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Manchester United F.C. in international football

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Manchester United F.C. in international football
ClubManchester United
Seasons played47
Most appearancesRyan Giggs (157)
Top scorerWayne Rooney (39)
First entry1956–57 European Cup
Latest entry2024–25 UEFA Europa League
Titles
Champions League
3
Europa League
1
Cup Winners' Cup
1
Super Cup
1
Intercontinental Cup
1
FIFA Club World Cup
1

Manchester United Football Club is an English football club based in Old Trafford, Greater Manchester. They were the first English club to participate in a European competition, entering the European Cup in 1956. Since then, the club has competed in every UEFA-organised competition, with the exception of the now-defunct Intertoto Cup and Conference League.

The competition in which Manchester United has had the most success is the European Cup (now known as the UEFA Champions League); they have won three European Cups, the first of which came in 1968; that victory made them the first English club to win the competition. The other two victories came in 1999 and 2008. The club has also won the Europa League in 2017, the Cup Winners' Cup in 1991, the Super Cup also in 1991, the Intercontinental Cup in 1999 and the Club World Cup in 2008.

After their Champions League wins in 1999 and 2008, Manchester United competed as a UEFA representative at the 2000 FIFA Club World Championship and the 2008 FIFA Club World Cup. They were knocked out of the 2000 tournament at the group stage, but went on to win the 2008 edition, highlighted above, becoming the first English side to do so.

History

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Early years

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Following their league title win the previous season, Manchester United first competed in European football competition in 1956–57. 1954–55 Football League winners Chelsea had been denied the opportunity to take part in the inaugural European Cup by The Football League's chairman Alan Hardaker, who feared that European football would damage the integrity of the English game. However, Matt Busby, the manager of Manchester United, was a forward-thinking man and was determined to have his team compete on the European stage. With the backing of The Football Association's chairman, Stanley Rous (who would later go on to become the president of FIFA), Manchester United were allowed to compete in the 1956–57 European Cup.

The club's first match in European competition was a European Cup preliminary round tie against Anderlecht at Parc Astrid in Brussels; Manchester United won the match 2–0 in front of 35,000 spectators. The return leg was played at Maine Road, the home of Manchester United's local rivals Manchester City, as United's stadium, Old Trafford, had not yet been fitted with the necessary floodlighting for evening games. The match finished as a 10–0 win for Manchester United, a result that still stands as the club's record win in all competitions. A long run in the European Cup followed, including wins over Borussia Dortmund and Athletic Bilbao and culminating with a semi-final tie against Real Madrid. The first leg took United to the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, where they were defeated 3–1 in front of a record away crowd of 135,000 spectators. However, they were only able to draw 2–2 in the second leg back at Old Trafford, and the club's first European season came to an end as Real Madrid went on to record the second of their five consecutive European Cup titles.

Munich

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Main article: Munich air disaster

United won the league title again that season, and were therefore eligible to compete in the European Cup for the second consecutive year. After dispatching Shamrock Rovers 9–2 on aggregate in the preliminary round, United were paired with Dukla Prague for the first round. After the second leg in Prague, the team was scheduled to fly back to Manchester the following day, but fog over Manchester prevented this and they were forced to make hasty arrangements to travel back via ferry from the Hook of Holland to Harwich and then by train up to Manchester. This long-winded journey took its toll on the players, who were only able to manage a 1–1 away draw against Birmingham City two days later.

Eager to avoid such a scenario again, the club's management chartered a plane for the quarter-final second leg away to Red Star Belgrade. Following a 2–1 win in the first leg at Old Trafford, a 3–3 draw in Belgrade was enough to secure passage to the semi-finals. On the return flight to Manchester, British European Airways Flight 609 stopped over in a snow-covered Munich for refuelling. Once the refuelling was complete, the pilot was given clearance to take off, only to be halted by a fault with the plane's engine. A second attempt was made a few seconds later, but the same fault kept the plane grounded. Half an hour later, after inspection by the airport's engineers, the plane was given clearance for another take-off attempt. The suggested solution was to have the plane accelerate more slowly, but this meant that the take-off velocity would not be reached until the plane was even further down the runway. Once the plane reached 117 knots – the speed at which it was no longer safe to abort the take-off – the pilot would have expected the plane's velocity to continue to increase; however, there was a sudden drop in velocity and the plane was unable to take off before the end of the runway. It skidded off the end of the runway, through a wire fence and across a road before crashing into a house.

The impact of the crash and the subsequent explosion of fuel killed 21 of the 44 people on board instantly, and another two died in hospital a few days later. Eight of those who died were Manchester United players, among them Duncan Edwards, Roger Byrne and Tommy Taylor, while club secretary Walter Crickmer, trainer Tom Curry and coach Bert Whalley were also killed. Matt Busby was also severely injured, but he made a full recovery after two months in hospital. With eight of the club's first team having been killed in the accident, and several more still recuperating, a threadbare side took to the field for the semi-final matches against Milan. A 2–1 win at Old Trafford in the first leg gave the team hope of a place in the final, but a 4–0 defeat back at the San Siro put paid to those dreams. In honour of those who died, UEFA offered United a berth in the 1958–59 European Cup, drawing them against BSC Young Boys in the preliminary round, but the Football League denied United entry to the competition as they had not won the Football League the previous season after their league campaign crumbled in the aftermath of the disaster. The games against Young Boys went ahead as friendlies.

Return to Europe

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Victory in the 1962–63 FA Cup meant that United returned to European competition after a five-year absence for the 1963–64 Cup Winners' Cup. After sweeping aside Willem II of the Netherlands and the defending champions, England's Tottenham Hotspur, United were drawn against Sporting CP in the quarter-finals. A 4–1 home win in the first leg meant that United needed to avoid defeat by more than three goals at Estádio José Alvalade to progress to the semi-finals; however, the team succumbed to their heaviest defeat in European competition to date, losing 5–0 on the night and 6–4 on aggregate.

A second-place finish in the league in 1963–64 meant that United qualified for the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup in 1964–65. They reached the semi-finals, knocking out Djurgården, Borussia Dortmund, Everton and Strasbourg before losing 2–1 to Ferencváros in a play-off after a 3–3 aggregate draw over two legs.

Back in the European Cup

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The following season saw United return to the European Cup for the first time since Munich after they had beaten Leeds United to top spot in the Football League on goal average. After seeing off Finland's HJK Helsinki and Vorwärts Berlin of East Germany in the first two rounds, Manchester United were drawn against four-time finalists, two-time winners and the previous season's runners-up, Benfica. Benfica's most famous player, the Portuguese international Eusébio, had just been named the European Footballer of the Year and his team went into the tie as favourites. Despite this tag, United ran out 3–2 winners in the first leg at Old Trafford, before beating the Lisbon side 5–1 back at the Estádio da Luz, in what is considered to be the greatest match of George Best's career.[1][2][3] The result set up a semi-final tie with Partizan, a tie that would take United back to Belgrade for the first time since the tragedy in Munich. Best had injured his knee in an FA Cup Sixth Round match against Preston North End a couple of weeks before, and although he played in the first leg against Partizan, he was not fully fit and United struggled, losing 2–0 at the JNA Stadium. A goal from Nobby Stiles secured a 1–0 win in the second leg back at Old Trafford, but it was not enough and Matt Busby, believing that his dream of winning the European Cup was over, considered retirement; however, he resolved to win another league title and have one last shot at Europe's biggest prize.

First European title

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Manchester United won the 1966–67 Football League title by four points over Nottingham Forest with a game to spare; this secured their second European Cup appearance in three seasons for 1967–68. After overcoming the Maltese champions, Hibernians, in the first round, United were handed yet another trip to Yugoslavia, this time to take on FK Sarajevo. The Red Devils faced a long journey to Sarajevo for the first leg, and they were held to a 0–0 draw in a very physical match. The second leg was equally robust, but United took control of the tie with goals from John Aston and George Best. Sarajevo were only able to pull back one goal and United went through to the quarter-finals, where they were drawn against Polish side Górnik Zabrze. United won the first leg at Old Trafford 2–0; an own goal from Stefan Florenski put them 1–0 up after an hour, and Brian Kidd doubled their lead in the final minute. The Poles had come to be considered one of the better sides in the last eight, and they were able to come away with a 1–0 win in the second leg, but it was not enough to prevent United from progressing to a semi-final tie with Real Madrid. United's 1–0 win in the first leg at Old Trafford was all that separated the sides after a 3–3 draw at the Bernabéu, setting up a meeting with Benfica in the final at Wembley Stadium. Best was again on the scoresheet, along with two goals from Charlton and one from Kidd on his 19th birthday, as United beat the Portuguese champions 4–1 after extra time to claim their first European trophy.

United reached the semi-finals of the European Cup as holders in the 1968–69 season, but lost to Milan. They would not compete in Europe for another seven years.

European comeback

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Following the retirement of Sir Matt Busby as manager at the end of the 1968–69 season, United entered a barren period that culminated in relegation to the Second Division in 1974. Promotion was achieved at the first attempt under the management of Tommy Docherty, who had taken over in December 1972, and in that first season back in the top flight, United finished third in the league to qualify for the UEFA Cup.

Although United did qualify for the European Cup Winners' Cup as FA Cup winners in 1977 and for the UEFA Cup in 1980 and 1982 with top-five finishes, they failed to make an impact on European competitions until the 1983–84 season, when they qualified for the European Cup Winners' Cup as FA Cup winners under Ron Atkinson. The United squad of this era was arguably the finest of the post-Busby era, containing star players including Ray Wilkins, Bryan Robson, Frank Stapleton and teenage forward Norman Whiteside. United achieved a famous victory over Barcelona in the quarter-finals of the 1983–84 European Cup Winners' Cup, winning the second leg 3–0 at Old Trafford after being beaten 2–0 in Spain in the first leg, made all the more impressive by the fact that Barcelona's team contained Diego Maradona, rated by many as the best footballer in the world at the time.

United reached the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup in 1984–85, but this would be their last contribution to European football for half a decade; the subsequent Heysel Stadium disaster at the European Cup final, in which rioting by Liverpool fans resulted in the death of 39 spectators and led to a ban on all English clubs in European competitions which would not be lifted in 1990. This resulted in United missing out on qualification for the European Cup Winners' Cup in 1985, and the UEFA Cup in 1986 and 1988. During this exile from Europe, United replaced Ron Atkinson with Alex Ferguson as their manager, and he remained in charge more than a quarter of a century later.

1990s, 2000s and early 2010s: rise to the European elite and Champions League titles

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Three silver trophies on blue plinths in a glass display case.
Manchester United won a treble in 1999: the Premier League, Champions League and FA Cup (left to right); the English club also won the 1999 Intercontinental Cup.

When the ban on English clubs in European competitions was lifted for the 1990–91 season, United were England's representatives in the European Cup Winners' Cup, as FA Cup winners, and they marked their return to Europe by winning the competition, with a 2–1 win over Barcelona (by now without Maradona) in the final, in which Mark Hughes scored twice.[4] Their defence of the trophy in the 1991–92 season was short-lived, ending at the hands of Atlético Madrid in the second round, and they lost at the first hurdle in the 1992–93 UEFA Cup.

Winning the Premier League title in 1993 qualified United to play in the newly rebranded UEFA Champions League (formerly the European Cup), their first appearance in Europe's biggest club competition since 1969. United made a disappointing second round exit to Galatasaray on away goals with a 3-3 draw at Old Trafford and a 0-0 draw in a hostile away leg.[5] They failed to make much of an impact in European competitions until the 1996–97 season, when they reached the semi-finals of the Champions League and were beaten by Borussia Dortmund. This campaign in Europe also saw them suffer their first home defeat in a European competition, 40 years after first competing on the continent, losing 1–0 to Turkish side Fenerbahçe in the group stage.[6]

They finally ended a 31-year wait for a second European Cup in 1999 when stoppage-time goals from Teddy Sheringham and Ole Gunnar Solskjær gave them a 2–1 win over Bayern Munich in the final in Barcelona.[7] In 2003–04, United were beaten by Porto in the last 16 of the Champions League, ending a seven-year run of quarter-final appearances in the competitions,[8] which also included one run to the final and a further two to the semi-finals.

After three short-lived Champions League campaigns, United made an impact on the competition in the 2006–07 season. After going down 2–1 in Italy to Roma in the quarter-final first leg,[9] they triumphed 7–1 in the second leg to reach the semi-finals for the first time in five years.[10] They took a 3–2 lead against Milan in the first leg,[11] only for their hopes of an all-English final with Liverpool to be ended by a 3–0 second leg defeat.[12] A year later, however, they won the trophy for the third time, beating fellow English side Chelsea on penalties in Moscow after a 1–1 draw in the first all-English European Cup final.[13]

A photograph of three medals sitting on a stand. One medal is gold and two are silver.
Winners' and runners-up medals from Manchester United's UEFA Champions League final appearances in 2008, 2009 and 2011

United reached a further two European Cup finals in the next three years, but lost to Barcelona on both occasions: first in the 2009 final in Rome,[14] and then in the 2011 final at the new Wembley Stadium in London.[15] Poor performances in the 2011–12 UEFA Champions League group stage saw United finish third, giving them another chance in Europe via the UEFA Europa League.[16] This was the first time United entered the tournament since its rebrand from the UEFA Cup in 2009, in which they last competed in 1995–96. They were eventually knocked out in the round of 16, losing 5–3 on aggregate to Athletic Bilbao.[17]

2010s and 2020s: decline and resurgence

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After finishing seventh in the Premier League in 2013–14 under David Moyes, United missed out on European football in 2014–15 for the first time in 25 years,[18] but returned to European action the following season after Moyes' replacement Louis van Gaal guided the club to fourth in the league and a place in the Champions League play-off round.[19] It was the first time that Manchester United had played in the qualifying phase of the Champions League since beating Hungarian side Debrecen in the 2005–06 competition.[20]

By virtue of winning the 2015–16 FA Cup (compounded by a fifth-place finish in the Premier League that season), United started their 2016–17 European campaign in the Europa League, the first time since 1995–96. United won the tournament after defeating Ajax 2–0 in the final, giving them their first win of the competition and becoming the fifth club to win all three of UEFA's major titles.[21] Underperformance in the league has led the club to another Europa League participations in 2019–20, in which United lost to Sevilla in the one-leg semi-final. In the 2020–21 Europa League they lost the final to Villarreal—their first major trophy; United qualified to the competition after a third-place finish in the 2020–21 Champions League group stage, a feat repeated from 2015–16. Since the club last won the league title in 2012–13, they are yet to qualify for the semi-finals of the Champions League. In the 2021–22 Champions League, the Reds topped their group but were knocked out in the round of 16 by Atlético Madrid, losing 1–2 on aggregate. As a result of a sixth-place finish in the 2021–22 Premier League, Manchester United were again qualified for the Europa League. United finished second on goals scored in the group stage. They beat Spanish clubs Barcelona in the knockout round play-offs and Real Betis in the round of 16, but were knocked out by eventual winners Sevilla in the quarter-finals. Finishing third in the 2022–23 Premier League, United qualified for the 2023–24 UEFA Champions League.

Matches

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Season Competition Round Opposition Home[nb 1] Away[nb 1] Aggregate[nb 1]
1956–57 European Cup Preliminary round Belgium Anderlecht 10–0 2–0 12–0
First round West Germany Borussia Dortmund 3–2 0–0 3–2
Quarter-final Spain Athletic Bilbao 3–0 3–5 6–5
Semi-final Spain Real Madrid 2–2 1–3 3–5
1957–58 European Cup Preliminary round Republic of Ireland Shamrock Rovers 3–2 6–0 9–2
First round Czechoslovakia Dukla Prague 3–0 0–1 3–1
Quarter-final Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Red Star Belgrade 2–1 3–3 5–4
Semi-final Italy Milan 2–1 0–4 2–5
1958–59 European Cup Preliminary round Switzerland Young Boys Withdrawn by the Football League
1963–64 Cup Winners' Cup Preliminary round Netherlands Willem II 6–1 1–1 7–2
First round England Tottenham Hotspur 4–1 0–2 4–3
Quarter-final Portugal Sporting CP 4–1 0–5 4–6
1964–65 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup First round Sweden Djurgården 6–1 1–1 7–2
Second round West Germany Borussia Dortmund 4–0 6–1 10–1
Third round England Everton 2–1 1–1 3–2
Quarter-final France Strasbourg 0–0 5–0 5–0
Semi-final Hungary Ferencváros 3–2 0–1 3–3
(po 1–2) (A)
1965–66 European Cup Preliminary round Finland HJK 6–0 3–2 9–2
First round East Germany Vorwärts Berlin 3–1 2–0 5–1
Quarter-final Portugal Benfica 3–2 5–1 8–3
Semi-final Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Partizan 1–0 0–2 1–2
1967–68 European Cup First round Malta Hibernians 4–0 0–0 4–0
Second round Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Sarajevo 2–1 0–0 2–1
Quarter-final Poland Górnik Zabrze 2–0 0–1 2–1
Semi-final Spain Real Madrid 1–0 3–3 4–3
Final Portugal Benfica 4–1 (N)
1968 Intercontinental Cup Final Argentina Estudiantes 1–1 0–1 1–2
1968–69 European Cup First round Republic of Ireland Waterford 7–1 3–1 10–2
Second round Belgium Anderlecht 3–0 1–3 4–3
Quarter-final Austria Rapid Wien 3–0 0–0 3–0
Semi-final Italy Milan 1–0 0–2 1–2
1976–77 UEFA Cup First round Netherlands Ajax 2–0 0–1 2–1
Second round Italy Juventus 1–0 0–3 1–3
1977–78 Cup Winners' Cup First round France Saint-Étienne 2–0 1–1 3–1
Second round Portugal Porto 5–2 0–4 5–6
1980–81 UEFA Cup First round Poland Widzew Łódź 1–1 0–0 1–1[nb 2]
1982–83 UEFA Cup First round Spain Valencia 0–0 1–2 1–2
1983–84 Cup Winners' Cup First round Czechoslovakia Dukla Prague 1–1 2–2 3–3[nb 3]
Second round Bulgaria Spartak Varna 2–0 2–1 4–1
Quarter-final Spain Barcelona 3–0 0–2 3–2
Semi-final Italy Juventus 1–1 1–2 2–3
1984–85 UEFA Cup First round Hungary Rába ETO Győr 3–0 2–2 5–2
Second round Netherlands PSV Eindhoven 0–0 1–0 1–0
Third round Scotland Dundee United 2–2 3–2 5–4
Quarter-final Hungary Videoton 1–0 0–1 1–1[nb 4]
1985–86 Cup Winners' Cup First round Portugal Benfica Banned
1986–87 UEFA Cup Banned
1988–89 UEFA Cup
1990–91 Cup Winners' Cup First round Hungary Pécsi Munkás 2–0 1–0 3–0
Second round Wales Wrexham 3–0 2–0 5–0
Quarter-final France Montpellier 1–1 2–0 3–1
Semi-final Poland Legia Warsaw 1–1 3–1 4–2
Final Spain Barcelona 2–1 (N)
1991 Super Cup Final Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Red Star Belgrade 1–0 (H)
1991–92 Cup Winners' Cup First round Greece Athinaikos 2–0 0–0 2–0
Second round Spain Atlético Madrid 1–1 0–3 1–4
1992–93 UEFA Cup First round Russia Torpedo Moscow 0–0 0–0 0–0[nb 5]
1993–94 Champions League First round Hungary Kispest Honvéd 2–1 3–2 5–3
Second round Turkey Galatasaray 3–3 0–0 3–3[nb 2]
1994–95 Champions League Group A Sweden IFK Göteborg 4–2 1–3 3rd
Turkey Galatasaray 4–0 0–0
Spain Barcelona 2–2 0–4
1995–96 UEFA Cup First round Russia Rotor Volgograd 2–2 0–0 2–2[nb 2]
1996–97 Champions League Group C Italy Juventus 0–1 0–1 2nd
Austria Rapid Wien 2–0 2–0
Turkey Fenerbahçe 0–1 2–0
Quarter-final Portugal Porto 4–0 0–0 4–0
Semi-final Germany Borussia Dortmund 0–1 0–1 0–2
1997–98 Champions League Group B Slovakia Košice 3–0 3–0 1st
Italy Juventus 3–2 0–1
Netherlands Feyenoord 2–1 3–1
Quarter-final France Monaco 1–1 0–0 1–1[nb 2]
1998–99 Champions League Second qualifying round Poland ŁKS Łódź 2–0 0–0 2–0
Group D Spain Barcelona 3–3 3–3 2nd
Germany Bayern Munich 1–1 2–2
Denmark Brøndby 5–0 6–2
Quarter-final Italy Inter Milan 2–0 1–1 3–1
Semi-final Italy Juventus 1–1 3–2 4–3
Final Germany Bayern Munich 2–1 (N)
1999 Super Cup Final Italy Lazio 0–1 (N)
1999 Intercontinental Cup Final Brazil Palmeiras 1–0 (N)
2000 Club World Championship Group B Mexico Necaxa 1–1 (N) 3rd
Brazil Vasco da Gama 1–3 (N)
Australia South Melbourne 2–0 (N)
1999–2000 Champions League First group round
Group D 		Croatia Croatia Zagreb 0–0 2–1 1st
Austria Sturm Graz 2–1 3–0
France Marseille 2–1 0–1
Second group round
Group B 		Italy Fiorentina 3–1 0–2 1st
Spain Valencia 3–0 0–0
France Bordeaux 2–0 2–1
Quarter-final Spain Real Madrid 2–3 0–0 2–3
2000–01 Champions League First group round
Group G 		Belgium Anderlecht 5–1 1–2 2nd
Ukraine Dynamo Kyiv 1–0 0–0
Netherlands PSV Eindhoven 3–1 1–3
Second group round
Group A 		Greece Panathinaikos 3–1 1–1 2nd
Austria Sturm Graz 3–0 2–0
Spain Valencia 1–1 0–0
Quarter-final Germany Bayern Munich 0–1 1–2 1–3
2001–02 Champions League First group round
Group G 		France Lille 1–0 1–1 2nd
Spain Deportivo La Coruña 2–3 1–2
Greece Olympiacos 3–0 2–0
Second group round
Group A 		Germany Bayern Munich 0–0 1–1 1st
Portugal Boavista 3–0 3–0
France Nantes 5–1 1–1
Quarter-final Spain Deportivo La Coruña 3–2 2–0 5–2
Semi-final Germany Bayer Leverkusen 2–2 1–1 3–3[nb 2]
2002–03 Champions League Third qualifying round Hungary Zalaegerszeg 5–0 0–1 5–1
First group round
Group F 		Israel Maccabi Haifa 5–2 0–3 1st
Germany Bayer Leverkusen 2–0 2–1
Greece Olympiacos 4–0 3–2
Second group round
Group D 		Switzerland Basel 1–1 3–1 1st
Spain Deportivo La Coruña 2–0 0–2
Italy Juventus 2–1 3–0
Quarter-final Spain Real Madrid 4–3 1–3 5–6
2003–04 Champions League Group E Greece Panathinaikos 5–0 1–0 1st
Germany Stuttgart 2–0 1–2
Scotland Rangers 3–0 1–0
Round of 16 Portugal Porto 1–1 1–2 2–3
2004–05 Champions League Third qualifying round Romania Dinamo București 3–0 2–1 5–1
Group D France Lyon 2–1 2–2 2nd
Turkey Fenerbahçe 6–2 0–3
Czech Republic Sparta Prague 0–0 4–1
Round of 16 Italy Milan 0–1 0–1 0–2
2005–06 Champions League Third qualifying round Hungary Debrecen 3–0 3–0 6–0
Group D Spain Villarreal 0–0 0–0 4th
Portugal Benfica 2–1 1–2
France Lille 0–0 0–1
2006–07 Champions League Group F Scotland Celtic 3–2 0–1 1st
Portugal Benfica 3–1 1–0
Denmark Copenhagen 3–0 0–1
Round of 16 France Lille 1–0 1–0 2–0
Quarter-final Italy Roma 7–1 1–2 8–3
Semi-final Italy Milan 3–2 0–3 3–5
2007–08 Champions League Group F Portugal Sporting CP 2–1 1–0 1st
Italy Roma 1–0 1–1
Ukraine Dynamo Kyiv 4–2 4–0
Round of 16 France Lyon 1–0 1–1 2–1
Quarter-final Italy Roma 1–0 2–0 3–0
Semi-final Spain Barcelona 1–0 0–0 1–0
Final England Chelsea 1–1 (N)[nb 6]
2008 Super Cup Final Russia Zenit Saint Petersburg 1–2 (N)
2008 Club World Cup Semi-final Japan Gamba Osaka 5–3 (N)
Final Ecuador LDU Quito 1–0 (N)
2008–09 Champions League Group E Spain Villarreal 0–0 0–0 1st
Denmark AaB 2–2 3–0
Scotland Celtic 3–0 1–1
Round of 16 Italy Inter Milan 2–0 0–0 2–0
Quarter-final Portugal Porto 2–2 1–0 3–2
Semi-final England Arsenal 1–0 3–1 4–1
Final Spain Barcelona 0–2 (N)
2009–10 Champions League Group B Turkey Beşiktaş 0–1 1–0 1st
Germany Wolfsburg 2–1 3–1
Russia CSKA Moscow 3–3 1–0
Round of 16 Italy Milan 4–0 3–2 7–2
Quarter-final Germany Bayern Munich 3–2 1–2 4–4[nb 2]
2010–11 Champions League Group C Scotland Rangers 0–0 1–0 1st
Spain Valencia 1–1 1–0
Turkey Bursaspor 1–0 3–0
Round of 16 France Marseille 2–1 0–0 2–1
Quarter-final England Chelsea 2–1 1–0 3–1
Semi-final Germany Schalke 04 4–1 2–0 6–1
Final Spain Barcelona 1–3 (N)
2011–12 Champions League Group C Portugal Benfica 2–2 1–1 3rd
Switzerland Basel 3–3 1–2
Romania Oțelul Galați 2–0 2–0
2011–12 Europa League Round of 32 Netherlands Ajax 1–2 2–0 3–2
Round of 16 Spain Athletic Bilbao 2–3 1–2 3–5
2012–13 Champions League Group H Turkey Galatasaray 1–0 0–1 1st
Romania CFR Cluj 0–1 2–1
Portugal Braga 3–2 3–1
Round of 16 Spain Real Madrid 1–2 1–1 2–3
2013–14 Champions League Group A Germany Bayer Leverkusen 4–2 5–0 1st
Ukraine Shakhtar Donetsk 1–0 1–1
Spain Real Sociedad 1–0 0–0
Round of 16 Greece Olympiacos 3–0 0–2 3–2
Quarter-final Germany Bayern Munich 1–1 1–3 2–4
2015–16 Champions League Play-off round Belgium Club Brugge 3–1 4–0 7–1
Group B Netherlands PSV Eindhoven 0–0 1–2 3rd
Germany Wolfsburg 2–1 2–3
Russia CSKA Moscow 1–0 1–1
2015–16 Europa League Round of 32 Denmark Midtjylland 5–1 1–2 6–3
Round of 16 England Liverpool 1–1 0–2 1–3
2016–17 Europa League Group A Turkey Fenerbahçe 4–1 1–2 2nd
Netherlands Feyenoord 4–0 0–1
Ukraine Zorya Luhansk 1–0 2–0
Round of 32 France Saint-Étienne 3–0 1–0 4–0
Round of 16 Russia Rostov 1–0 1–1 2–1
Quarter-final Belgium Anderlecht 2–1 1–1 3–2
Semi-final Spain Celta Vigo 1–1 1–0 2–1
Final Netherlands Ajax 2–0 (N)
2017 Super Cup Final Spain Real Madrid 1–2 (N)
2017–18 Champions League Group A Switzerland Basel 3–0 0–1 1st
Russia CSKA Moscow 2–1 4–1
Portugal Benfica 2–0 1–0
Round of 16 Spain Sevilla 1–2 0–0 1–2
2018–19 Champions League Group H Switzerland Young Boys 1–0 3–0 2nd
Spain Valencia 0–0 1–2
Italy Juventus 0–1 2–1
Round of 16 France Paris Saint-Germain 0–2 3–1 3–3[nb 3]
Quarter-final Spain Barcelona 0–1 0–3 0–4
2019–20 Europa League Group L Kazakhstan Astana 1–0 1–2 1st
Netherlands AZ 4–0 0–0
Serbia Partizan 3–0 1–0
Round of 32 Belgium Club Brugge 5–0 1–1 6–1
Round of 16 Austria LASK 2–1 5–0 7–1
Quarter-final Denmark Copenhagen 1–0 (N)
Semi-final Spain Sevilla 1–2 (N)
2020–21 Champions League Group H France Paris Saint-Germain 1–3 2–1 3rd
Germany RB Leipzig 5–0 2–3
Turkey İstanbul Başakşehir 4–1 1–2
2020–21 Europa League Round of 32 Spain Real Sociedad 0–0 4–0 4–0
Round of 16 Italy Milan 1–1 1–0 2–1
Quarter-final Spain Granada 2–0 2–0 4–0
Semi-final Italy Roma 6–2 2–3 8–5
Final Spain Villarreal 1–1 (N)[nb 7]
2021–22 Champions League Group F Switzerland Young Boys 1–1 1–2 1st
Spain Villarreal 2–1 2–0
Italy Atalanta 3–2 2–2
Round of 16 Spain Atlético Madrid 0–1 1–1 1–2
2022–23 Europa League Group E Spain Real Sociedad 0–1 1–0 2nd
Moldova Sheriff Tiraspol 3–0 2–0
Cyprus Omonia 1–0 3–2
Knockout round play-offs Spain Barcelona 2–1 2–2 4–3
Round of 16 Spain Real Betis 4–1 1–0 5–1
Quarter-final Spain Sevilla 2–2 0–3 2–5
2023–24 Champions League Group A Germany Bayern Munich 0–1 3–4 4th
Denmark Copenhagen 1–0 3–4
Turkey Galatasaray 2–3 3–3
2024–25 Europa League League phase Netherlands Twente 1–1 — TBA
Portugal Porto — 3–3
Turkey Fenerbahçe — 1–1
Greece PAOK 7 Nov —
Norway Bodø/Glimt 28 Nov —
Czech Republic Viktoria Plzeň — 12 Dec
Scotland Rangers 23 Jan —
Romania FCSB — 30 Jan

Overall record

[edit]

By competition

[edit]
As of 24 October 2024
Competition Pld W D L GF GA GD Win%[nb 8] Ref
Champions League / European Cup 299 161 70 68 545 299 +246 053.85 [22]
Cup Winners' Cup 31 16 9 6 55 35 +20 051.61 [23]
Europa League / UEFA Cup 79 39 24 16 127 67 +60 049.37 [24]
Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 11 6 3 2 29 10 +19 054.55 [24]
Super Cup 4 1 0 3 3 5 −2 025.00 [25]
Intercontinental Cup 3 1 1 1 2 2 +0 033.33 [26]
Club World Cup 5 3 1 1 10 7 +3 060.00 [27]
Total 432 227 108 97 771 425 +346 052.55 [28]

By country

[edit]
As of 24 October 2024
Country Pld W D L GF GA GD Win%[nb 8] Ref
 Argentina 2 0 1 1 1 2 −1 000.00 [29]
 Australia 1 1 0 0 2 0 +2 100.00 [30]
 Austria 10 9 1 0 24 2 +22 090.00 [31]
 Belgium 12 8 2 2 38 10 +28 066.67 [32]
 Bosnia and Herzegovina 2 1 1 0 2 1 +1 050.00 [33]
 Brazil 2 1 0 1 2 3 −1 050.00 [34]
 Bulgaria 2 2 0 0 4 1 +3 100.00 [35]
 Croatia 2 1 1 0 2 1 +1 050.00 [36]
 Cyprus 2 2 0 0 4 2 +2 100.00
 Czech Republic / Czechoslovakia 6 2 3 1 10 5 +5 033.33 [37]
 Denmark 11 7 1 3 30 12 +18 063.64 [38]
 East Germany 2 2 0 0 5 1 +4 100.00
 Ecuador 1 1 0 0 1 0 +1 100.00 [39]
 England 11 6 3 2 16 11 +5 054.55 [40]
 Finland 2 2 0 0 9 2 +7 100.00 [41]
 France 32 17 11 4 46 22 +24 053.13 [42][43]
 Germany / West Germany 35 16 8 11 70 44 +26 045.71 [44]
 Greece 12 9 2 1 27 6 +21 075.00 [45]
 Hungary 15 10 1 4 29 12 +17 066.67 [46]
 Ireland 4 4 0 0 19 4 +15 100.00 [47]
 Israel 2 1 0 1 5 5 +0 050.00 [48]
 Italy 43 21 7 15 66 52 +14 048.84 [49]
 Japan 1 1 0 0 5 3 +2 100.00 [50]
 Kazakhstan 2 1 0 1 2 2 +0 050.00
 Malta 2 1 1 0 4 0 +4 050.00 [51]
 Mexico 1 0 1 0 1 1 +0 000.00 [52]
 Moldova 2 2 0 0 5 0 +5 100.00
 Netherlands 20 10 5 5 34 15 +19 050.00 [53]
 Poland 8 3 4 1 9 4 +5 037.50 [54]
 Portugal 28 18 6 4 61 35 +26 064.29 [55]
 Romania 6 5 0 1 11 3 +8 083.33 [56]
 Russia 13 5 7 1 17 11 +6 038.46 [57]
 Scotland 10 6 3 1 17 8 +9 060.00 [58]
 Serbia 7 5 1 1 11 6 +5 071.43 [59]
 Slovakia 2 2 0 0 6 0 +6 100.00 [60]
 Spain 74 22 27 25 91 94 −3 029.73 [61]
 Sweden 4 2 1 1 12 7 +5 050.00 [62]
  Switzerland 10 4 3 3 17 11 +6 040.00 [63]
 Turkey 21 9 5 7 37 24 +13 042.86 [64]
 Ukraine 8 6 2 0 14 3 +11 075.00 [65]
 Wales 2 2 0 0 5 0 +5 100.00 [66]

By club

[edit]
As of 24 October 2024
Opponent Played Won Drawn Lost For Against Difference Win %
Denmark AaB 2 1 1 0 5 2 +3 050.00
Netherlands Ajax 5 3 0 2 7 3 +4 060.00
Belgium Anderlecht 8 5 1 2 25 8 +17 062.50
England Arsenal 2 2 0 0 4 1 +3 100.00
Kazakhstan Astana 2 1 0 1 2 2 +0 050.00
Italy Atalanta 2 1 1 0 5 4 +1 050.00
Greece Athinaikos 2 1 1 0 2 0 +2 050.00
Spain Athletic Bilbao 4 1 0 3 9 10 −1 025.00
Spain Atlético Madrid 4 0 2 2 2 6 −4 000.00
Netherlands AZ 2 1 1 0 4 0 +4 050.00
Spain Barcelona 15 4 5 6 19 27 −8 026.67
Switzerland Basel 6 2 2 2 11 8 +3 033.33
Germany Bayer Leverkusen 6 4 2 0 16 6 +10 066.67
Germany Bayern Munich 13 2 5 6 16 21 −5 015.38
Portugal Benfica 11 8 2 1 25 11 +14 072.73
Turkey Beşiktaş 2 1 0 1 1 1 +0 050.00
Portugal Boavista 2 2 0 0 6 0 +6 100.00
France Bordeaux 2 2 0 0 3 0 +3 100.00
Germany Borussia Dortmund 6 3 1 2 13 5 +8 050.00
Portugal Braga 2 2 0 0 6 3 +3 100.00
Denmark Brøndby 2 2 0 0 11 2 +9 100.00
Hungary Budapest Honvéd 2 2 0 0 5 3 +2 100.00
Turkey Bursaspor 2 2 0 0 4 0 +4 100.00
Spain Celta Vigo 2 1 1 0 2 1 +1 050.00
Scotland Celtic 4 2 1 1 7 4 +3 050.00
Romania CFR Cluj 2 1 0 1 2 2 +0 050.00
England Chelsea 3 2 1 0 4 2 +2 066.67
Belgium Club Brugge 4 3 1 0 13 2 +11 075.00
Denmark Copenhagen 5 3 0 2 8 5 +3 060.00
Russia CSKA Moscow 6 4 2 0 12 6 +6 066.67
Hungary Debrecen 2 2 0 0 6 0 +6 100.00
Spain Deportivo La Coruña 6 3 0 3 10 9 +1 050.00
Romania Dinamo București 2 2 0 0 5 1 +4 100.00
Croatia Dinamo Zagreb 2 1 1 0 2 1 +1 050.00
Sweden Djurgården 2 1 1 0 7 2 +5 050.00
Czech Republic Dukla Prague 4 1 2 1 6 4 +2 025.00
Scotland Dundee United 2 1 1 0 5 4 +1 050.00
Ukraine Dynamo Kyiv 4 3 1 0 9 2 +7 075.00
Argentina Estudiantes 2 0 1 1 1 2 −1 000.00
England Everton 2 1 1 0 3 2 +1 050.00
Turkey Fenerbahçe 7 3 1 3 14 10 +4 042.86
Hungary Ferencváros 3 1 0 2 4 5 −1 033.33
Netherlands Feyenoord 4 3 0 1 9 3 +6 075.00
Italy Fiorentina 2 1 0 1 3 3 +0 050.00
Turkey Galatasaray 8 2 4 2 13 10 +3 025.00
Japan Gamba Osaka 1 1 0 0 5 3 +2 100.00
Poland Górnik Zabrze 2 1 0 1 2 1 +1 050.00
Sweden Göteborg 2 1 0 1 5 5 +0 050.00
Spain Granada 2 2 0 0 4 0 +4 100.00
Hungary Győri ETO 2 1 1 0 5 2 +3 050.00
Finland HJK 2 2 0 0 9 2 +7 100.00
Malta Hibernians 2 1 1 0 4 0 +4 050.00
Italy Inter Milan 4 2 2 0 5 1 +4 050.00
Turkey İstanbul Başakşehir 2 1 0 1 5 3 +2 050.00
Italy Juventus 14 6 2 6 17 17 +0 042.86
Slovakia Košice 2 2 0 0 6 0 +6 100.00
Austria LASK 2 2 0 0 7 1 +6 100.00
Italy Lazio 1 0 0 1 0 1 −1 000.00
Ecuador LDU Quito 1 1 0 0 1 0 +1 100.00
Poland Legia Warsaw 2 1 1 0 4 2 +2 050.00
France Lille 6 3 2 1 4 2 +2 050.00
England Liverpool 2 0 1 1 1 3 −2 000.00
Poland ŁKS Łódź 2 1 1 0 2 0 +2 050.00
France Lyon 4 2 2 0 6 4 +2 050.00
Israel Maccabi Haifa 2 1 0 1 5 5 +0 050.00
France Marseille 4 2 1 1 4 3 +1 050.00
Denmark Midtjylland 2 1 0 1 6 3 +3 050.00
Italy Milan 12 6 1 5 15 17 −2 050.00
France Monaco 2 0 2 0 1 1 +0 000.00
France Montpellier 2 1 1 0 3 1 +2 050.00
France Nantes 2 1 1 0 6 2 +4 050.00
Mexico Necaxa 1 0 1 0 1 1 +0 000.00
Greece Olympiacos 6 5 0 1 15 4 +11 083.33
Cyprus Omonia 2 2 0 0 4 2 +2 100.00
Romania Oțelul Galați 2 2 0 0 4 0 +4 100.00
Brazil Palmeiras 1 1 0 0 1 0 +1 100.00
Greece Panathinaikos 4 3 1 0 10 2 +8 075.00
France Paris Saint-Germain 4 2 0 2 6 7 −1 050.00
Serbia Partizan 4 3 0 1 5 2 +3 075.00
Hungary Pécsi MFC 2 2 0 0 3 0 +3 100.00
Portugal Porto 9 3 4 2 17 14 +3 033.33
Netherlands PSV Eindhoven 6 2 2 2 6 6 +0 033.33
Scotland Rangers 4 3 1 0 5 0 +5 075.00
Austria Rapid Wien 4 3 1 0 7 0 +7 075.00
Germany RB Leipzig 2 1 0 1 7 3 +4 050.00
Spain Real Betis 2 2 0 0 5 1 +4 100.00
Spain Real Madrid 11 2 4 5 17 22 −5 018.18
Spain Real Sociedad 6 3 2 1 6 1 +5 050.00
Serbia Red Star Belgrade 3 2 1 0 6 4 +2 066.67
Italy Roma 8 5 1 2 21 9 +12 062.50
Russia Rostov 2 1 1 0 2 1 +1 050.00
Russia Rotor Volgograd 2 0 2 0 2 2 +0 000.00
France Saint-Étienne 4 3 1 0 7 1 +6 075.00
Bosnia and Herzegovina Sarajevo 2 1 1 0 2 1 +1 050.00
Germany Schalke 04 2 2 0 0 6 1 +5 100.00
Spain Sevilla 5 0 2 3 4 9 −5 000.00
Ukraine Shakhtar Donetsk 2 1 1 0 2 1 +1 050.00
Republic of Ireland Shamrock Rovers 2 2 0 0 9 2 +7 100.00
Moldova Sheriff Tiraspol 2 2 0 0 5 0 +5 100.00
Australia South Melbourne 1 1 0 0 2 0 +2 100.00
Czech Republic Sparta Prague 2 1 1 0 4 1 +3 050.00
Bulgaria Spartak Varna 2 2 0 0 4 1 +3 100.00
Portugal Sporting CP 4 3 0 1 7 7 +0 075.00
France Strasbourg 2 1 1 0 5 0 +5 050.00
Austria Sturm Graz 4 4 0 0 10 1 +9 100.00
Germany VfB Stuttgart 2 1 0 1 3 2 +1 050.00
Russia Torpedo Moscow 2 0 2 0 0 0 +0 000.00
England Tottenham Hotspur 2 1 0 1 4 3 +1 050.00
Netherlands Twente 1 0 1 0 1 1 +0 000.00
Spain Valencia 10 2 6 2 8 6 +2 020.00
Brazil Vasco da Gama 1 0 0 1 1 3 −2 000.00
Hungary Videoton 2 1 0 1 1 1 +0 050.00
Spain Villarreal 7 2 5 0 5 2 +3 028.57
East Germany Vorwärts Berlin 2 2 0 0 5 1 +4 100.00
Republic of Ireland Waterford 2 2 0 0 10 2 +8 100.00
Poland Widzew Łódź 2 0 2 0 1 1 +0 000.00
Netherlands Willem II 2 1 1 0 7 2 +5 050.00
Germany VfL Wolfsburg 4 3 0 1 9 6 +3 075.00
Wales Wrexham 2 2 0 0 5 0 +5 100.00
Switzerland Young Boys 4 2 1 1 6 3 +3 050.00
Hungary Zalaegerszeg 2 1 0 1 5 1 +4 050.00
Russia Zenit Saint Petersburg 1 0 0 1 1 2 −1 000.00
Ukraine Zorya Luhansk 2 2 0 0 3 0 +3 100.00

Honours

[edit]

European

[edit]

Worldwide

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Manchester United score listed first
  2. ^ a b c d e f Lost on away goals
  3. ^ a b Won on away goals
  4. ^ Lost 4–5 on penalties
  5. ^ Lost 3–4 on penalties
  6. ^ Won 6–5 on penalties
  7. ^ Lost 10–11 on penalties
  8. ^ a b Win% is rounded to two decimal places

References

[edit]
  1. ^ May, John (25 November 2005). "The best of Best". BBC Sport. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
  2. ^ "George Best: The Times obituary". Times Online. Times Newspapers. 25 November 2005. Retrieved 30 June 2011.[dead link]
  3. ^ Bostock, A.; Shaw, M. (9 March 2011). "George Best's finest hour". ManUtd.com. Manchester United. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
  4. ^ Marshall, Adam (25 May 2011). "European triumphs: 1991". ManUtd.com. Manchester United. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
  5. ^ "Not So Forgotten Story: Manchester United v Galatasaray, 1993". The Guardian. 19 September 2012.
  6. ^ Moore, Glenn (31 October 1996). "United's record ended by Bolic". The Independent. Independent Print. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
  7. ^ "United crowned kings of Europe". BBC News. 26 May 1999. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
  8. ^ "Man Utd 1-1 Porto". BBC Sport. 9 March 2004. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
  9. ^ McNulty, Phil (4 April 2007). "Roma 2-1 Man Utd". BBC Sport. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
  10. ^ Bevan, Chris (10 April 2007). "Man Utd 7-1 Roma (agg 8-3)". BBC Sport. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
  11. ^ McNulty, Phil (24 April 2007). "Man Utd 3-2 AC Milan". BBC Sport. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
  12. ^ Cheese, Caroline (2 May 2007). "AC Milan 3-0 Man Utd (Agg: 5-3)". BBC Sport. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
  13. ^ McNulty, Phil (22 May 2008). "Man Utd earn dramatic Euro glory". BBC Sport. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
  14. ^ McNulty, Phil (27 May 2009). "Barcelona 2-0 Man Utd". BBC Sport. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
  15. ^ McNulty, Phil (28 May 2011). "Barcelona 3-1 Man Utd". BBC Sport. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
  16. ^ Ornstein, David (7 December 2011). "FC Basel 2-1 Man Utd". BBC Sport. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
  17. ^ Magowan, Alistair (7 December 2011). "Athletic Bilbao 2-1 Man Utd (agg 5-3)". BBC Sport. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
  18. ^ "David Moyes: Manchester United manager sacked by club". BBC Sport. 22 April 2014. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
  19. ^ "Manchester United could face Monaco in Champions League". BBC Sport. 1 June 2015. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
  20. ^ Dawson, Rob (24 May 2015). "Manchester United to face Champions League play-off". Manchester Evening News. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
  21. ^ McNulty, Phil (24 May 2017). "Ajax 0-2 Manchester United". BBC Sport. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
  22. ^ "Manchester United Match Results Archive: European Cup". MUFCinfo.com. Retrieved 24 October 2024.
  23. ^ "Manchester United Match Results Archive: Cup Winners' Cup". MUFCinfo.com. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
  24. ^ a b "Manchester United Match Results Archive: Inter-Cities Fairs Cup / UEFA Cup". MUFCinfo.com. Retrieved 24 October 2024.
  25. ^ "Manchester United Match Results Archive: Super Cup". MUFCinfo.com. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
  26. ^ "Manchester United Match Results Archive: Intercontinental Cup". MUFCinfo.com. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
  27. ^ "Manchester United Match Results Archive: FIFA World Club Championship/Club World Cup". MUFCinfo.com. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
  28. ^ "Newton Heath/Manchester United PWDLFA Records by Competition". MUFCinfo.com. Retrieved 24 October 2024.
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  31. ^ "United against teams from Austria". StretfordEnd.co.uk. Barn End Media. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
  32. ^ "United against teams from Belgium". StretfordEnd.co.uk. Barn End Media. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
  33. ^ "United against teams from Bosnia and Herzegovina". StretfordEnd.co.uk. Barn End Media. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
  34. ^ "United against teams from Brazil". StretfordEnd.co.uk. Barn End Media. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
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  41. ^ "United against teams from Finland". StretfordEnd.co.uk. Barn End Media. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
  42. ^ "United against teams from France". StretfordEnd.co.uk. Barn End Media. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
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  50. ^ "United against teams from Japan". StretfordEnd.co.uk. Barn End Media. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
  51. ^ "United against teams from Malta". StretfordEnd.co.uk. Barn End Media. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
  52. ^ "United against teams from Mexico". StretfordEnd.co.uk. Barn End Media. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
  53. ^ "United against teams from the Netherlands". StretfordEnd.co.uk. Barn End Media. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
  54. ^ "United against teams from Poland". StretfordEnd.co.uk. Barn End Media. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
  55. ^ "United against teams from Portugal". StretfordEnd.co.uk. Barn End Media. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
  56. ^ "United against teams from Romania". StretfordEnd.co.uk. Barn End Media. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
  57. ^ "United against teams from Russia". StretfordEnd.co.uk. Barn End Media. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
  58. ^ "United against teams from Scotland". StretfordEnd.co.uk. Barn End Media. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
  59. ^ "United against teams from Serbia". StretfordEnd.co.uk. Barn End Media. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
  60. ^ "United against teams from Slovakia". StretfordEnd.co.uk. Barn End Media. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
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[edit]
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