Milk Drop Coronet
| Milk Drop Coronet | |
|---|---|
 Scan of a dye-transfer print at the MIT Museum | |
| Artist | Harold Edgerton |
| Completion date | January 10, 1957 |
| Medium | Kodak Panatomic X and Ektacolor |
| Subject | Drop of milk |
| Location | MIT Museum, Original negative destroyed; see Milk Drop Coronet § Physical copies for locations of copies |
Milk Drop Coronet is a high-speed photograph of a drop of milk falling onto the surface of a red pan, creating a splash resembling a coronet, taken by American scientist Harold "Doc" Edgerton on January 10, 1957. The picture was created using a camera connected to a beam of light, which triggered when the drop of milk obstructed the light.
Edgerton was an electrical engineer, and had personally developed a stroboscope which he used to take high-speed photographs of, among others, drops of liquid. He began capturing images of milk drops as early as 1932, and produced a similar picture to Milk Drop Coronet titled Milk Drop Coronet Splash in 1936.
Milk Drop Coronet has been called an "uncannily beautiful image" by New York Times art critic Ken Johnson, appeared in Time magazine's list of Most Influential Images of All Time, and exhibited in various art museums.
Background
[edit]Harold Eugene Edgerton was an American photographer and scientist who earned a PhD at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1931, where he served as a professor of electrical engineering.[1] In 1932, Edgerton designed a stroboscope which could emit 60 10‐microsecond flashes of light per second and recharge in less than a microsecond, which could thus be used to take high-speed photographs.[2] Edgerton initially intended to use the stroboscope for the study of electrical motors;[3] however, he also took pictures of bullets being shot, insects flying, and drops of liquid.[2] Edgerton had begun making photographs of drops of milk splashing as early as 1932,[4] and four years later, he created a black-and-white photograph, titled Milk Drop Coronet Splash, of a splash of milk forming a coronal shape, similar to Milk Drop Coronet.[4][5] In the second edition of his 1939 book Flash! Seeing the Unseen by Ultra High-Speed Photography, Edgerton explains two principles which he believes should be kept in mind when viewing his photographs of splashes and drops:[6]
First, the behavior of liquids is affected by surface tension. The surface layers of any liquid act like a stretched skin or membrane (a drumhead, for example) which is always trying to contract and diminish its area. Second, a spout or column of liquid, beyond a certain length in relation to its diameter, is unstable and tends to break down into a series of equidistant drops. As these drops are formed, they are joined together by narrow necks of liquid which in turn break up into smaller drops.
— Edgerton, Flash! Seeing the Unseen by Ultra High-Speed Photography, p. 107
Creation
[edit]
The photograph was created on January 10, 1957.[7] Milk was selected for its high contrast and its opacity.[8] The picture's creation involved Edgerton connecting his camera to xenon flashtubes, then positioning it in front of a dripper that steadily released droplets onto a red pan. The precise moment was taken when the first drop briefly blocked a beam of light connected to a detector, initiating a flash after an adjustable delay. This first drop can be seen in the photograph as forming the splash, meanwhile a second drop can be seen above.[8][7]
Physical copies
[edit]According to Gus Kayafas, the original photographic negative was destroyed.[7] Several prints of the photograph have been made, which were distributed to and exhibited in art museums.
| Date printed | Medium | Dimensions (image) | Location | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1957 | Dye transfer | 46.7 centimetres (18.4 in) × 33.9 centimetres (13.3 in) | Art Institute of Chicago | [4] |
| 1957 | Dye transfer | — | MIT Museum | [7] |
| 1957 | Dye transfer | 46.5 centimetres (18.3 in) × 33.8 centimetres (13.3 in) | Denver Art Museum | [9] |
| 1957 | C-type | 25.4 centimetres (10.0 in) × 19.2 centimetres (7.6 in) | Amon Carter Museum of American Art | [10] |
| 1957 | Dye transfer | 50.5 centimetres (19.9 in) × 40.64 centimetres (16.00 in) | San Francisco Museum of Modern Art | [11] |
| 1957 | Dye transfer | 46.5 centimetres (18.3 in) × 33.8 centimetres (13.3 in) | Philadelphia Museum of Art | [12] |
| 1957 | Dye transfer | — | Museum of Fine Arts (St. Petersburg, Florida) | [13] |
| 1957 | Dye transfer | 47 centimetres (19 in) × 33.7 centimetres (13.3 in) | New Mexico Museum of Art | [14] |
| 1957 | Dye transfer | 46.5 centimetres (18.3 in) × 34 centimetres (13 in) | Harvard Art Museums | [15] |
| After 1957 | C-type | 54 centimetres (21 in) × 34.5 centimetres (13.6 in) | Victoria and Albert Museum | [16] |
| After 1957 | Dye transfer | 35.6 centimetres (14.0 in) × 27.9 centimetres (11.0 in) | The Phillips Collection | [17] |
| 1963 | Dye transfer | 24.8 centimetres (9.8 in) × 20 centimetres (7.9 in) | Museum of Modern Art | [18] |
| 1977 | Dye transfer | 35.4 centimetres (13.9 in) × 28 centimetres (11 in) | National Gallery of Canada | [19] |
| 1985 | Dye transfer | 46.7 centimetres (18.4 in) × 34.2 centimetres (13.5 in) | Princeton University Art Museum | [20] |
| 1984–1990 | Dye transfer | 46.7 centimetres (18.4 in) × 34 centimetres (13 in) | Whitney Museum | [21] |
Reception and legacy
[edit]Art critic Ken Johnson, writing for The New York Times in 2001, called the photograph an "uncannily beautiful image" and compared Edgerton's work to Eadward Muybridge's photography.[22] In 2016, the photograph was included in Time magazine's 100 Photographs: The Most Influential Images of All Time.[23] The corresponding article read that the picture "proved that photography could advance human understanding of the physical world."[24]
Mathematicians Martin Golubitsky and Ian Stewart used the photograph to illustrate the phenomenon of symmetry-breaking in their 1992 book Fearful symmetry: is God a geometer?[25][26]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Morgan, Ann Lee (May 24, 2018), "Edgerton, Harold Eugene", The Oxford Dictionary of American Art and Artists, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-180767-1, retrieved July 18, 2024
- ^ a b Braun, Marta (2005), "Edgerton, Harold", The Oxford Companion to the Photograph, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-866271-6, retrieved July 18, 2024
- ^ Bedi, Joyce. "Drops & Splashes". MIT Museum. Archived from the original on July 18, 2024. Retrieved July 18, 2024.
- ^ a b c "Milk Drop Coronet". Art Institute Chicago. Archived from the original on March 28, 2024. Retrieved July 18, 2024.
- ^ Lopatka, Alex (May 1, 2024). "Making an educational splash". Physics Today. 77 (5): 56. Bibcode:2024PhT....77e..56L. doi:10.1063/pt.owvc.fjei. ISSN 0031-9228.
- ^ Edgerton, Harold Eugene; Killian, James Rhyne (1954). Flash! Seeing the unseen by ultra high-speed photography (2nd ed.). Boston: Charles T. Branford Company. p. 107.
- ^ a b c d e "Milk Drop Coronet". MIT Museum. Archived from the original on May 25, 2024. Retrieved July 18, 2024.
- ^ a b Bryce, Emma (June 3, 2015). "The Story Behind That Iconic Milk Drop Picture". Science Friday. Archived from the original on July 18, 2024. Retrieved July 18, 2024.
- ^ "Milk Drop Coronet | Denver Art Museum". www.denverartmuseum.org. Archived from the original on July 18, 2024. Retrieved July 18, 2024.
- ^ "Milk Drop Coronet". www.cartermuseum.org. Archived from the original on July 18, 2024. Retrieved July 18, 2024.
- ^ "Milk Drop Coronet". SFMOMA. Archived from the original on July 18, 2024. Retrieved July 18, 2024.
- ^ "Milk Drop Coronet". philamuseum.org. Archived from the original on July 18, 2024. Retrieved July 18, 2024.
- ^ "Milk Drop Coronet". Museum of Fine Arts, St Petersburg. Archived from the original on July 18, 2024. Retrieved July 18, 2024.
- ^ "Milk Drop Coronet". sam.nmartmuseum.org. Archived from the original on July 18, 2024. Retrieved July 18, 2024.
- ^ Harvard. "Milk Drop Coronet | Harvard Art Museums". harvardartmuseums.org. Retrieved July 18, 2024.
- ^ "Milk Drop Coronet". Victoria and Albert Museum. August 5, 2003. Archived from the original on July 18, 2024. Retrieved July 18, 2024.
- ^ "Milk Drop Coronet | The Phillips Collection". www.phillipscollection.org. Archived from the original on July 18, 2024. Retrieved July 18, 2024.
- ^ "Harold Eugen Edgerton. Milk Drop Coronet. 1957". MoMA. Archived from the original on May 25, 2024. Retrieved July 18, 2024.
- ^ "Milk Drop Coronet". National Gallery of Canada. Archived from the original on July 18, 2024. Retrieved July 18, 2024.
- ^ "Milk Drop Coronet (x1987-20.3)". artmuseum.princeton.edu. Archived from the original on July 18, 2024. Retrieved July 18, 2024.
- ^ "Harold Edgerton | Milk Drop Coronet". whitney.org. Archived from the original on May 25, 2024. Retrieved July 18, 2024.
- ^ Johnson, Ken (January 5, 2001). "ART IN REVIEW; Dr. Harold Edgerton". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 18, 2024.
- ^ Vogel, Karl (November 17, 2016). "Alum Edgerton's work among "Most Influential Images of All Time" | College of Engineering | University of Nebraska–Lincoln". engineering.unl.edu. Archived from the original on May 7, 2020. Retrieved July 18, 2024.
- ^ "Milk Drop Coronet". 100photos.time.com. Archived from the original on November 19, 2016. Retrieved July 18, 2024.
- ^ Kastner, Ruth E. (April 28, 2022). The Transactional Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics: A Relativistic Treatment. Cambridge University Press. p. 76. ISBN 978-1-108-90849-8.
- ^ Stewart, Ian Nicholas; Golubitsky, Martin Aaron (1992). Fearful symmetry: is God a geometer?. Internet Archive. Blackwell Publishers. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-14-013047-8.