshow Theme Parks had previously opened Lassiter's Lost Mine at Sea World in 1987, which utilised the same ride system used on the Looney Tunes River Ride.[39][40] The ride system was designed by Australian Electric Vehicles and controlled by ASI systems from Anitech Systems Inc.[41][42][43] The ride had easily spotted sensors that would trigger the animatronics' movements and voices when a boat passed them from below, and its fourteen boats catered for 16 riders distributed in rows of 4.[44][45][3][7] It pumped 60,000 litres of water a minute, and took 13 months to construct. The concept of the ride was considered unique at the time, since it was not modelled on any other attractions.[46] The ride's first pre-show room's walls were themed after the 1981 jigsaw puzzle The Looney Tunes Characters.[47]
Village Roadshow Theme Parks approached many companies about designing audio-animatronics for the ride. Each company was asked to produce a "test/demonstration Bugs", and then Village Roadshow Theme Parks would decide on the company to go with the Bugs Bunny animatronic that they produced.[48] Sydney-based company Showtronix (then known as Sally Animatronics) built a demonstration Bugs animatronic, which could sing the Warner Bros. Cartoon Cavalcade version of The Bugs Bunny Show's "This Is It", followed by his catchphrase, "Eh, what's up, doc?" The animatronic was designed by Greg McKee, Matt Ward, John Cox and Chris Chitty in a few weeks.[49][50][51][46] Cox initiated and proposed to make a character to demonstrate to the executives at Warner Bros., so he made the Bugs animatronic's sculpts and shells from his own money. McKee, Ward and Chitty made the animatronic components in an abandoned machine workshop in Roseville, using some of their unused stock of leftover air cylinders from previous projects.[52] They contacted Keith Scott directly to voice the Bugs animatronic. He was not well known internationally at the time for Looney Tunes voices, and the exposure from doing voices for Warner Bros. Movie World helped him get further voice credit with Warner Bros., and he went on to do narration voiceovers on George of the Jungle, George of the Jungle 2, The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle and others.[53] The animatronic won Showtronix the multi-$1,000,000 contract to design the animatronics for Warner Bros. Movie World in 1990, including the 89 animatronics (which used actuators and pneumatics) featured in Looney Tunes River Ride, and was sufficient to strip it away from German animatronic company Heimo and one other company.[50][52][51][46][54][55][56][57][36][58] Unaware of Creative Presentations' Foghorn Leghorn animatronic for Six Flags Great America and Advanced Animations' (later Warner Technologies) Looney Tunes animatronics designed for Gadgets' The Looney Tunes Revue in the early 1980s, McKee, Ward, Cox and Chitty thought that no one had ever made life-sized three-dimensional versions of the Looney Tunes characters before.[59][60][61][62][63] McKee supervised construction and artistic finish of the animatronics. Cox had to reconcile all of the poses from the individual character model sheets into a 3D sculpture that looked accurate from every angle. It turned out to be very difficult with quite a few of the characters. Cox used coloured plasticine to replicate the colours of each character. This helped enormously with getting the lines correct, and also made it easy to see the finished character come together in the sculpt. McKee, Ward, Cox and Chitty made plaster waste moulds of the sculptures and then laid 8 millimetres of dark green plasticine into the moulds. A fibreglass part was then made from this which was 8 millimetres smaller as an allowance for the 8 millimetres of fur that was going onto each part. This meant that the finished furred animatronic was the correct size, which meant the character likeness remained correct. Cox still has the demonstration Bugs animatronic and most of the other characters (or at least their heads) in his workshop.[51][55] After the animatronics were built, Village Roadshow Theme Parks decided to use all the demonstration Bugs animatronics (including one designed by Heimo) in the ride.[48] Some of Showtronix's staff would later join Sally Corporation in Jacksonville, Florida, who went on to design Looney Tunes animatronics for Six Flags Over Texas' Yosemite Sam and the Gold River Adventure! in 1992.[64][65]
The German ride, Looney Tunes Adventure, was manufactured by Intamin and Australian Electric Vehicles. Its ride system was controlled by ASI systems from Anitech Systems Inc., and had easily spotted sensors that would trigger the animatronics' movements and voices in the ride when a boat passed them from below.[41][42][43][44][45] Looney Tunes Adventure and another Warner Bros. Movie World in Germany attraction, Das Bermuda Dreieck (now Area 51 - Top Secret), utilised the same ride system. The ride's eleven boats catered for 12 riders distributed in rows of 4, and offered a capacity of 1000 riders per hour. Zeitgeist Design and Production's Ryan Harmon served as the Director of Show Development for Warner Bros. International Recreation Enterprises, where he conceived, wrote and managed the design team for Warner Bros. Movie World in Germany's worth of rides, shows and attractions, including Looney Tunes Adventure.[66][67] Alan Griffith Architect and Alder Constructions were also involved in the ride's development.[38][68] The ride's theming was designed by Botticelli's - Atelier der angewandten Malerei and Sanderson Group.[69][70] Like Looney Tunes River Ride, Looney Tunes Adventure's first pre-show room's walls were themed after The Looney Tunes Characters.[47] The pre-show rooms were painted by Atelier Botticelli's.[69] The audio-animatronics featured in the ride were designed by Showtronix.[46][57][71] Looney Tunes Adventure had more animatronics with moving eye pupils than Looney Tunes River Ride. The ride shared its water, maintenance pools and exit with Die Unendliche Geschichte - Auf der Suche nach Phantasien (now Excalibur - Secrets of the Dark Forest).[72] In 2003, the head of the Speedy Gonzales animatronic in the pre-show was redesigned with an open mouth.[73]
See also
[edit]- Bermuda Triangle, another now defunct Village Roadshow water ride which utilised the same ride system
- 2011 in amusement parks
References
[edit]- ^ a b c "'WARNER BROS MOVIE WORLD' - The Movie World Project". Archived from the original on 21 August 2006. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
- ^ a b "Completed Projects". Sanderson Group. Archived from the original on 11 December 2005. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
- ^ a b c Westthorp, Tanya (14 December 2012). "Fans bid for movie memorabilia". Gold Coast Bulletin. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
- ^ Weston, Paul (14 April 2011). "Coast theme parks tagged 'Giant Flop'". Gold Coast Bulletin. Retrieved 12 December 2021.[failed verification]
- ^ "Attractions Maintenance". Warner Bros. Movie World. Archived from the original on 8 February 2012. Retrieved 12 December 2021.
- ^ Productions, Nucolorvue (1998). Gold Coast: Australia's Playground. Nucolorvue Productions. ISBN 9780858580961. Retrieved 6 July 2024.
- ^ a b c d e "Looney Tunes River Ride (Warner Bros. Movie World)". Parkz.
- ^ "What will replace Looney Tunes River Ride?". Parkz. 16 December 2012. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
- ^ anzri.bowls (29 March 2010). "Geoff at Movie World". Flickr. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
- ^ "Theme Parks Attractions Resorts". villageroadshow.com.au. Retrieved 21 August 2018.
- ^ Park Map, Warner Bros. Movie World, 1991
- ^ "Movie World - History in Maps". Thrill History. Archived from the original on 22 February 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
- ^ ThrashGangsters (1 May 2012). "Warner Bros. MovieWorld 1999 Germany - Looney Tunes Studio Tour "Onride"". YouTube. Archived from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
- ^ a b B., James (15 June 2006). "Loony Tunes River Ride @ Movieworld on the Gold Coast, Aus". YouTube. Archived from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
- ^ "Looney Tunes Land". Warner Bros. Movie World Germany. Archived from the original on 7 April 2003. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
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- ^ Warner Bros. Movie World. "Attractions Maintenance - Warner Bros. Movie World". MyFun. Archived from the original on 22 January 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
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- ^ "Theme Parks Galore - Gold Coast Part III". A Happy Mum. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
- ^ "Looney Tunes River Ride - Animatronics are back on show?". Parkz. 18 November 2023. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
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- ^ "Überreste aus vergangenen Zeiten im Movie Park Germany (Teil 4) - Relikte im Freizeitpark". YouTube. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
- ^ a b "ICONIC MOVIE WORLD ATTRACTIONS THAT NO LONGER EXIST". Theme Park Junkie. Archived from the original on 6 July 2018. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
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- ^ a b c d Smith, Barrie (June 1992). "Australian 'animatronics' technology: BUGS BUNNY ON THE GOLD COAST". Electronics Australia. Federal Publishing Company. p. 18. Retrieved 31 March 2024.
- ^ a b "The 1981 Looney Tunes Character Chart". Cartoon Research. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
- ^ a b "Looney Toons River Ride closed". Parkz. 29 October 2010. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
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- ^ a b "Australian Theme Park Exhibit/Mall Interactive Animatronics 1980s onwards". Vimeo. 30 November 2017. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
In 1989, myself, Matt Ward, John Cox and Chris Chitty made a Bugs Bunny animatronic. Bugs, built in just a few weeks, won us the contract to build all 200+ characters for the Warner Bros. Movie World theme park on the Queensland Gold Coast.
- ^ a b c "Greg's Resume" (PDF). Greg McKee's Wildthings. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
Animatronics Creative supervisor - Sally Animatronics 1989-1990: For Warner Bros. Movie World, Greg McKee and colleagues Matt Ward, Chris Chitty and John Cox built a demonstration Bugs Bunny that won the multi-milion dollar animatronics contract for the entire park. "I supervised construction and artistic finish of literally hundreds of animatronic Looney Tunes and Gremlins characters. The Looney Tunes characters have operated for two decades."
- ^ a b "The Closed History of Gremlins Invasion - Warner Bros. Movie World - Expedition Theme Park". YouTube. 9 January 2019. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
John Cox initiated and proposed to make a Warner Bros. character to demonstrate to the executives at Warner Bros., so he made the demo sculpts, shells, etc. from his own money. We planned and designed the animatronic components for the demo character independently but asked to use the largely abandoned machine workshop of "exhibit resources" to build it and use some of their unused stock of left over air cylinders from previous projects. Exhibit resources facility was largely abandoned after the bicentennial projects FS88 and World Expo88 were finished, and it had a nice machine workshop and large vacuformer. The agreement was to form a new company with all participants as equal partners to service the contract if we won it. It worked out rather different much to our naive surprise. The finished demo character was sufficient to strip away an already existing animatronics contract from the German "Heimo" company. Rather than providing over 200 animatronics, Heimo had a single character on display in the park! Go Aussies! The one Heimo character was a Bugs lying on his side head resting on hand like a beachgoer and was installed high up, mostly out of sight, slightly before you reach the very basic koala characters in a tree. I can't remember if we reprogrammed him with any lines. Will have to track back some old videos. I remember he did seemingly angrily shout repeating on a loop, "Heraus aufgeben, heraus aufgeben, ich bin der Fledermaus von Ralitek!", which was particularly weird as I think "Fledermaus" means "bat". I have a video of the Heimo-built character, but haven't digitised or posted it online yet.
- ^ "Australian Interactive Animatronics and Exhibition, Theme Park and Shopping Mall Display". YouTube. 11 June 2019. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
We contacted Keith Scott directly to voice the Bugs animatronic. He wasn't well known internationally at the time for Looney Tunes voices, and the exposure from doing voices for the park I was told helped him get further voice credit with Warner Bros., and he went on to do narration voiceovers for Disney on George of the Jungle, etc.
- ^ "Looneytunes Construction/Demolition". Parkz. 2 August 2007. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
- ^ a b "Looney Tunes Ride 1991". YouTube. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
When I started on this project in 1990, no-one had ever made life sized versions of the 'Golden Age' Looney Tunes characters. I had to reconcile all of the poses from the individual character model sheets into a 3D sculpture that looked accurate from every angle. It turned out to be very difficult with quite a few of the characters. You'll notice I used coloured plasticine to replicate the colours of each character. This helped enormously with getting the lines correct, it also made it easy to see the finished character come together in the sculpt. We made plaster waste moulds of these sculptures and then laid 8mm of dark green plasticine into these moulds. A fibreglass part was then made from this which was 8mm smaller as an allowance for the 8mm of fur that was going onto each part. This meant the finished furred animatronic was the correct size which meant the character likeness remained correct. The fibreglass Bugs body that you see is the original sculpture I did that won myself and Sally Animatronics the contract for the Movie World job. It would have been made about 15 months before this video was made. I believe we were competing with Heimo from Germany and one other company. A full-sized 3D version of Bugs hadn't been done before and getting the likeness was a real challenge as all of the available reference, including the style guide, was so varied. Getting Bugs in a neutral 'T' or 'A' pose was impossible. I still have that prototype and most of the other characters (at least their heads!) in my workshop. I do hope you enjoy watching this historical video, Happy sculpting! John.
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External links
[edit]- Looney Tunes River Ride at the Parkz Database
- Removed amusement attractions
- Amusement rides introduced in 1991
- Amusement rides that closed in 2011
- Amusement rides introduced in 1996
- Amusement rides that closed in 2004
- Free flow boat rides
- Water rides manufactured by Warner Bros. Movie World
- Water rides
- Animatronic attractions
- Dark rides
- Amusement rides based on film franchises
- Looney Tunes