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Moltrasio Formation

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Coordinates: 46°00′N 9°06′E / 46.0°N 9.1°E / 46.0; 9.1
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Moltrasio Formation
Stratigraphic range: Middle Sinemurian-Lower Pliensbachian
~196–188 Ma
Outcrop
TypeGeological formation
Unit ofMonte Generoso Basin
Sub-unitsOsteno Outcrop
UnderliesDomaro Formation
Overlies
Thickness200 m
Lithology
PrimaryLimestone
Location
Coordinates46°00′N 9°06′E / 46.0°N 9.1°E / 46.0; 9.1
Approximate paleocoordinates33°12′N 15°36′E / 33.2°N 15.6°E / 33.2; 15.6
RegionLombardy
Country
Type section
Named forMoltrasio
Named byAntonio Stoppani[1]
Year defined1857
Moltrasio Formation is located in Italy
Moltrasio Formation
Moltrasio Formation (Italy)
Moltrasio Formation is located in Lombardy
Moltrasio Formation
Moltrasio Formation (Lombardy)

The Moltrasio Formation also known as the Lombardische Kieselkalk Formation is a geological formation in Italy and Switzerland. This Formation mostly developed in the Lower or Middle Sinemurian stage of the Lower Jurassic, where on the Lombardian basin tectonic activity modified the current marine and terrestrial habitats.[2] Here it developed a series of marine-related depositional settings, represented by an outcrop of 550–600 m of grey Calcarenites and Calcilutites with chert lenses and marly interbeds, that recovers the Sedrina, Moltrasio and Domaro Formations.[2] This was mostly due to the post-Triassic crisis, that was linked locally to tectonics.[3] The Moltrasio Formation is considered a continuation of the Sedrina Limestone and the Hettangian Albenza Formation, and was probably a shallow water succession, developed on the passive margin of the westernmost Southern Alps.[3][4] It is known due to the exquisite preservation observed on the Outcrop in Osteno, where several kinds of marine biota have been recovered.[5]

Fossils

[edit]

Exceptional fossilization

[edit]
Exposed Moltrasio Fm in Southern Switzerland

Apart from the Eocene of Monte Bolca, the Sinemurian of Osteno is the only fossil deposit in Italy in which soft bodies are preserved. The Osteno site was discovered in 1964. It was recovered from a series of 6 metres (20 ft) package of fine laminated, gray, spongiolitic, micritic limestone.[6] Coroniceras bisulcatum allowed to date the outcrop as the Bucklandi zone, lower Sinemurian.[6] The outcrop is a good documentation of a particularly complete fauna and flora of the Lower Jurassic which is not exactly common in the Southern Alps.[6] The Osteno outcrop, part of the formation, is worldwide known due to the exceptional preservation of mostly marine biota, including rare fossilized components, helping to understand the ecosystems of the local Sinemurian margin of the Monte Generoso Basin.[7] The high local variety of fossils found is most likely due to unique conditions of preservation, where phosphatized soft tissues have not been observed in any fish or polychaetes, but they are common in crustaceans (33%) and also occur in a smaller percentage of teuthids (14%).[8] Soft part preservation through phosphatization in this deposit includes the muscles and branchia of Crustaceans, fish tissues, and the digestive tracts of coleoids, polychaetes, and nematodes. These fossils are interpreted as having been preserved in a stagnant, restricted basin with anoxic conditions likely within the sediment pore waters.[5]

Structural scheme illustrating the syn-rift setting of the western Lombardian Basin during late Triassic and early Jurassic (most of the early jurassic terms belong to the calcare di Moltrasio and secondarily to Calcare di Domaro and Rosso Ammonitico Lombardo). The approximated location in the context of Osteno lagerstätte is indicated. References in the image.
Artistic reconstruction of a hypothetical scene related to the Osteno deposit (Sinemurian-Lower Jurassic). Tilacocephali Ostenocaris cypriformis are hunting cephalopods (Ostenoteuthis) and other arthropods (Coleia, Phlyctisoma). Two feed on the carcass of a conspecific. The sediment, which is very rich in siliceous sponge spicules, indicates that these forms were common and formed true “grasslands” on the seabed. The shark-like Paleospinax pinnai passes in the background.








Nematoida

[edit]
Genus Species Material Location Notes Images

Eophasma[6][9]

  • E. jurasicum
  • A complete specimen

Osteno Outcrop

A nematode, type member of the family Eophasmidae inside Desmoscolecida.[10] A rare find, since nematode fossils are absent in most Mesozoic marine rocks.[9]

Annelida

[edit]
Genus Species Material Location Notes Images

Melanoraphia[5][6][11]

  • M. maculata
  • A nearly complete specimen

Osteno Outcrop

A polychaete, member of the group Phyllodocemorpha with incertae sedis assignation. This polychaete was probably an open swimmer more than a substrate dweller.[11]

Crustacea

[edit]
Genus Species Material Location Notes Images

Aeger[5][6][12][13]

  • A. foesteri
  • A. muensteri
  • A. robustus
  • A. rostrospinatus
  • A. elongatus
  • A. macropus

Multiple specimens fairly preserved

Osteno Outcrop

A decapod, type member of the family Aegeridae. This genus is the most abundant local crustacean, and was a shrimp-like creature that was probably necrophagous.[13]

Coleia[5][6][12][14][15][16]

  • C. vialiii
  • C. medilerranea
  • C. cf. antiqua
  • C. pinnnai

Multiple specimens fairly preserved

Osteno Outcrop

A decapod, type member of the family Coleiidae. Probably a bottom dweller predatory crustacean.[14]

Eryma[17][18]

  • E. sinemuriana

41 specimens, fairly preserved

Osteno Outcrop

A decapod, type member of the family Erymidae. The species was originally identified as Pustulina sinemuriana.[19]

Glyphea[17]

  • G. tricarinata

137 complete and fragmentary specimens

Osteno Outcrop

A decapod, type member of the family Erymidae. The species was originally identified as Pustulina sinemuriana.[19]

Mecochirus[17]

  • M. germari

81 complete and fragmentary specimens,

Osteno Outcrop

A decapod, member of the family Mecochiridae. Rather rare compared to other local crustacean genera.

Ostenosculda[20]
  • O. teruzzii

Single Specimen fairly preserved

Osteno Outcrop

A mantis shrimp

Palaeastacus[17][19]

  • P. meyeri

Multiple specimens fairly preserved

Osteno Outcrop

A decapod, member of the family Erymidae. The species was originally included in the genus Eryma as E. meyeri, although the specimens reveal morphological characters diagnostic of Palaeastacus.[19]

Phlyctisoma[17]

  • P. sinemuriana

10 specimens, in a fairly good state of preservation

Osteno Outcrop

A decapod, type member of the family Erymidae. The species was originally identified as Pustulina sinemuriana.[19]

Pseudoglyphea[5][12][16]

  • P. amylochelis

7 complete specimens, in a fairly good state

Osteno Outcrop

A decapod, member of the family Litogastroidae. Probably a bottom dweller predatory crustacean.[14]

Teruzzicheles[21]
  • T. popeyei

Various specimens fairly preserved

Osteno Outcrop

A decapod belonging to the family Polychelidae

Xiphosurida

[edit]
Genus Species Material Location Notes Images

Ostenolimulus[22]

  • O. latus
  • A nearly complete specimen

Osteno Outcrop

A horseshoe crab, member of the family Limulidae. This genus represents the oldest Jurassic limulid and only the second xiphosuran known from Italy.[22] Also indicates that this family were a diverse and widespread clade during the Jurassic.[22]

Thylacocephala

[edit]
Genus Species Material Location Notes Images

Ostenocaris[5][6][23][24]

  • O. cypriformis
  • Multiple specimens, complete and incomplete

Osteno Outcrop

A thylacocephalan, type member of the family Ostenocarididae inside Conchyliocarida. Originally Interpreted as a bizarre Cirriped. Ostenocaris is the most common fossil of the formation, and the main identified thylacocephalan from the formation. In the first interpretations, the genus was shown as a filter-feeding organism, which used the cephalic sac as a burrowing organ to ensure adhesion to the substrate. Based on the presence of Coprolites associated to the genus, with abundant masses of alimentary residues (hooks of cephalopods, vertebrates, remains of Crustacea) in the stomach of these organisms, Ostenocaris cypriformis was probably a necrophagous organism, and the cephalic sac can be tentatively interpreted as being a burrowing organ employed during the search for food, or as an organ of locomotion with intrinsic motility.[25]

Cephalopoda

[edit]
Genus Species Material Location Notes Images

Arietites[5][6]

  • A. bucklandi

Shells

Osteno outcrop

An ammonitidan, type member of the family Arietitidae inside Psiloceratoidea. The main ammonite identified locally.

Angulaticeras[5][6][16]

  • A. sp.

Shells

Osteno outcrop

An ammonitidan, member of the family Schlotheimiidae inside Psiloceratoidea. It was not the most abundant ammonite, but was rather common.

Coroniceras[5][6][16]

  • C. bisulcatum

Shells

Osteno outcrop

An ammonitidan, member of the family Arietitidae inside Psiloceratoidea. It was less common than other ammonites, although index for some locations.

Ectocentrites[5][6][16]

  • E. sp.

Shells

Osteno outcrop

An ammonitidan, member of the family Lytoceratidae inside Lytoceratina. It was not the most abundant ammonite, but was rather common.

Ostenoteuthis[5][6][16][26][27]

  • O. siroi

Several specimens with decent preservation

Osteno outcrop

A coleoid, type member of the family Ostenoteuthidae. A unique group of coeloids, only found at this location. Coleoids with ten arms each bearing pairs of hooks, Ostenoteuthis measure between 18 and 30 cm length.[27]

Oxynoticeras[5][6]

  • O. oxynotum

Shells

Osteno outcrop

An ammonitidan, type member of the family Oxynoticeratidae inside Ammonitida. It was not the most abundant ammonite, but was rather common.

Uncinoteuthis[6][27]

  • U. cuvieri

An incomplete specimen consisting of the arm crown only

Osteno outcrop

A coleoid, member of the family Ostenoteuthidae. A unique group of coeloids, only found at this location.[27]

Echinoderms

[edit]
Genus Species Material Location Notes Images

Hispidocrinus[28]

  • H. scalaris

Multiple ossicles

Pradalunga

An Crinoidean, member of the family Isocrininae inside Isocrinida.

Isocrinus[28]

  • I. spp.

Multiple ossicles

Ubiale - Clanezzo

An Crinoidean, member of the family Isocrininae inside Isocrinida.

Millericrinus[28]

  • M. cf. adneticus

Multiple ossicles

M. di Grone

An Crinoidean, member of the family Millericrinidae inside Millericrinida.

Palaeocoma[6][16]

  • P. milleri

Multiple specimens

Ubiale - Clanezzo

An ophiuridan, member of the family Ophiodermatidae inside Ophiodermatina. Extant tropical species like Ophioderma are benthic predators and scavengers that show the same short spines seen in Palaeocoma.[6]

Hemichordata

[edit]
Genus Species Material Location Notes Images

Megaderaion[29]

  • M. sinemuriense
  • A nearly complete specimen with soft tissue

Osteno Outcrop

An acorn worm, member of the family Harrimaniidae inside Enteropneusta. It was a large sized member of its family. This genus probably lived linked to sand bottoms, where it made burrows to hide and find food.[29]

Chondrichthyes

[edit]
Genus Species Material Location Notes Images

Hybodontiformes[30]

Indeterminate

Teeth

Osteno Outcrop

A shark, member of the family Hybodontiformes.

Myriacanthidae[30]

Gen et sp. nov

Virtually complete skull with associated parts of the branchial skeleton

Osteno Outcrop

A chimaerid, member of the family Myriacanthidae inside Chimaeriformes.

Ostenoselache[6][16]

  • O. stenosoma

One complete articulated specimen

Osteno Outcrop

An euselachiian, type member of the family Ostenoselachidae inside Elasmobranchii. A unique genus of shark, only found in the Osteno Formation. With an elongated eel-shaped morphology, the specimens found measure at least 240 mm in length, with a neurocranium with a long, complex rostrum.[16] It has been suggested it was an animal able to produce electric shocks, probably to kill prey.[16]

Palaeospinax[16][31]

  • P. pinnai

A single specimen in four contiguous pieces and including parts of the dentition and squamation

Osteno Outcrop

A Shark, type member of the family Palaeospinacidae inside Synechodontiformes. Open water swimmer.

Squaloraja[16][30][32]

  • S. sp.

One complete articulated specimen

Osteno Outcrop

A chimaerid, type member of the family Squalorajidae inside Squalorajoidei. This genus belongs to a lineage of ray-like chimaeras.

Actinopterygii

[edit]
Genus Species Material Location Notes Images

Cosmolepis?[33][34]

  • C. ornatus?
  • MSNM V617, complete specimen

Osteno Outcrop

A primitive actinopterygiian, member of the order Palaeonisciformes. A late surviving representative of the family. The specimens may not represent members of the genus.[35]

Dapedium[33]

  • D. sp.
  • MSNM V630, caudal fin with associated scales

Osteno Outcrop

A primitive actinopterygiian, type member of the family Dapediidae inside Holostei. Probably a Coral Environment wanderer.

Furo[33]

  • F. ("Eugnathus") sp.
  • MSNM V659, skull & anterior truncal body

Osteno Outcrop

A primitive actinopterygiian, type member of the family Furidae inside Ionoscopiformes. An enlongated Gar-alike taxon.

Pholidophorus[33]

  • P. cf.bechei
  • MSNM V621, complete specimen
  • MSNM V556, isolated complete skull
  • Multiple referred specimens

Osteno Outcrop

A primitive actinopterygiian, type member of the family Pholidophoridae inside Teleostei. Open water swimmer, probably forming schools. It is the main fish recovered on the formation.

Pholidolepis[33]

  • P. sp.
  • MSNM V409, complete specimen
  • MSNM V594, isolated complete skull
  • Multiple referred specimens

Osteno Outcrop

A primitive Actinopterygiian, member of the family Pholidophoridae inside Teleostei. Open water swimmer, probably forming schools.

Palaeonisciformes?[33][36]

  • Indeterminate
  • MSNM V618-19, skull & toracic section specimen
  • Other 3 Specimens

Osteno Outcrop

Primitive actinopterygiians, suggested to be members of the order Palaeonisciformes. The features inferred to refer this specimens aren´t enought to confirm the family association.[37]

Peripeltopleurus?[33][38]

  • P. sp.
  • MSNM V659, almost complete specimen lacking the tail

Osteno Outcrop

A primitive actinopterygiian, member of the family Peltopleuridae inside Neopterygii. Probably represents the only known Jurassic survivor of the order Peltopleuriformes

Sarcopterygii

[edit]
Genus Species Material Location Notes Images

Undina[6][33]

  • U. (Holophagus) cf. gulo
  • MSNM V587, isolated scales

Osteno Outcrop

A Coelacanth, member of the family Latimeriidae inside Coelacanthiformes. Isolated 20 mm scales of coelacanths analogous to the genus Holophagus are quite frequent on the Osteno deposits, suggesting a taxon up to 75 cm long.

Plants

[edit]
Genus Species Material Location Notes Images

Brachyphyllum[6][39][40]

  • B. saportum
  • B. spp.
 Branched Shoots
  • Osteno Outcrop
  • Dintorni di Moltrasio

A coniferophytan, member of the family Cheirolepidiaceae inside Pinopsida.

Clathropteris[40]
  • C. platyphylla
 Fronds
  • Carate-Lario
 A Fern, member of the family Dipteridaceae
Ctenopteris[40]
  • C. grandis
 Fronds
  • Moltrasio
 A Fern, member of the family Polypodiaceae

Equisitites[6][39]

  • E. bunburyanus
 Stems
  • Osteno Outcrop

A Horsetail, member of the family Equisetaceae inside Equisetales. A freshwater-related plant, that grew as fast as modern bamboo on tropical settings.

Lomatopteris[40]
  • L. jurensis
 Fronds
  • Carate-Lario
 A "Seed Fern", Affinities with Cyclopteridaceae inside Pteridospermatophyta.
Lomatopteris jurensis from the Rotzo Formation

Otozamites[6][39][40]

  • O. bunburyanus
  • O. bechei
  • O. latior
  • O. brevifolius
  • O. pterophylloides
  • O. sp.
 Leaflets
  • Osteno Outcrop
  • Moltrasio
  • Carate-Lario

A spermatopsidan, member of the family Bennettitales inside Bennettitopsida. Cycad-like flora, common on dry settings.

Pachypteris[6][39]

  • P. cf. rhomboidalis
 Fronds
  • Osteno Outcrop

A "Seed Fern", member of the family Corystospermaceae inside Corystospermales.

Pagiophyllum[6][39][40]

  • P. peregrinum
  • P. sp.
 Branched Shoots
  • Osteno Outcrop
  • Carate-Lario

A coniferophytan, member of the family Araucariaceae inside Pinopsida.

Thinnfeldia[40]
  • T. rhomboidalis
  • T. obtusa
 Fronds
  • Carate-Lario
 A "Seed Fern", member of the family Corystospermaceae inside Corystospermales.

Williamsonia[6][39]

  • W. sp.
 Reproductive Organ
  • Osteno Outcrop

A spermatopsidan, member of the family Bennettitales inside Bennettitopsida. Cycad-like flora, common on dry settings.

Widdringtonites[40]
  • W. baehmanni
 Branched Shoots
  • Mombello
 A coniferophytan, member of the family Araucariaceae or Cupressaceae inside Pinopsida.

Zamites[6][39]

  • Z. sp.
 Leaflets
  • Osteno Outcrop

A spermatopsidan, member of the family Bennettitales inside Bennettitopsida. Cycad-like flora, common on dry settings.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Stoppani A. (1857). Studi geologici e paleontologici sulla Lombardia. 461 pp. Tipografia Turati, Milano
  2. ^ a b Muttoni, G.; Erba, E.; Kent, D. V.; Bachtadse, V. (2005). "Mesozoic Alpine facies deposition as a result of past latitudinal plate motion". Nature. 434 (7029): 59–63. Bibcode:2005Natur.434...59M. doi:10.1038/nature03378. hdl:2434/30440. PMID 15744297. S2CID 4316860.
  3. ^ a b Jadoul, F.; Galli, M. T. (2008). "The Hettangian shallow water carbonates after the Triassic-Jurassic biocalcification crisis: The Albenza Formation in the western Southern Alps". Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia. 114 (3): 453–470. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
  4. ^ Sarti, M.; Bosellini, A.; Winterer, E. L. (1992). "Basin Geometry and Architecture of a Tethyan Passive Margin, Southern Alps, Italy: Implications for Rifting Mechanisms: Chapter 13: African and Mediterranean Margins". AAPG Special Volumes. 115 (5): 241–258. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Pinna, G. (1985). "Exceptional preservation in the Jurassic of Osteno". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 311 (1148): 171–180. Bibcode:1985RSPTB.311..171P. doi:10.1098/rstb.1985.0149. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Pinna, G. (2000). "Die Fossillagerstätte im Sinemurium (Lias) von Osteno, Italien". Europäische Fossillagerstätten. Vol. 3. pp. 91–136. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-57198-5_13. ISBN 978-3-642-62975-4. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
  7. ^ Bottjer, D. J.; Etter, W.; Tang, C. M.; Hagadorn, J. W. (2002). Exceptional fossil preservation: a unique view on the evolution of marine life. Columbia University Press. p. 421. ISBN 9780231102544. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
  8. ^ Wilby, P. R.; Briggs, D. E. (1997). "Taxonomic trends in the resolution of detail preserved in fossil phosphatized soft tissues". Geobios. 30 (8): 493–502. Bibcode:1997Geobi..30..493W. doi:10.1016/S0016-6995(97)80056-3. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
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  10. ^ Poinar, G.O. (2011). The Evolutionary History of Nematodes: As revealed in stone, amber and mummies. Nematology Monographs and Perspectives. 9. Brill Publishers. ISBN 9789047428664.
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