Miscarriage risks
Appearance
Miscarriage risks are those circumstances, conditions, and substances that increase the risk of miscarriage. Some risks are modifiable and can be changed. Other risks cannot be modified and can't be changed. Risks can be firmly tied to miscarriages and others are still under investigation. In addition, there are those circumstances and treatments that have not been found effective in preventing miscarriage. When a woman keeps having miscarriages, infertility is present.[1]
- Anatomical defect in the mother[2][3][4]
- Amniocentesis[5]
- Chorionic villus sampling[6][7]
- Age >30[8][9][10][11][12]
- Smoking and exposure tobacco smoke[11][failed verification][13][14][15]
- Obesity[11]
- Diabetes[16]
- Thyroid disorders (e.g. hypothyroidism)[17][18][19][20]
- Alcohol use[11][failed verification][21]
- Cannabis use[22]
- Chromosomal abnormalities[23][10]
- Infectious diseases
- Radiation exposure[24][19]
- Endocrine
- Genetic and chromosome abnormalities[25][26]
- Autosomal trisomy
- Monosomy X (45, X)
- Triploidy
- Structural abnormality of the chromosome
- Double or triple trisomy[27]
- Uterine structural abnormalities
- Uterine fibroids[14]
- Cervical abnormalities[14][28]
- Hormonal abnormalities
- Reproductive tract infection
- Tissue rejection
- Autoimmune disorder[29][30][31]
- Placenta abnormality[27][38][39]
- Previous miscarriage[11]
- Eating disorders bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa[19]
- Hyperemesis gravidarum[19]
- Illicit or recreational drugs[11][failed verification]
- Caffeine[14]
- Food poisoning
- Some surgeries[40] and medications[14]
- Trauma[33]
- Chemotherapy[19][36]
- Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)[14][45][46][47]
- Luteal phase defect[48]
- Mycoplasma genitalium infection[49]
- Rubella (German measles)[14]
- Cytomegalovirus[14]
- Bacterial vaginosis[14]
- Sexually transmitted infections HIV, chlamydia, gonorrhoea and syphilis[14]
- Malaria[14]
- Chemicals
- Working conditions
- Night shift work[50]
- >40-hour work week[50]
- Lack of accommodation for strenuous working conditions[51]
- Psychological stress[52]
References
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ Hoffman, p. 181–182.
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- ^ Acién, Pedro; Acién, Maribel (2016-01-01). "The presentation and management of complex female genital malformations". Human Reproduction Update. 22 (1): 48–69. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmv048. ISSN 1355-4786. PMID 26537987.
- ^ Alfirevic, Zarko; Navaratnam, Kate; Mujezinovic, Faris (September 4, 2017). "Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling for prenatal diagnosis". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2017 (9): CD003252. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003252.pub2. PMC 6483702. PMID 28869276.
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- ^ Hoffman, p. 175.
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- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Choices, NHS (2017-12-07). "Miscarriage - Causes - NHS Choices". www.nhs.uk. Retrieved 2023-03-06.
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- ^ Braverman, Lewis E.; Cooper, David (2012-07-12). Werner & Ingbar's The Thyroid: A Fundamental and Clinical Text. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 826. ISBN 9781451171419.
- ^ a b c d e Hoffman, p. 173.
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In fact, maternal marijuana use has been associated with foetal growth restrictions, spontaneous miscarriage, and cognitive deficits in infancy and adolescence.
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Bibliography
[edit]- Hoffman, Barbara (2012). Williams gynecology. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. ISBN 9780071716727.