Names of Moldavia and Moldova
The names of Moldavia and Moldova originate from the historical state of Moldavia, which at its greatest extent included eastern Romania (Western Moldavia), Moldova, and parts of south-western and western Ukraine.
Etymology
[edit]One of the existing theories is that Moldavia/Moldova was named after the Moldova River, which is a Slavic name,[1] derived from Slavic mold-, "spruce, fir".[2][3] A. I. Sobolevskij derived it from *moldu, "tender, soft, young".[4] The ending -ov(a)/-av(a) is a common Slavic suffix used in appelatives and proper names.[5] -ova denotes ownership, chiefly of feminine nouns. There is significant Slavic influence on Romanian.
The myth, included in works of Grigore Ureche (1590–1647), Miron Costin (1633–1691) and Dimitrie Cantemir (1673–1723), but given varying levels of credibility by these, was that the hunter Dragoș from Maramureș (the founder of Moldova) One myth, given different levels of credence by Ureche, Miron Costin, and Cantemir, was about a place-name: Moldova. Other theories is that it is derived from old German Molde, meaning "open-pit mine",[citation needed] or the Gothic Mulda meaning "dust", "dirt" (cognate with the English mould), referring to the river.[citation needed]
The short-lived capital of Moldova, Baia in the Suceava County, was called Stadt Molde in a 1421 German document.
Bogdania
[edit]The original and short-lived reference to the region was Bogdania, after Bogdan I, the founding figure of the principality.[6] Polish historian Ilona Czamańska states that, "according to the tradition of local chroniclers, the first Moldavian prince who agreed to pay tribute to the Ottomans was Bogdan III, who reigned in the years 1504–1517,"[7] and notes that "this was [later used] to explain the Turkish name of Moldavia — Bogdania. In fact, this name is of Tatar origin and was used long before Bogdan III was born. It is undoubtedly associated with Bogdan I," the first voivode of Moldavia in the 1360s.[8] It is this name that voyager Richard Hakluyt used for Moldavia in his writings in the late 16th century.[9]
Black or Bogdan's Wallachia
[edit]The term "Black Wallachia" (Romanian: Valahia Neagră), in Turkish Kara-Eflak, was another name found used for Moldova in the Ottoman period.[10] It derived from Bogdan I of Moldavia; in Ottoman Turkish usage his state was known as Kara-Bogdan (Romanian: Cara-bogdan)[11] and Bogdan-Eflak, "Bogdan's Wallachia".
Bessarabia, Moldavia and Moldova
[edit]Before 1812 the territory of the modern Republic of Moldova was usually called Eastern Moldova, Eastern Lowlands, Dniester-Prut, Bendery (for the largest town) or Orhei (for the largest town in the centre). After the entire eastern part of the region, between the Pruth and the Dniester, was ceded by the Ottomans to Russia in the 1812 Treaty of Bucharest, the Russians used the name Bessarabia for its new acquisition.[12] though this name had formerly only been applied to the southern parts of this territory, what is now called Budjak, it quickly became associated with the whole territory. After the establishment of the Moldavian SSR in the 1940s the new republic started to be unofficially called Moldavia. In 1991 that name was adopted as official name, with Romanian-language variant Moldova quickly become the preferred spelling.
Notes
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Boia (2001), p. 55.
- ^ Du Nay (1996).
- ^ Illyés (1988), p. 173.
- ^ Nandriș (1968), p. 121.
- ^ Nandriș (1968), p. 122.
- ^ A. F. Büsching. A New System of Geography: In which is Given, a General Account of... &c., Volume 2. London: A. Millar, 1762. p. 165.
- ^ Ilona Czamańska. "Ottoman Supremacy and the Political Independence of the Balkan and Central European States." Balcanica Posnaniensia: Acta et studia. 30 (December 2023). p. 80. doi:10.14746/bp.2023.30.5
- ^ Ilona Czamańska. "Ottoman Supremacy and the Political Independence of the Balkan and Central European States." Balcanica Posnaniensia: Acta et studia. 30 (December 2023). p. 80fn13. doi:10.14746/bp.2023.30.5
- ^ Richard Hakluyt. The Principal Navigations Voyages Traffiques and Discoveries of the English Nation. Volume 5. 1598–1600. Republished by Cambridge University Press, 1904. Reprinted 2014. p. 325. ISBN 9781108071338
- ^ Filstich (1979), p. 39.
- ^ Rădvan (2010), p. 322.
- ^ Charles King, The Moldovans: Romania, Russia, and the Politics of Culture, 2000, Hoover Institution Press. pp. 21–22. ISBN 0-8179-9791-1
Sources
[edit]- Boia, Lucian (2001). Romania: Borderland of Europe. Translated by Brown, James Christian. London: Reaktion Books. ISBN 1-86189-103-2.
- Du Nay, André (1996). The Origins of the Rumanians: The Early History of the Rumanian Language. Toronto: Matthias Corvinus Publishing. ISBN 1-882785-08-8 – via Archive.org.
- Filstich, Johann (1979). Armbruster, Adolf (ed.). Tentamen historiae Vallachicae (in Romanian). Bucureşti: Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică.
- Illyés, Elemér (1988). Ethnic Continuity in the Carpatho-Danubian Area. Boulder, Colorado: East European Monographs. ISBN 0-88033-146-1.
- Kellogg, Frederick (1990). A History of Romanian Historical Writing. Bakersfield, California: C. Schlacks. ISBN 9781884445170.
- Nandriș, Grigore (1968). "Moldova-The Name of the River and the Country". In Magidoff, Robert; Shevelov, George Y.; Simmons, J. S. G.; Taranovski, Kiril (eds.). Studies in Slavic Linguistics and Poetics in Honor of Boris O. Unbegaun. New York: New York University Press. pp. 119–128. ISBN 9780814702819.
- Rădvan, Laurențiu (2010). At Europe's Borders: Medieval Towns in the Romanian Principalities. Translated by Cîrdei, Valentin. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-18010-9.
Further reading
[edit]- Brezianu, Andrei; Spânu, Vlad (2007). The A to Z of Moldova. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. p. 240. ISBN 978-0-8108-7211-0.
- Mănăilă Maximean, Doina (2014). "A New Theory on the Etymology of the Name of "Moldova"" (PDF). Annals of the Academy of Romanian Scientists: Series on History and Archaeology. 6 (2): 131–139.
- Everett-Heath, John (2018). "Moldavia (Moldova)". The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 1162. ISBN 978-0-19-256243-2.