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Puerto Rico Status Act

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Puerto Rico Status Act
Great Seal of the United States
Long titleTo enable the people of Puerto Rico to choose a permanent, nonterritorial, fully self-governing political status for Puerto Rico and to provide for a transition to and the implementation of that permanent, nonterritorial, fully self-governing political status, and for other purposes.
Announced inthe 118th United States Congress
Sponsored byDarren Soto (D–FL)
Number of co-sponsors95
Legislative history

The Puerto Rico Status Act, H.R. 2757, was a bill introduced during the 116th United States Congress. The intention of the bill is to grant Puerto Rico, an unincorporated territory of the United States, admission into the Union as a state. The bill was originally introduced in the 116th Congress and was reintroduced as H.R. 1522, on March 2, 2021, in the 117th Congress. It was referred to the House Committee on Natural Resources with last action taken on June 16.[1]

Background

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Main article: Political status of Puerto Rico

In 1898, following the conclusion of the Spanish–American War, Spain ceded the Caribbean island of Puerto Rico and its surrounding archipelago to the United States. Initially run by the military, from 1900 onwards measures began to be enacted giving the people of Puerto Rico a measure of local civilian government, while bringing the population more within the larger community of the United States. This began with the establishment of the elected House of Delegates in 1900, while in 1902 the post of Resident Commissioner was established.[2] The Resident Commissioner was a non-voting member, similar to other non-voting members of the House of Representatives, intended to represent the interests of Puerto Rico in the United States Congress. However, unlike other territories, Puerto Rico's was not named as a "delegate", as it was argued that such a title gave an implication that the territory was on the road towards becoming a state, which was not guaranteed for possessions obtained as a result of war.[2] In 1917 the Jones–Shafroth Act saw the creation of an elected Senate, as well as granting U.S. citizenship to all Puerto Ricans born after April 25, 1898.[3] In 1947, the Elective Governor Act granted Puerto Rico the right to its own elected governor for the first time,[4] while in 1950 Puerto Rico was granted the right to hold a constitutional convention, with a view to the territory having its own constitution. Approved in a referendum in 1952, the new Puerto Rican constitution changed the status of the territory into that of an unincorporated "Commonwealth". In this context, Puerto Rico is a territory that is controlled by the federal government, but in which the full provisions of the Constitution are not in force.[5]

Statehood movement

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Main article: Statehood movement in Puerto Rico

Puerto Rico is the largest of the United States' overseas territories, both in terms of size and population. Its population is about 3 million. Its political status does not allow Puerto Ricans the right to vote for their head of state, or have full representation in the Congress. Becoming a state would allow Puerto Rico full representation, giving it two members of the United States Senate, as well as a number of members of the House of Representatives. The Huntington–Hill method estimates that, were Puerto Rico to become a state, it would be entitled to four seats in the House.[6] Statehood would also give Puerto Rico a number of votes in the electoral college responsible for electing the President. Statehood would also allow Puerto Rico greater access to federal funding programs that states enjoy, an issue that became increasingly apparent following recent natural disasters that affected the island, most notably Hurricane Maria in 2017, the effects of which caused as much as $90 billion worth of damage, with the response of the federal government being heavily criticised.[7]

In 2017, following the success of the pro-statehood Partido Nuevo Progresista (PNP) in gaining control of the Legislative Assembly, as well as the governorship, Puerto Rico followed the example of Washington, D.C. by appointing a delegation of shadow congresspeople, with two senators and five representatives.[8] The purpose of this delegation, set up by the Puerto Rico Equality Commission, is to lobby the United States Congress over the question of statehood.

A number of referendums were held on Puerto Rico's potential future status, with the first of these taking place in 1967. Since the first, these have seen support for statehood steadily increase, even as the set up of each referendum has altered.[9] Prior to 2019, the most recent was held in 2017, and saw 97% choose statehood as the option. However, this was on a turnout of just over 22%, as a result of a boycott of the vote by many of Puerto Rico's major political parties.[10]

In 2017, Jenniffer González Colón, the non-voting Resident Commissioner, introduced a bill into the House of Representatives requiring the Congress support the holding of a vote on Puerto Rico's status and, in the event of a vote in favor of statehood, that it undertake the necessary preparations, including the amendment or repeal of legislation related to Puerto Rico as a territory, prior to Puerto Rico being admitted by January 3, 2025.[11] This bill was referred to the House Committee on Natural Resources, but did not reach a vote on the floor of the House.

In October 2019, a new bill was introduced by José E. Serrano, a Democratic congressman from New York, who was born in Puerto Rico, intended to bring about Puerto Rico's admission. Unlike the previous bill, which had just a single cosponsor, this received a total of 60 cosponsors, including 42 Democrats and 18 Republicans. As with the 2017 bill, it was referred to the Committee on Natural Resources, but did not reach a vote in the full House.[12]

Provisions

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A corresponding bill, the Law for the Final Definition of the Political Status of Puerto Rico, was introduced in Puerto Rico's Legislative Assembly and approved by both its houses in March 2020.[13] It was through this that the 2020 plebiscite was held, which provided a majority in favor of statehood.

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Although the 2020 plebiscite provided a majority in favor of statehood, there were many articles written since it took place, pointing out that the turnout was a little over 52%, with 623,000 of the 2.3 million registered voters in Puerto Rico voting for statehood.[14] While opinion polls among the population in the United States seem to favor Puerto Rico's admission, support for which has been relatively high since the 1960s,[15] in Puerto Rico itself there is a seemingly higher degree of ambivalence to the idea, based on Puerto Rico's national identity, which may potentially be lost were it to become a full part of the United States. This can be illustrated by the fact that the pro-independence Puerto Rican Independence Party (Partido Independentista Puertorriqueño, PIP) candidate for governor received 14% of the vote in the 2020 election.[16]

Although statehood has formed part of the party platforms of both major parties in the United States, senior figures in the Republican Party publicly indicated their opposition to the admission of Puerto Rico, with Mitch McConnell, the then Senate Majority Leader, saying in 2019 that moves to admit Puerto Rico, as well as Washington D.C., amounted to "full-bore socialism", with both potential new states likely to return perpetual Democratic members of the Senate, and so the Republican majority would oppose the entry of both.[17] This is in spite of evidence that voters in Puerto Rico may well be more conservative than voters in Washington, D.C. – at the time of the 2020 vote, the Governor, Resident Commissioner, Speaker of the Puerto Rico House of Representatives and President of the Puerto Rico Senate, although members of the pro-statehood PNP, also sat as conservative Republicans.[18][19] Despite the seemingly fixed position of the Senate leadership, legislators of both parties, following the result of the 2020 vote, indicated a willingness to open the debate of Puerto Rico's status in Congress.[20]

Legislative history

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As of May 15, 2024:

Congress Short title Bill number(s) Date introduced Sponsor(s) No. of cosponsors Latest action
116th Congress Puerto Rico Statehood Admission Act of 2019 H.R. 1965 March 28, 2019 Darren Soto

(D‑FL)

21 Died in committee
H.R. 4901 October 29, 2019 José E. Serrano (D‑NY) 60 Died in committee
117th Congress Puerto Rico Statehood Admission Act of 2021 H.R. 1522 March 2, 2021 Darren Soto

(D‑FL)

81 Died in committee
S. 780 March 16, 2021 Martin Heinrich (D‑NM) 5 Died in committee
Puerto Rico Status Act H.R. 8393 July 15, 2022 Raúl Grijalva (D‑AZ) 62 Passed in the House (233–191)
118th Congress Puerto Rico Status Act H.R. 2757 April 20, 2023 Raúl Grijalva (D‑AZ) 97 Referred to committees of jurisdiction.
S. 2944 September 27, 2023 Roger Wicker (R‑MS) 0 Referred to committees of jurisdiction.
S. 3231 November 26, 2023 Martin Heinrich (D‑NM) 26 Referred to committees of jurisdiction.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Full Committee Hearing: Remote Full Committee/Office of Insular Affairs Legislative Hearing – June 16, 2021". U.S. House Committee on Natural Resources. Retrieved 2021-06-16.
  2. ^ a b Rundquist, Paul S. "Resident Commissioner from Puerto Rico". congressionalresearch.com. Retrieved December 17, 2020.
  3. ^ Levinson, Sanford; Sparrow, Bartholomew H. (2005). The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion: 1803–1898. New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 166, 178. U.S. citizenship was extended to residents of Puerto Rico by virtue of the Jones Act, chap. 190, 39 Stat. 951 (1971)(codified at 48 U.S.C. § 731 (1987))
  4. ^ "Rama Ejecutiva" (in Spanish). Gobierno del Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico. Archived from the original on August 13, 2007. Retrieved December 17, 2020.
  5. ^ U.S. Insular Areas Application of the U.S. Constitution Archived 2013-11-03 at the Wayback Machine, GAO Nov 1997 Report, p. 24. Viewed June 14, 2013.
  6. ^ "Population, Population Change, and Estimated Components of Population Change: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2019 (NST-EST2019-alldata)". Census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 26, 2020. Retrieved December 24, 2020.
  7. ^ Coto, Dánica (May 16, 2020). "Puerto Rico to hold statehood referendum amid disillusion". The Associated Press. Retrieved December 24, 2020.
  8. ^ Bernal, Rafael (January 10, 2018). "Puerto Rico announces shadow congressional delegation". The Hill. Retrieved December 24, 2020.
  9. ^ 2005 President's Task Force. Page 4 Archived September 25, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
  10. ^ "PDP to boycott status referendum". April 20, 2017. Archived from the original on September 29, 2017. Retrieved December 24, 2020.
  11. ^ H.R. 260
  12. ^ H.R. 4901
  13. ^ "P.S.1467 - Law for the Final Solution of the Political Status of Puerto Rico". Sistema Único de Trámite Legislativo (SUTRA). Retrieved December 24, 2020.
  14. ^ "Plebiscite: Island Wide Results". Puerto Rico State Commission on Elections. Retrieved December 24, 2020.
  15. ^ McCarthy, Justin (July 18, 2019). "Americans Continue to Support Puerto Rico Statehood". Gallup. Retrieved December 24, 2020.
  16. ^ Panzardi Serra, Diego (November 11, 2020). "The Meaningless Vote for Puerto Rican Statehood". Harvard Political Review. Retrieved December 24, 2020.
  17. ^ Daugherty, Alex (June 18, 2019). "Senate leader McConnell calls support for Puerto Rico statehood 'socialist'". Miami Herald. Retrieved December 24, 2020.
  18. ^ Flores, Carlos (December 3, 2020). "Puerto Rico Statehood Represents An Opportunity for the GOP". The Capitolist. Retrieved December 27, 2020.
  19. ^ Gamboa, Suzanne (December 6, 2020). "What do Senate runoffs in Georgia have to do with Puerto Rico statehood?". NBC News. Retrieved December 29, 2020.
  20. ^ Córdova, Andrés (November 11, 2020). "Puerto Rico's statehood piques Congress's interest post-election". The Hill. Retrieved December 24, 2020.
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